ویژگیهای مهم برخی از فلزات: فصلاول :موادونقشا نهادرزندگی ' ()* /! "# $ %! & / / 29 :(Cu) (1) /()# &( +(4»+(4 56( ' 7 8* 09: ;< / -. / /3+, «+3

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برابر خوردگی/قابلیت مفتولی شدن D EF ' ;<' 7' C6 ;B0 / 6 (;< 9! ) :(Fe) () (I3!

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6 o(( (D (* -Y / ' (At);< <3 (He)$ <9 10 (Ne)+ 18 (Ar)+, (Kr) 36 + r3 (Xe) 54 + ' 663 < V U 9F 7 Y W, - (Br )$ "J + -<4: G<m6 } - (I ) گازهای نجیب ZL 7 ( <I ", ( ' ( 5 ( W<3 e ( 9L ;< W /NJ ( ( GY 1 Y) ZI G3 J / \ ' -(8 /<J G<9) :/ ;!, + 4 ( P<3 <) / <, 01 +, 01 + ' $ <9 ') 7V: 6<u0 y -! &Z6 +Q<I3 +3 a<1 ( (0[ /, + ', / 0[ + r3 +L g &Z6 / '< /<H +Q<I3 / +0: (, +< 86 (Rn) + fn! <3 تعریف واکنش پذیری: - G P<3 G \ 64 / "63 : ]4 6 G \ + 4 w / 6 " G << y# - ;< 1 R L / Z KY d6! G 7 P t 6 UD L6 تعریف عدد جرمی: 6 D G \ w / 6 " G << y# - 1 R L / A KY D A= Z+N +) + U : D 58 +, /I + R 4 UY 30 +, 64 G + 30 d6! :_d /3 <H: + U : / /D , D 64 + t ; 7Z : U U ' +6x G G< - H 7' 6I UY G /I / RZ S n! 7 d3y G Kb / 4 - / 7 n /3, - / U : ' <V 1 \ /3 4 d3y - / S MN / /I / + 4 6

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7 < 1 + H6 G U / < H6 G $ / < D + 8 0< G $ / + U / /3 G<63 G< / 3 +, U ;6 + 1 G0<6 G _d < D + 0< $ / + 8 $ / :P< ' "63 << m '!!, / / \ U P< ' 3 <I <I [<3 < + # 6 e ' +, / -9 ;< / 6I :-3 ) 71 G "63 +0< + +, \3 / ƒn 6 UD 9L 7 L6 71 ; 3 %*) 3!!, / ; f / U[ G ) 71 a[b )< ) ", / +< G /# 6! ' & "< P< ' ", / 73 - )< +, "63 واکنشپذیری فلزات: ' + P<3 / <4[ ) 71 ' 9L 7 R09: [ 3 -[d + / 6! ' [1 7 P< ' ", /!!, / <91 R09: < ;< / P<3 +Q<I3 - / /3 6I <91 R09: R09: 7 ; "63 + \ H6!!, / <91 R09: <V 1 +Q<I3 t /V -Z ' +, + - ' ' +!!, / L6 ; < 1 $ /[ 3! <91 R09: 64 6 UD $ 7 L6 6! ' [1 7 P< ' ", / +, + - ' -[d G0< P< ' ", /!!, / ' G0<6 _d (+) )< "63 09: $3 /I / D 7 '!, / ' /I /9L: + # - )< H, "63 )< R09: w4 /# 6 - '!!, / + -Y ; ' - 3 +, + (L6 ( "6(3 -(9 ;<( / )< G w4 G ;< / ' 7 /# 6 UD "0: ;< / ' 6 UD $ U 7 7

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8 0 w4 + # - "< $ << ' G "63 _d + - ' ' 7 + \ + - ' ' - 3! <91 R09: ' "< 0< <91 R09: " :+Q<I3 "63 (] :(RZ (%%) &) [3 R3 "63 (W واکنشپذیرینافلزات: G3 + \ + ) +,!, / 64 + ;: / R09: & R09: 63 +[D [3 ; " _ G [, Z6 + / 6! 7 G P< ' ", / + -: R09: )< "63 09: $3 / D 7 3!, / /I /9L: + # - )< G "63 # 3 R09: G w4 /# G w4 G ;< / ' 7 /# 6 UD /3 G<63, + 1 # 3 w4 + # - )< 93 ' u 9: "63 _d )< 8

9 ,D6 5 سوالات :!?,)!:1( 9:; 6: <6: => =' 1 =,:C( $A* =%6 6 =' B/ 6:,D6 5 =,:C( $A* =%6 6 =' E)F 3,!G' 5 D 6'D,)>4,!G' 5 D!*6'DI * DH> 5 (*6 K3,L),!G' 5 D (1!,)>6 $ <6<, (4 6D6 5,N 0,C O;% / 7 & (3 ;, ( _b (1 Ca Zn Li Cu Fe Mg?6D6 5 =>! D6,N /8,) V* S%D =' W- ' <!UIR) SF% T%' D! 6:9?,6(Y R) ' 5,10 9

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11 فصلدوم:رفتاراتمهابایکدیگر : #%/ «!"#$» &' () &# * +,- ' +!% :!"#$ gr 9 1 cm 3 / 9:; &(9< (0 %75 ترکیبهای مهم کتاب درسی و کاربرد ا نها: 789 &89! ! '!(0! &1 : (H O) -1 kg /<B03 :?) ' (@08 0 (A8<3 8 8> m G% 93 39' 9 9/9 C9 8D9 '> 9!8 E8F 9 / )683! : C1HO11 () - '/ E #H #I; 0!J8 ' 9 E K8J 30! 9 9L$ 79M 0 NO +L #'K8J /GF 683! 9 / 683! : NaCl( ) -3 0?V 98S) /Q9R '9 9S: ' 9 /Q9R '9 8 0 T) ' #'NO 0 /#; (#$ 9 P8H?) Na + Cl NaCl + (l) (g) (s)?q % X!% 0 (' +L E% 0 / /! 8!8 [!8 SH C 9 /#0! 0 Y8GR Z 9 / )683! 9!308 : # ' /9 ) '9 9\ EN8[O ' 9 ((@0!8) /@08 683!!S : (NH 3) "#$% -5 /9'3 E9 ' 9 9]9 \3 :'D ' 9 ##3 D 0 # 9 C/ % 9 )/ E' ' N+ 3H NH3+!% (@!) 08 3 ( Fe, Al O 3 (Y_) & KO CaO (##3N))!\D# ' 0 0' & +!8 8 8S 9 8) D< 0 D &!8 K8[H :^8) /N#F 8

