科学出版中国科学杂志社

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1 2009 年第 54 卷第 8 期 : 1043 ~ csb.scichina.com SCIENCE IN CHINA PRESS,, ( ),, glchen@ustc.edu.cn , ( : , ) 20, ,. :,, ; ;., : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). [1]..,,, (Sir Humphrey Davy) :.,,, ( ). (PITAC) :, :,. 21 [2]. (parallel computing),, (high performance computing) (super computing),. ( ),.,., :, ;, ;. : :,,,.., 2009, 54(8): 1043~1049 Chen G L, Sun G Z, Xu Y, et al. Integrated research of parallel computing: Status and future. Chinese Sci Bull, 2009, 54(11): , doi: / s

2 2009 年 4 月第 54 卷第 8 期 [3]. 1.2 : :., ( ),..,.,, ,,,. (mainframe). IBM360., Fortran,. ( ) [4].,. Burroughs IlliacIV, 64 CPU SIMD, I/O,. :, ( ) ( ) ( ).. : ; ; ;., 20 60, :, 60 70, ;, ;, 80, MPP(massively parallel processor).,,,.,. :.,,,. [5], , ; ; ;.,,. :,,. 1, ; ; ; 1044

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4 2009 年 4 月第 54 卷第 8 期., [12]. (distributed computing) (parallel computing) (grid computing)., IBM Google SUN..,. 2.3,,. PC, I/O, [13].,. PC 4,, : (office using environment):, PC,. (volume product): ; PC,. (user-centric using model): ; PC GUI,,. (high productivity programming):, OpenMP HPF MPI, UPC (Universal Parallel C) IBM X10, ; PC, VB, VC, Java, C#, MATLAB,,., :. 2007, 2F KD-50-, [14]. 2008, KD-50-, KD-50-I-E,. 3,, CPU, CPU,.,, CPU.,., [15].., CPU L1, L2.,..,, (interprocess communication) (synchronization primitives), 1046

5 ., (high efficiency)., (high performance).,,.., PC,,.. (code migration). CPU.,. 3.2,.. ( / )., /, /.., [16].,., [17].. (scalability),.,,..,, [18].,,. (,, ), [19]. 3.3,,, [20].., 4CPU 1/5 1/10.,.,... MPI, OpenMP,. API, UNIX/Linux PThread, Windows Java.,,,

6 2009 年 4 月第 54 卷第 8 期,..,. ( )., Cache Cache, NUMA.,,. 3.4,.,.... : N-body,.,.,,., [21].,,.., Google GFS/MapReduce/Bigtable [22~24], Dryad [25].,.., I/O..,,..,, ,, - - -,, ,. 1 Chen G L, Sun G Z, Zhang Y Q, et al. Study on parallel computing. J Comput Sci Tech, (5): [doi] 2 陈国良. 并行计算 : 结构算法编程. 北京 : 高等教育出版社, Grama A, Gupta A, Karypis G, et al. Introduction to parallel computing. Boston: Benjaming/Cummings Publish Company, Inc., 陈国良. 并行算法的设计与分析. 北京 : 高等教育出版社,

7 5 陈国良, 孙广中, 徐云, 等. 并行算法研究方法学. 计算机学报, 2008, 31(9): Chen G L. A partitioning selection algorithm on multiprocessors. J Comput Sci Tech, 1988, 3(4): [doi] 7 陈国良, 梁维发, 沈鸿. 并行图论算法研究进展. 计算机研究与发展, 1995, 32(9): 安虹, 陈国良. 并行程序设计模型和语言. 软件学报, 2002, 13(1): 毛睿, 黄刘生, 徐大杰, 等. 淮河中上游群库联合优化调度算法及并行实现. 小型微型计算机系统, 2000, 21(6): Zhang F, Chen G L, Zhang Z Q. OpenMP on Networks of Workstations for Software DSMs. J Comput Sci Tech, 2002, 17(1): [doi] 11 Sutter H, Larus J. Software and the concurrency revolution. Q focus: Multiprocessors, 2005, 3(7): Rajkumar B, Chee S Y, Srikumar V. Market-oriented cloud computing: Vision, hype, and reality for delivering IT services as computing utilities. In: Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 2008 Sept 25-27, Dalian. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE CS Press, 孙凝晖, 陈国良. PHPC: 一种普及型高性能计算机. 中国科学技术大学学报, 2008, 38(7): 张俊霞, 张焕杰, 李会民. 基于龙芯 2F 的国产万亿次高性能计算机 KD-50-Ⅰ 的研制. 中国科学技术大学学报, 2008, 38(1): Asanovic K, Bodik R, James J, et al. The landscape of parallel computing research: A view from Berkeley. Technical Report, Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley Zhang Y Q, Chen G L, Sun G Z, et al. Models of parallel computation: a survey and classification. Front Comput Sci China, 2007, 1(2): [doi] 17 陈国良, 苗乾坤, 孙广中, 等. 分层并行计算模型. 中国科学技术大学学报 (50 周年校庆专刊 ), 2008, 38(7): Sun X H. Scalable computing in the multicore era. In: Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium on Parallel Algorithms, Architechures and Programming, 2008 Sep 16-18, Hefei. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press, Chu C H T, Yu Y Y, Bradski G, et al. Map-reduce for machine learning on multicore. In: Twentieth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2006 Dec 4-7, Vancouver. Boston: MIT Press, Mattson T G, Sanders B A, Massingill B L. Patterns for Parallel Programming, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Dongarra J, Fox G, Kennedy K, et al. Sourcebook of Parallel Computing. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc Dean J, Ghemawat S. MapReduce: Simplified data processing on large clusters. In: Sixth Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation, 2004, Dec 6-8, San Francisco, CA. Berkeley: USENIX Association, Ghemawat S, Gobioff H, Shun-Tak L. The Google file system. In: Proceedings of the Nineteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems principles, 2003 Oct 19-22, New York. New York: ACM Press, Chang F, Dean J, Ghemawat S, et al. Bigtable: A distributed storage system for structured data. In: Seventh Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation, 2006 Nov 6-8, Seattle. Berkeley: USENIX Association, Isard M, Yu Y, Birrell A, et al. Dryad: Distributed data-parallel Programs from Sequential Building Blocks. Technical Report, Microsoft Research Technical Report, Microsoft Corporation,

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