12 a9j3!98%79) E8F 9 ` :,$#% * +) * +) *#() ##() * +) C H OH 5 (* +)) '$() -6 K98 ' 9) 9]9 EN#F 9 X 8 /! ' E & G3' 0!5$ ' :'!3 9!3, ( G_) ##3 /D$d G_ 9 C EN#F 9? 8< bc 9 (8>?0 5- EN#F ' 8 #)! : HO+ CH CH5OH «?)» «G8» E8GH K8 ' 9 ##3 +# 1 : C H O 4 HO CH CH OH (01) (9#$ J3 ' ih d (#$ :3$4 7) 89 :$ CuSO 4 '$ # /##() -7 '/ 'D L8> ' 8> N ( II 6% 5 +$) 3$ EN#9F ' 9E9<8 3 98S!9 9 E98 0! (9#$ 9 ) ' 9 +8! 0 6<; &J8! #'C ' 9 ('!9 8 9!O 9 C 8 9 /LJ! 0 /M ;>!: ' 9 [ 0 /) C 8 ' 0 7) ' ' [ GN 8 9 8O 0 ' /QR KL 9!M?Q9X 9 C9 8D9 /L9<X 99 «+9)» 9#' K8J /GF ' : (CaO) #<) #< #< #) -9 EO ##3 CaCO CaO + CO C (s) (g) 8<G3 #!3 8<G3 8<3 C8D ( +)) ترکیب شیمیایی:!:9 9 /8L89 8>,!F#$ '/ K8J /8L8!"#$ #; 0' 3 j /8L8 ' + +9 a9gm /8L !!9 9'!% K9[ ' ' /8L8 7#30 G80 #/ 0 / K" () '' /< /L E[< 683!!!:' [$ '' '!!"_# a!n /8L8 (L #/ 7) «/8L8 8>» G80 /"MJ / 7[#X 9 K89J!"#$ * + #; 0'!% /c!8%/l!h /8L8 [83! 0!% ' j /8L8!F#$ / 8 /L #; /L 0' 8> 3 (S, H ) 8 # انواع ترکیبات شیمیایی و پیوندهای ا نها: ' «/9<B03 98>» 9 F ' 3 # / 683! F E L /8L8 [83! (1!8%/!H #3 #/ 8> «/ 8>» G80 0 # +L 683! F E L /8L8 [83! ( / «G 8>» () 8 8> & G K S#!n ' 683!!% (3 ' «8' 8>» () 8 8> & /8L8 pgtl3!% (4

13 'B% C-C Na-Cl 8) ' N-H Na CCl 4 CHCl 3 NH 3 Li ( 0 H O 8!8R /[5H 0' 8 /@08 8> ' 8 /@08 8## =:$#>?)$) '@A /<B03 (/ 8>) /<B00! (/<#'r3 /<B03) 8' G (/[5H 8) (0B 0!8 8) /[5H0' /[5H0' 0!8 (/[5H (/[5H 0 ( 8) /[5H0' ( 0!8 /L 8 8 0!8) (/< 00 8> * پیوندیونی: «/» KFc 8> 3 &E (0! 0 '' &#! (/ EJ) > 7) #/!F#$ 3 / /#N / E J% K-#!:' /L (0! 8> ' ( NaCl!G3 NO +L) / X!t0!N :s G 0 G + 8 8> 9 +!% G 0 ((83) '/ K[ E[s #; + ' ( (0! #; + ('' E' G ((8)) '/ /D# #; + ' ( K[ (0! #; '9\ 9#0!8 8< «/! X» (8) 0 (83 '\ / 8> ' 0 #/!: #L!8R :!G3 G [ '/ ' : #3 G + ' $L\ \8 ' 3 G80! 9%! E9 9 9Oc!9G3 0 9\ &(9 E9DX 9 9/9L! K-< E[s ( ' 'N G! 9H!:9 9#3 ' /9D# 0 ( u!<% NV ' [ ) '9X0 9 G + 0!% 0)/ /EJ 7) Na Cl + (NaCl) 3

14 ' 0 9 9X!:9?) 9, () /D# 0 E[s ( &' Kc?) ' / X + 3 / `9 / '/9 9[$ ' 8<! (!X ) E' G_ '/ #3!>?) \c L ' E?) ' / X b_ :/ 8<- ' 0' v! (!X E!n G_ /G3 O (?) ' NO +L G_) / X G_ '/ [$ ' / v! (!X : E8 0! (1 (CaCO ) 3 8<G3 #!3 0 (CaSO ) 4 w% 8<G3 D & (AgCl)!-!G3 # / X :#s) (/L Kc?)?) '! G_ '/L [$ v! (!X 3 / G_ :E8 0!!8R ( ('09 9 (9/9 /9 0 9'/L [$ ' v! (!X 0 E E8 0!!8R G_ (j?))!5-?) : '!3 K[ E8 0! G_ () NO +L - فرمولشیمیاییترکیباتیونی: 8<# GFc (8) 0 (83 0 '0) E' G 0 G /0! 7) (1 - Mg) ) ) Mg O) ) O :0) E'! u0 ( 0' KFc 683! /8L8! ( 98# 9 MgO MgO Mg1O1 MgO :(8#3/ ' () &# J 'N %! :X) :98# 89<3 p$!9 9 (893 pt 0 (8) / [83! (! (3 8<3 4

15 خواص ترکیبات یونی: ('9!9! 9#N E!! () ' /D# 0 E[s *L\ /#N #< /s# / 683! -1 '9X0 Cl (9 & Mg + (9! ) (E E[s ( 'N!! 0' /D# ( 'N / 0 E!! MgCl :s E<8 / 683! + ' /D# 0 E[s ( 'N 0 + *L\ ;!% '' '9X0 09\ 9#L ( L 8 0 SX L ' 0+ ( (8 X 0!8 &/ 683! ' - B ux 0?0 5- &_ 0 EM 683! '' /XX 0 E3!c 'H &' K_ ' «/N» E3!c X [83! ' 0+ ( -3 v! (!X &G_ 0?Q ' / 0 /! / X E c ' #<8!:' 5-0 '' E9' '9 n#9 79) XX ' + ' 0+ (!d!x ' -4 / '!!d '/ / X /%## 6X #3 '!8%!H KFc N' پیوندکووالانسی (اشتراکی): ('' E9' 9X ''/ : #3 _ + ' 3 E H 8< X 0!8 /$ Q%/ ^! ' (8 (0! &(0!!Q>?Q9X /9!9 &'/L y!:' /L /0! - &#'/ 7#30!: G 3/ (#!"#$ + 0'!%) E J z[!- & 0' (0! (!%) / Q% ^! 0!8%/!H 0' 8 (0! 68! خواصترکیبهایمولکولی: v!9 (9!X 9 &?) ' G_ E c ' ; 0 X E c ' ; / 683! tb! / 683! -1 /?<_ E8 0!!8R 0 #/L (98 ' 0 '' '9X0 9 (0' 0 99 (98,9-98> 9 E H 8< 8> &/<B03 8> - 0 u9x 95-!9# '0/9 89 (''!c /c 3 '' 'X0!a8Nd 6! 0!8 E! 8> 8< / 683! <- ' / 683!?0 8 E#F G)$ (v ' ') ' E c /! 7 ux 0?0 '?) ' E8 bc /!c 7 8<C)@$ D#( % &1 &X ' BLN E!L3 / [83! BLN E 0D E!L3 / [83! BLN E 0D 3 BLN 5

16 ساختار ترکیبات کووالانسی: #< /<B03 8> ' K / E EN8[O ' 3 ' 8<?) 9M & (CO )!93 89<3' & (N ) (@0!98 9% & (O ) (A89<3 9%) 89#3/9 pd#9 3 / :s %! 0 (H O) دستهیدیگریازترکیباتکووالانسی: 89< '9N (98 ' /<B03 8> '\ \8 ' 3 #< /[83! #0!N «/<B03 X» ' 9 '09_ 'N K 3) 8; 683! ' )/ 'X0!"#$ #; + ' '9 89< 'N /)R [ 0 K" /<B03 8> L G &' 'X0 ( E K8J B 8< ux 0?0 5-!3 ' 'N 8> «PL» :# مقایسهی ترکیبات یونی و مولکولی: 8+$ +$% G)$ / K8J (0! Q% ^! ''!L3 ux 0?0 5- /L Kc?) ' z!s3 #<8 8<! ' H 8 QX E a8nd 8 X 8$ D#( / K8J (0! - ' B ux 0?0 5- / Kc?) ' z!s3 #<?Q G_ E c ' E!H () #' K8J 8 0!8 قانون بقای ج رم ' '[ w8 3 E#N '/ # \ < <8 + F!X &+8 ' ' /G w8 () ' 3 '/ /8#'! 'N E c + '!X! # ' 'X0 /L,8_ :'! a!n &KF P! E<8 u!q> - KH &#< KL$ c ' <8 K' ' /0!> ; 3!n t!f & \ < <8 + ' {8!qX» ' \ <8 + K3 -» :''/ (8 - (H E 8[ /G8 «Ex «/ Ex ( O #/ S# G &' 0 G 0!X 3 E (H 0'!:' LN 8> / /H Ex L EN8[O '!X 3 '/ D% &(H P! K[!:' / c E c + &7' +8 7M ' u'd!n t!f ' E c!88i ' agm 0 agm * / 6

17 (%#' 7#30!X 3 /X &'' '!3 8 #'/ y < <8 ' 3 /8L8 7#30 ' (H ) E' B"_!X!! :'B% 'X0 ' s! # '/ - /F c! 3 E /!X!> EN8[O D% B ' 3 O(L ' 8 '/ '0)! ' s!' 0' E' (8 EN8[O ' KF 48d! (/ 3 '' #8 s /:!8% 3 0 /% ' (H :; 3!8: 1 s % * #; 0!% &!<3 &'0' #[$ 3!8%/ K /B"_ (!x! 8/ R /H0 K[ R!X 3 % E 3 R ' #[# zl8-< v!c }B"_ agm K[ ;' &!X &' ' &/H0 c! / Ex!X (8 3 / c ' B"_ L '/ ) KH /c 0 E +;3 8< &@! K[ '/ 8 &!% F &@! /L3 '/ '/L!%!n '! # &E<8 s ~_ ' (O ) (A8<3 8 0 (H ) (@ / 8< /8L8 7#30 + s ' (0 0)/ > (H O)?) + ##3/ 7#30!c E_ * 0' /H0 8'/!H '$ 1LX 0?!d !d ' 68! /H0 3 E 16 (A8<3 q() 0 (@08 / Ex 7#30 }B"_ ' #' 7#30!X &/L8 '! # E?) / (0 3 0)/ 10 / /L #[! EN8[O #'/ (J 3 8#3! (0 /% /s ' ' 8/ 8 L E 7

18 : 5C)$ '' /:< 8; ' /%A0 : 0> () * #<$J9 ) :'$ +$% 5@ (1 :0> ' /9! (9!X!9H! 6[9 0 9##3 E3!c G_ ' #/ 3 #< /D# E[s /! ( #<8 /! (!X 0 /! 3 / c ' G_ P3$8% KL #J *M 3 ) 5JNJ%> #O> J% 8$ D#( ) :0> / /! (!X / 6[ 0 / 7M> G_ ' () ( P<#L I$#( 3 :0> / K[ E[s ( (0! ('' E' 3 /L P<#L I$#4 :0> ''!%/ K[ /D# ( (0!!% 3 /L P#8% I@O +) :I$ J:38% 3 ) I@O +) :() ) 5 :0> / K[ (8) (0!!% G 0 (83 (0! ('' E' G )3 I@O +) )% K $ *4( 8:,Q K9 RJ)@ S) 9 )3 *( :()6 :0> (0! 8 P) =$#>?$ KL 8$ $#> 7 :0> #% / 8> /D# 0 E[s ( X #<$J9 ) 8$ D#( =:8T@ 8 :0> / E' /D# 0 E[s (!%!H #3 E /s# /!!n *L\ ' / 683! / Kc?) ' / 683! /! P3@8% 3$A@ K9 =@ 9 =##U( KL 3 : I *M9 :0> '/ () /8 ` '!88I ~$ E /! (!X 0 X/ j?)!b 5- ' '?) s! 8

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20 فصل سوم: به دنبال محیطی بهتر برای زندگی "! "# $#% &' (% " +/1 3/ " * +,- # */ 0 " * 7 +8 *44/ *? 6*& <# 0 => > " 9 "$#% :,; +/ " +/ : 3 + +/? 6/ 6/@A : 3 * BC 9 : *4? 4 4? *4? *4&4 +;D 6*/ EBC + 1F G + : " ! 4Q R % ( LM0 1N +O * <A ) " "I J#HC 1' *! H : S,B 3 +* <9 / *9 99 "$#% /Q */ 49 "4$#% (?4M) 4 < (T) 9 5N " > */? :* 1, *? +Q 4 49 (V? : 9, Q G> "R Q E' :N (V W " U " * /? M XY 5! 6" *0? 3

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22 * a> 1? / N 7 R ls/ (N ) 1O, +> 1/ *B, X#C?;49 *4 4C 4 a#c X, O, X#C 3 6* X, +/+, & &?;9 " +;D 1 :/ * X> * X, C * " / JH, 1O, 61O, * N C +/+, 1 1O4, sr * +O 3tC + X, $ /1 E5R + 6X, * N C +/+, / * a5 1O, +Q a5 a#c 3pC' l /X, *?;9 E8 a>? C /X, (" 19 9 N C ay> &) a#c X, & :- ( &4 4 4/1 +4/3pC4' N C 19 9 /ua R W +, 3 :&& /! ( a#c ah,4 /+, 3 3pC' 1 *?;9 / 1O, /+, 3 :01($ && $34! (,/ "N/ # M 1Q / 0,/ & & X, + H 3 a#c 1O,,> & & X, :5,( &(7 '6($ $ (- :9 3

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24 b Q 1 :/ 3 + 6:/! +/" CO > C / 1 3 sh (4% 6"4 *4 3 +Q 1 :/ b9! +/" Q b$ 3 *' /? f " * N +L,A 5 +L,A * 6"$Y "0' b9 S 14 +4/*540C 4$#% "B + +/,> *, 1 C ' /1A l "B! 1 *- $#% "B 3 "B 1, 3! 9,; N/ Q / * R Y H "B *, + d' 6BLC 6(0, f,/ }#C 1 R *, "B C! *S :N44 4,B +M ~Q,B XBC ~Q "B " ( *C +*-A ) S* c!d < :l "B "B XdL 5 " B "B <A : *B, " 3tC + ;' C Y 1H &' +/" :C * " yar "B 1 "4B +49 /" 3 ",- : 6(W,y' ) : "B + :C /" 3 : S k!,m XdL C + "B sr : *B, +4/,4/ 4/34/ l *4 X4#C 34 "4 b4c /4Y 3S/ %!M l "B, 3 1O/ /3/ " d v /3/ 3 1O/ ' / a50c d ' -Q C 3 / $ :C "V " * A ' (H) 1O/ :C 4 (C) 3 :C W 1 " CH 4 1, 3/ 3C* 1C 1, 61C S +/' /15 3C : S +/' /35 S +/' /35 9 % 6A 1N : 6" +H!>, XY 5! " h /1 5 a5 :+H!>! XBC 3N 1N :?! CB, _ /3 $C 5 a5 6/' $C : /3/ + vc 5

25 :4/ 4/ ,0 /1 Xw 3 6,0 /3/ 3 $C Q / G + Cd +,0 3 /3/ U9 +hh b9 v= 3 (Y + +O + / + /W +? + 3/ /Y = l "B j *Q "B */ :/ / / f " W 6? */ */ l "B,# E+ BC, C1? 9 D! CH 4 1 ( C H 6! C 3 H C 4 H 10 4! C 5 H 1 5 (& C 6 H 14 6 /F C 7 H 16 7 (G C 8 H 18 8 (1 CH C10H 10 :/ $H 9 1$ S ' H /15, 1 + 3Cd "/1 3 $C } +R /15 ",/, /15 H H H H C C C H H H H H H C H H H H C C C H H H H C H H 1'' +, A :/ "0' h a5 /3 6 " 15 A h a5 /3 +/15 6

26 * N 6 XBC (C ) +, 15 5 /3/ /5 :(':/) N!,/ /9 < 6 6/15 / : CnH n + XY /15 5 فرمول سوختن هیدروکربنها: ay> +3?M 6/3/ lc " " 3/ R N (3') < : a#a < 3, + 1, CH4+ O CO+ HO + +O 3, ", 1F " a 3, 6 C H O CO H 3/ 3, / a C CO 3 6CO +9 l ˆA 3, # 1F ' S :C 6/ 5C ' S :C / 6/3/ 3 :9$BC 1 9BC ' /3 :/ *0 3/ 6/3/ v 3 / " > A S ' S +/:C 50 +/' ac 6 A /1 1, ( A d S ' 4 ac ",V 4 3 :C ) * H H (3!C) 3C C= C /35 + H H H C C H /35 + 3/ XH,0,! 61O, 61F 3/ +/5 :3/ XH,0 7

27 B> (1,) 1! "B *Q 3 S 3, + 1 Y "B +/*Q ay> XdL %87 J#HC => > " b : CH 4 3C :/ S9 * +/* G +, "B ay> -C /3/ نحوه جداسازی موادمختلف نفت خام j * M#C bcc U9 k!,m / X> 1 * hhc j l "B j hh 3Cd /5 3CWQ 9 % +/3/ ay> M d hhc 9 6hHC J# D,B U /3/ * 3 6 :/ WN U9 }H 3/ Q XA / +9 hhc j * W XY 9 hhc j +/"A 3C3' +,0 3 $C C3S +/3/ hhc j M 3C3' A 9 < hhc j M 3Cd : a50c + $C LC 6/!',/ WQ /5 / :"B ay> +/ N 19 1 *A XiC 6' /1! "! +/"!9 "B " * ay> 6* 9 A :!9 1 6: " v, L /Y "B */:$% 6S " 6 v " /" 6l 6 6'/ " 6/ " 6& 6* 6(~Q "B) B "B 6/+?# 6RL lq 6/W,y' 6/W,d 60 6/y> 6/hR 6* WB,/ /W,y' 6"B XdL 3C' 3C: /3 3 +/' 6:/ b ^B 3C */ : (3!C) 3C 5 y#a 3 " (!') gn +/5 ay :/ 3 3 S +/' (/) /5 H H H H 3C!' 6 9 S5 3C + $C 1 ay!' H H H H H C= C + C= C + C C C C C H H H H H H H H H CH 4 3C + $C 3C!' " xr N C "$#% f 6 + R l5, " "A 1 6"B ay> ( /W,y' 19 g 8

28 پژوهش I 1 C F 7 %$H ka 6W/? (V 6a,?H0 :ld a C CO? M 6 " "I / bcc 0 -? 6NC & 6l 5,y' : a 1 &4 4 4 W,4y' 3' "A NC & # :5 1 * '? 5,y' /!', %#C Q 7BC 3 N 1 ]? Q, ABC Q 1 ah "A 3 4 k!,m 5,y' Q 6+N! ' : a W 6+, W vbc ay +N! +/' /1 W #,, 40 0 > + "> / /W,y' + bcc 300 4/W,4y' +4 A4BC 4Q / /W,y' + (&) ic " 1 *B, +9 +* +AQ W X/0 ] Wl, 9

29 ((H E+) $L KH (& BC 9 $#& 9 7 (K) 1/ H 1 BC E+ $#& 1 L 3HN n= 45 BC E+ 3 $#& $#9 $#9 617!4 $ S 1 ( 9!% Q$BR! N 5 #$ 9! 1!U 617! 1 36 #$ (7 W B%L> - ( 7 8 H $ &&$C! ( 9 #$ 7 L &/ 10 ( ]L (\ 7#+ ( ([C 10

30 H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H H H H C H H H H C C C H H H H C H H H H H H H C C C C H H H H H C H H پاسخهای فصل سوم C H : C H : n 45 C H n 45 n ( 45 ) 90 = n n+ = + = + = n= 45 C45H

31 *+ & ) '" %& $ '"!"# )!" / ) '" (CO ) %& 4,-$(CO) 5, 9 :1 ; 1 / ( ) &, '" & ; 43 4/ 1,& & &" 1 0 && ; '" 4"A B& 'C", 1 1 0, &" 0 >?& &/ 7< ;,,&= 6 & ;1 9 :'D/ G,& &H & 1 G &H,&= & 1 :EF1 7 &/ G > ; J+1 K D3# & ;, L& IG,J+&, : F& I 8 9 >F" E& &1 E&, 7D1 MC &G G 7<5 M& 9 NOG N9 9 7D1 M& 9, G P1 $; >,L?1 7D1 M& 9, E& >/ 10 /!& 'F& >! H!: F N

32 : 7/6 7- % 7/ $50 1,/ % /%,- /) *+ "#$ % &'! 7; % 79<07 :37!$#$0 & $,/ % 08#$ &' & 9 7% 7$07 7 *3 1*3 >?4 % 50 = % 1+ $$0 / 1+ 1) km 30 s * & 3 C = &+ ; 5 * : D 3)C *7 &% 0G-78 H7/ %+ 9 ") ) F ; % =0 1, =+ 1,= C ; = % 1+ I; % % 1+ I; 6 &%) 4 + * 1) 6 $0 0; پژوهش

33 *73 17*73 >7 7 K7# 67 % =0 % J /8-1 = 1, $ 8 0, = LM 3 )C N پژوهش (+,&- / #) *&) :&') $" $" # 3 7;07 7= 07O D S%= 1PQ FQ, R3 1 & 1+ := 0O D % &J3 N 1+ *3 =+ 8;+ % D &/% U= 0, % =+ V 3 T *- D 7 &7+ 0 7N =+ 1,= XC $$0 #,= / + S W % *3 )" ; 031+ ) 7 &7,+ % / M Z R :C% / % / 0$Y3 $0 U% (\), 1+ :$0 0+ J3 / 1+ R39 N % "^+ *3 Z, &$ = = 0O D D 0O Z, 4 = a;0 6 D 031+!4 ` 3;0 P D &$!$0 /8 1 M / % 031+ $/ 8 9C Z ` FQ, *3 = 0O D c D U-= b 0+) Z $=+ 1,= -3 &4 \ 031+ % D *- ; $3 ;0 &1PQ &$! 0O 1PQ / FQ, &$ 1+ $3 ;0 &1PQ 4! 0O 1PQ / FQ, 4 1+ =+ *Y ) 1 &$ U= 4 :C% $-3 S =+ &1PQ &$ + &% Z, &$ ;

34 \, &% $-3!=+ \, &% $-3 *3 ; 6 $0 1#Q % 0; G\ U3% 031+ % &+% % R39D!7 0D7 e,7= 1#7Q &+ :C% 3)0 1+ e,=!$ 1#Q % 4 < ; 5 e,= $ \ 4 < + + R3 4 e,= = e,= = 4 < < * % % v v v a= 1 = t t1 t km m m ( )4 +, G ) 04D % % ( ) 1g +, 4 0G % =+0 ( ) 1g %a? e,= % h s s =+0 / km 1g +, G % = % 1+ * h 4 $ :3 + s =0 N, $-3 S ) 3 % ic FQ, 3 1 /0 8 =+ N 0Q, e,= ; $-3 : 03 4 = 1% 4 v= v1 =0 N / e,= U * / 1+ % =0 N 4 < 1?, e,= v v = 1 0 = = 0 t t 1% 4, % "39D 1+ % 4 1 /0 8 #j e,= 1% 4, 03 4 % "/ 1+ % 4 1 /0 8 0N$ e,= e,= S 3

35 3 0N$ 4 ` 3 0N$ e,= R39D FQ, 4 "/ &$Y 1+ 1-G+ 0N$ 4 &$Y 1+ *3 ` ( 0> V) = 0N$ 4 < * * * C 3) 5 e,=?3 G4 e,=?3 U4 % =0 % k &% G4 *3 1+ e,=?3 1G+ FQ, 1 *3 1G *3 &$Y =+ N FQ, / 031+ =+ #j &4 = 0O D *- ; 1,8;+ m# 0,D 0O l &% = 0O D ;) =? R3 % + Z &% = 0O D ; 3)0 1+ D UWN 031+!$ < ; "! ( ) = 9 ) *+ 3('!) #$% & % 4 \ % S? 6 1 =+0 6 3= 3(,) % TA+ =+ 0N$ e,= ; / % / 0$Y3 $,/ &+ 1 / e,= % 4!031+ =+0 :$0 U l-4+ % m s 1+ km h U3# &+ :% U3# \ 3/ ) 0D m ( ) s R5 % 1+ ) U3# &+ =+ 1,= (q9+ %) km h % + 4 ; $ $ ew 3/6 ) 0D km ( ) h q9+ % 1+ ) U3# &+ =+ 1,= (,-5 %) m s % + 4 ; 4

36 /) * km h -! 15 m s km 15 3/ 6= 54 h *3 &$Y 1+ #4 *3 03$Y 15 LAM *3 1g 7 % *3 N e,=» 3 $=0 /q9+ + ; «+ 4 +, G N 4 *= * O 1g 7 1 = ic, U# 0$Y3 N &% 4 0,C% 5

37 1*! 0* *&('*/ 5* *# +$,!" # $ %& '() 1 " ' 3 8* 0 &( 9: ';< 0 < '/ $, &( 10 m 1! 5& s " ' 3 A' +B 1! 0A # '/ 10 > $ <!?3 A' +B 5&G&( '/ 10F!7 : 7 9:,(D;4 A # ' '/ 5!7 8(5 & # ( H'(H ><975 &( F0 ' AK +J 9A 5&6 0 H ( #7 ' 5& H7 9: H'(H N ) 0 & # 7!: ' 8 9A 0 B9 0 GA # $< ( )!F R!# '/ 4>P < B '( +!% ; $ QAH H,10 0 (!F A H 8 1! 6

38 پاسخنامه فصل چهارم 1 t=5s x v= = t 10m m v= = 5s s m v a = 10 v1 t s a s = 0 = = t v v v v m a= 1 = = v= 0 t s 3 t=10s &)*! "#$ %& '( /0 +,-$ & = a + c = = 500= 50m 1 = 50 = = 10 m 5 s

39 4 m t= 10s v1= 0 v= 100 s v v v m a= = = = = 10 t t s ( m a= 10 = t 5s v =? s v 10= v= 50m 5 ( /=5 >/? ' :; 4<9 / 45 & 678 4,% /,9 : ' 3 ; & / BC : ' A & ; GH< F8 ; / D ) & 0 *& 1 8' 678 ; 1 ' / D EB F8 ( J,% K( 678 & / ' K( 1 / D 1, ) '( v =? x= km= 000m = t s x 000m m v= = = 1000 t s s km / 6= 3600= 3600 h 1 ; F8 ; 3/?$ F8 M 1 ; N1 F8 ; 3/ EB F8 M M '( >/? & 3: O N9 678 M EB F8 & EB 1 PQ% R / EB 1 <

40 : ( )'!" # $% &" 9 1 # %!" '7" - " /0 ( " " "* +, "?@? :"; :" < " ( = >" :% :"; 5 3& 37 3" : D #*? &E% 3F% ( '# 63A4 B# C? : 3" 35 HII :" J $ 6! ( 3D # 35 ( %GA F $ B# C 3A4 C :" C " # 35 (- /GA : (4$ ' ( F= ma $ 6 # K% # " L'! " #? H : 3"?@? " " # ( M4A 3# >" " ' # 6 " C # ( '# 9 : ( 3# P@* " '$4"O7 '7 ) " MA # "> " 6'$4"O7 '7 :" R* " C $ 0 " # MA 9" : 35 3" S* '# S "(1F4 % 9" >" # " 6/0

41 6 "H '# 35 9" T" >" " 6 (" 3" S* 3*" 35 $ >" " ("" 3& 37 * 35 ( " '% UF #" O, " * 3$V W5 ( '% "' #" ' : " '% : #" ( %) 3$V 8% ( L 3# # # " 9" " " 35 8% # 37 S" :" 3" " X4* # :" #( # H = X4* # # F a= m 3" m s N kg 6H 5" 9 6# 5" 3" :% 6 5" ' (#% > R ( 50N 80N X4* = 80 50= 30N 3" 3' ( :% 30 0N X4* = 70 0= 50N :, 3' ( :% 50 70N 40N 60N X4* = = 100N 3" 3' ( :% 100 X4* 9" 345 :" (3" ^I :, 3' ( _@R) 9 " " /# >" 9 (^I :,) XA- 3# 3* PG #(`0 " # # ' " 35 ( "" ' " '# "A 9" > # F " >" " * ( $ :' " ' " * # 3"

42 $ $ %!" # 10 m s پژوهش )&( 10 m s &' +" = '$4"O7 + = '7 a; "ai aa (a# 5 " ( " ( '# ; 6:% ; ( (#%! '-, _' " ( :+" + 9c M4A 3# -3 " - " -1 " MA # ( -6 E- -5 L -4 : >"!" > -7 -` (% - j Uk0" -5 H " 3K -6 () l -7 '% -"9-1 )8-4" -3 '%m >", >" * ( +A :" : " * (?n #" ( /" ( 3" -"9 B;" > 3

43 > = # # (o# H W= m g # # =m +"9 H =g > =W +"9 = (o# m H s m " r 5 5" " 9 ( 9/ 8 s 3" :> qk +"9 H :> qk +"9 H 1 6 qk +"9 پژوهش!9 50 :18( 7 &8 (4' )5 & /+,- s" # LV :" D" (I ' 1 ( 3" :> n ( > 3# > 9>" " C 3" # -% (4 %") ' # -% /"o : t "(kk ( 9" B;" ' > _@ T" D v5" ( "u` ; : )K ( 9" ' > :> g +"9 H >" ' # g +"9 H ( u` "* C v5" :> >" - # (g) +"9 H ( پژوهش A6G% &8( (@0 (>EF;<= (>= ABC (D : )18( 0 7 (0 &8 Uk0" ( #:" > ' +K Uk0" 6 35 ( # >" : >", "n "7 ( " Uk0" _D4m 4

44 3" # 35 3# O7 "' Uk0" 3# C ' qk 9 O, #( v' # qk C`` C# 9 &" Uk0"!" Uk0" 35 " '# ( 9" 3" 35 >" B " # : #" qk ::!! : # ( # >" 35 B ( 3" " Uk0" # LV :" # T" 3" " Uk0" " # ( ( 345 :" 9 (! C * 5 ( " UF # 9" 5 (- " _@R) " '# ( 9" :"#$ (Dm Uk0" "%' # "> " % >" O, # " ( :" 3K qk wn84 5 #" 35 " ( 9 n84 Uk0" 6Uk0" 345 :" ( -D# L >" Uk0" "* o >" x4k qk " 4 ( ( 3" n84 Uk0" " L >" %0% B * ' # "-, >" ' 6-9 -D# Uk0" - qk : Uk0" (! -` * :> qk ( - " - > ( #" "* پژوهش &8 A6G% ( 0 ( (0 /, 5

45 % &' &($! #"!! 60kg 1 8$ 78 08* 8, & ! "*+, %&"! -9 &: % &' 3 &$ 0,A 100 "*+ - #&> 5, <=>, 3 8' "8=' 8 #&> D M IM 0 m s <=>,A 8 #&8> m 8+ <=>,"! "SR 3 s & K> (I0) DEF G! C=4 000 "0', 3 -L 5 ( "! NO PQRO ) %& "! D' "0 $ & 60 "(,A 10 "*+6 & 1S! "91 PQRO 18S! "0=+0 PQRO #&Q D M +,"! 3 75,A 44 "*+ 7 &0* 8+ 0 "3O #& & a "=> + F,A %& "! & "=> $ -4 1 "*+,8 F (=!! & K> A* 0 «&=+»9 \0> 0 #&> &> ZL=! '! [R =! 10 Y3,A 000 =QA,10 %>"! $ ]O 3! 6

46 پاسخنامه فصل پنجم !- +,-' *(-( &' * +,' 1 6! " #$% &' &() 6 1 = 1 6 &' * +,' W= mg= 100 5= 500N -% -< - : * 9! 1 %! ;' 67$8 9 : ( &34 /4 &5 / ? ' &8@!=$' =$' * > ( &' &5 F a= F= ma F= 000 0= 40000N m F= ma F= 10 = 0N 5 6

47 m 0 E s #$% /4 %3 &5 A@8 9= 9 B,% /4 * C 9( D 9 LM,J ( 3N IJ K * 6G *(( * 60 1 &'!% $G H4 &' * 60 0= 40N &' * 40 LM,J OE % % /4 ( &' E 9 ( (( $4 LM,J 7 * 75 = $4 LM,J F a= : &@5 m &-' R( % S ( C3< T1 9 A7 %( &() /4 $< %( a=#$%!% $G H4 * a % 1=a S #$% / /4 ( F 9 $@5 T % C3< T1 #$% UA7 #$% % V a ( (( #$% OE ( V 4 W / S " %( 4 W " 9 01 ( T ( 3N

48 :! " #$ % &' ( ( ) *+, - / 0 1,!9 89 : 0 &' ( - (30 ; 0 &' 0 &' ?, <: ( - = 0 > / > (- ; 0 / : > F 7+? 1 56?, <: ( - 0 = / 40 B (A ; H + =!+ I GG = &' =J ( &' K! F P= A N G K m K! K * G L96 K N 1Pa= 1 m

49 Q = &' ( OP <: M' > N 8 (= OS6 (9 &') ( &' <1 ( = پژوهش (1 $% & "'#( ( )* "#! ( 6 ( ( T -S 60 + &' O ( ; 1 " S -: < < G : ; 1 " U 9G < G : ; = (W X!K V" <1 " > 1 (!W 6 \=" <: 1 ) < * <: YZ 8[ 1 T + (-: ) ), -: < K 0 = 1 1 Y)! 1 1 GL,> Y) "<: ( \^ Y77MG = 1 9 ( < ) 1 ( < K 1 G S U0 (T! %=G X L96 ` _ H L96 Y) ag < T= ^M 8b U ) 1 ('7 < L96 ` 7 * 3\S (OS Q f$ U0 e=6 U0 d U0 PG U0 X6 <G U0 (T! c 1 : (*) L (, " <PS -1 L Q <" " e=6 - jk (G -3 L K <" L ( ( MG L (l G ",\=J -5 :(#$&'" )#$!" <!9 L <1 1 m8` <9 LK L G -1

50 <!9 Y" %=G 9G mm0 - (=J Y` n' X=G L -3 `K 1 ) o=j Y)! '7 <: O - * 0,> o=j <P Y) o=j p=ρgh kg 1000 m 3 -: 0,> : * o=j g 0,> -p kg m 3 <: K * 0,> (q) T *=" <: ( ( * * < '7 U M ( ρ P=ρ gh+ p 0 p 0 = 5 10 pa kg 1000 m 3 -: 0,> > 0 = W 1 W 6 -: ( T -: o=j + <: s V" <: -: K 1 O -: j=j <`r T W پژوهش "!! /0 "!1* 34 5% )* "(* )!6 7 "#,'- ) H <: ( 3\S -S \ (' 6 U - (P> > 9 9 V!> LK -: 1 6 [+ t ( ; [ ( 7! 1 -: > ; ; GG > I <M (<` -: r u), ) [+ <= j O1: - <!9 * U 1GT v7 =J Y` Y) &' 1 H V" Yp 1 p! <: b ( 1 (TG L90) YZ 3

51 = <! " = 1 " ( < :" )* = ( 1 r <Q 1 <: <G! \:+,)* \J P61 (w jg 8b <G V" G 1 (! 8b Q Tm G < T! NxG MG P (O -: S AQ <! 1 < 0Q 6 V" A < Q ( 1 (, 0 1 " ( 1 K ( Y" X " (K /0* czp 0 T " U T d &' 1 ` y1 j` 76cmHg &' : " <+ 1 T 1 T THK d 59J ' THK N : < <: THK T THK T 1 THK 1 THK T7! ' N :L <+ - T T7! (' N THK :B\ <+ -3 4

52 ,-/01 #$ "3 +$* 1600! "#$%&' 1 =>?/9 : ; < "5567 3FA, /F*/ G,H $* <93 3A, >BA ** 5<,C, < < DE* 3A, >BA 3 =3* 3I '3,H -9 -G 3I ",$ /* DE* 3A, / G,H $* '3,H1000,-G <93 =:, K$ L$ M4 S =>,* AN 567 OP Q R 5, * / G,H +$* R3V, 750/N* R /$T, " 10!? /* "/H3 "/N*6 (g = 10, π= 3) =3* 3I W9 3$G =3$G X >* 7 R Y3V, M 7 =-G ",,\'/9[[? OP < /: G-, => AN /!WH R * A"/!WH *W N$ 9 =3$ 6 A3 : ^3 "/!WH 910 5

53 = cmHg $ %& $ ' $(!"# ( 76 16= 60cmHg ( 60cmHg *( p +, =ρgh ' ρ= +, - kg = m m g= 10 s p 0 = 10 5 p /0 13 $ 4 P= P 1 + P 0 P=ρ gh+ p0 P= = pa

54 3 P1= P P= 1 P = 5"0 67 5"0 F F F F P1= 1 P= 1 = A A A A F A F= N A = A = F= = 5000 A 5A A " 4 $$ <= ">5 & $ :; $ 5 :?' 8 +, 6 A=π r = 3 5 5= 3 5= 75m F= W= mg= = 7500n F 7500 P= = = 100Pa A 75 7 : :; <= 8 $' A %& 5! $ $( 9 5 C &> 10 F F F F E= B# C D +, 89- ' : +, %& $' '!$ BG?

55 فصلنهم:ماشینها # # # # &#' # $#%! ( ) *' (' / % ) +!, + )# #! '( + +5 ' '$ '+ 34 ( ' 1 ## # # $# #!,! 34 $ ' 34 $ $ % 7 $! 896 A?@ < => :: ;' % '$ A 1 $ B 34 '$ 7F% '+5 %( C/( D@ $ ' 7/E8 (+5 %(( $ 7%( HG 7' ;F ( '( '@ /' : %( $ ( ( : % I : # +5 < ;' % % 8 C C J 5 R 'QR P%9(O O +N M4 +(! : (! 'KB! =! & S I >Q 9GN

56 +/' 9GN ' WXGV / K, V ;' ($ ' 8 C Y ; 9GN ; WX GV Y ( 9GN V $ V!) $ V اهرم 9 + $Y/ ;' Y Y C 9 C '$! Y ;' 8 \ 7 C +( ;'! 9 C Z[( 9 C C ;Q %( 7 ;' ( ]S 7%( ;' ( ]S = ;Q : ]S! ]S = ;Q! ;Q Y 9GN =! P%9(O 79 :% : ;Q ]S $ 9 + ;' $ Y : ' E _ *N ;Q C Y (^ >Q *N ( R *N C ]S Y (W K ) ;' ' E _ I *N ;' $ +AN % : ]S Y $ ;Q +5 ( ' : %( F $ 71@ &9 + ( D' W[: % : ;Q Y $ ]S : I >Q *N `R ' *N ( ;F R ;' KN %( C/( D@ Q@ $ ' + ( ( R) a!" Y Y 1S Y Y = = F ]S F 1 d Y Y = ]S! Kd = 1 ;Q! Kd d ]S! Kd= d 1 d= d1 F= F1 V Y Y ;Q! Kd= d %' + A Y Y :';' ' E _ eqn ;' $ C Y Y

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58 ]S +5 ( %d $ 9GN ]S! WS Y W%d :: WS Y ( Q W%d d A d = 1 d d1= d A= = d I :: C $ Y Y O ( *N <( :: F <( :: 7%( <( 7' :: %@ :, #%% 7 ( ':: + 7%( 1S! KN! Y Y E <( ':: Y Y = ;Q ]S :7D i Y %@ <( ':: h g V +( +/' ]S ) F 1 ( W%d T j: 7 T 7( W%d +5 ( +5 (W%d m *( =T +5 n% j>: W%d ( h $ 1) K/R W%d T ( +Y! 1) 7%( on W%d *( ]S <( ':: F T 1 = (7%( i HG :: W%d $ ]Y>G! 7' $D 7/ : ;Q V (:: ) >Q ( ' T, ;Q 1S p KB %@ $ 7/ 1S <( ':: Y Y 7 F F 1 :: 'T +( :/ 4

59 m *( : $% +Y m *( + :: C *9Q m *( 7%( on T + (]S ) F 1 ( / %4 :: 7 (; ::) $4 :: q KV T 7' *( 78 W%d T r@ / ( 7 Z[1: ( %4 :: / W%d n4 :: m T *( G W[: ;Q V :: Z[( ( 6 *( ':: $ ;Q 7 (f ( d+/' K/R ;Q ;Q V :: Z[( ( 6 *( ':: $ )/F ( :: $ / (T) W%d *( %4 :: ;Q $ (T+ T= T) '+5 Y Y F T = = = F1 T &! &: = F 1 = 60N F1 ]S Y Y 7' Y +5 (]S ) F 1 ( 6 *( 78 7/ 1S C +@ 7 i T *( ::! ( m m *( :: ( 6 $%3/' T *( 7' $4 / m T *( 7' ( G ^Q \ :: T T *( 7' ;Q T= F 1 $% F T A= = = F 1 T 40 F= 40N F1= = 0 $ T= F \ ]S :: 5

60 / W%d $ 7%(!A5 (W%d +( +/' ]S ) F 1 ( 9S! 7'! W C@( :: Hd! e :: (T= F) 1 K/R T *( 7' *9Q / n4 K/R %, K/R e :: ]S! K :: '*( )/F ) / m T *( > :: / m ( KV (( $4 / T *( 7' e :: r@ / m T+ T T T *( *( *( > :: %4 :: K/R N :: C m 78 ($ 'm *( ( %( N > ::! *( :: $ a ^Q ( 7 O :: q KV m +@ ( T+ T= 4T) (O ::) ^Q a :: / m e :: 4T ) T ($4 :: r@ / m ) T F1 = T F= T+ T+ 4T= 7T F T A= 7 = = 7 F 1 T *( :: $ m ' *( $/' 7' *9Q / '*( :: '! r@ / m % Y ( d+/' K/R ;Q (O :: r@ / m ) 4T (e :: r@ / m 4900 F= 4900N F1= = 700N 7 :$% $ ($ QR 3 'R '+5 / J?@ Z/V :#&'( 7%( 8?@! *@ < :'?@ N R _ -1 _ - E _ -3! _ -4 6

61 Y #Y # $N# # 7# # #?#@ #%@ #! #1( Y9 ((?@ C +/ ' 7%( 8! KN! '?@?@ Y Y =?@ ',?@ ', #( 7# #(# d '?@ $ 7' < '+5 ', ( 7?@ J '?@ ;( %( = A 4= 1 C@(?@ #'+5 #1Q ;# %1 7' W( %@ 7 ) % 100! C ^96 '! :: 4 =! m ( ;9( 10 J :: 4 + <( $ %@ %( 7 C ' Y %( G 7' ^96 < ':: %( 1S C ' Y Y J%( 5 'W( +( %9 ( C;( #a! % %( ZQ: '+5 )8 Kd < {>!! < => %@ Q J! /( V ;( Y O % < =>! %( I %' ;F ( ( '?@, F _ E _ 7' % *N R *N 7' '?@ 7'6 (^ }! '+5, %( 7

62 8 ( 5 3)?@ N,! % *N R *N '?@ 7'6 eqn (W 7/! $ ) C < => <FR + 7' %5 < => /' :< => E _ *N `R < => 90! /(! < => < =>! < 90 7' *N ]S *'( j8 d N < => < => Y Y > 1 ( 71 O )8 / < => : / i J *N < < J71 O /R 7 7'6 7 ;F V 7%( ( /( 7%( 8 < =>! E p 7%( 7 < => k!! J%( or E < 7%( 8 +! 19A ; + O < =>! ' /R ;Q => ]S! (< => )8) $! =>! ( /R 9GN j: < => ;Q! < => < Kd j: < < => Y Y = ( ;F () : W1= W F1 d1= F d F d = F1 d= F h F1 h F F d A =, A F F = h = 1 1 ()8=h) (< Kd =d ) 8

63 پرسش فصل نهم +E:3 7E >?, )&: 4: :: :< #%% =! 7 =! >?, 0 CB * 1 &/, FG -&: &7 &H 8(, #%%!" - K L JC (3 -&: =! &7 # &,!"4 0 CB *)&::!* + 01 #*&5 (F = 00N)&/, Q"!* + 8: 8 :6 -S(#&'(&!A7 E:: 8E 8,!*S: / &: x< 1 1 QU #& & 8, #&'( : G: 8 &/, &V x)&/, &! T=7N01 #%% =! 9 - =! * (,!" #7 &, 10 9

64 )E/, E(U EK 8E: 40 #K Q, *: : : 8 30cm X 8: (U 11 &/, 891 (U : #& -S( 1 S!* 8, 8YBA 8,B /, 8: Y, 100 8: 7S : G: 13 ES QU QE, E8E: E: *Z )&: 00cm #8 8YBA 0cm #8 (g =10) &/, 891 &/, Q" )&: =!!" 14 -/ 8( 8: &: =! * 7, [!" 15 -/ 8( 8: &: =! :: [!" 16 - &3( QU!" )&/, \!?!"A / 17 -&: d1< d #7 * &, 18 -&< 01 Q& 8! * #%% * &, 19 -&:01 #%% =!" (0 10

65 *+ *! )!'( 4 %$ &#!""# $# A> 1,8 /8'!8# 8#,8! #,9:; < * (34 )5 6) /0-1!-,- # * 1 3 *+!# A> 1 &+ =>?# &+ => &+ => 4 5 F1 = T F= 4T F T A= 4 = = 4 F 1 T F F= N F= 10 A= = = 30N A 4

66 6 a = b + c,$e /F C:D# 5 = 3 + c 5= 9+ c c = c= 5 9= 16 c= 4= h d A= = 5 h F d F= 00N, A= F 1=? A= = 4 F 1 h = 800= 5F1= = 160N 4 F1 5 :*KL *5 1 O-1 )P O- Q- O-3 * O A=!-R *KL * *( *KL * *( A= 3 3= 1 x= 1 = 4 x 3 F1= T= 7N T 3 T )P * = * P,",:U5 )P *= 40N 0/ 3m = 1/ 0Nm 1 *!# TY # +#, () $L <X

67 [\# )P = TZ# )P F1 d1= F d / F1 = 100N F F 0= = F= 0000N F F= = 1000N 13 *+ 100 * # F1 m= 1000N 0/ m 14 *! $5 ]# *!# 50# 1 $5 +# KL 3(+ = d = d 1 *!# Q- O ^Z5 +# %$ <X!""# $# T] 3 T TZ# _` [\# _`

五花八门宝典（一）.doc

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