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1 Opto-Electronic Engineering Review DOI:.286/oee TN248 A. [J] (3): 7539 Recent progress of adaptive beam cleanup of solid state slab lasers in Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 629, China; 2 Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 629, China; 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 49, China Abstract: The beam qualities of high power solid-state slab lasers are severely limited by many factors such as thermal effects of the gain medium. Simultaneously achieving high beam quality and high average power remains a fundamental problem in the development of high power lasers. Adaptive optics systems are able to significantly improve beam qualities by compensating for the static and dynamic phase distortions of the laser beams. In recent years, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed low-order aberration com (ZDYZ23-2) (74382) (984-) lizhidong@ioe.ac.cn (96-) bingxu@ioe.ac.cn 7539-

2 DOI:.286/oee pensators, weighted least-square wavefront reconstruction algorithms, and generic real-time wavefront processors for solid-state slab lasers. Based on these key components, over two dozens of adaptive optics systems are delivered to a variety of solid-state slab laser systems in China for beam cleanup. With effective operations of these adaptive optics systems, the beam qualities of the laser systems have all been well improved. Keywords: adaptive optics; solid-state slab laser; beam quality Citation: Dong L Z, Xu B, Yang P, et al. Recent progress of adaptive beam cleanup of solid-state slab lasers in Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 28, 45(3): 7539 [] [2-3] Martin 969 [4] TRW kw Nd:YAG 2.4 [5] Fanuc 23.2 kw Nd:YAG [6] Northrop Grumman kw (CCEPS)Nd:YAG [7] Textron Defenses Systems 2 kw [8-9] Northrop Grumman CCEPS 4.8 kw BQ.24 [7] Textron Defense Systems 3 kw 3.3 [9] [-2] ( 5: :) M [3] ( / )

3 DOI:.286/oee FPGA DSP [4] x y z x x [4-5] ( ) S V [6] S GV, () G V V V ' G S, (2) + M (a) x X Z a 4 i a 5x i 4x 4x 5x 6x 8x h x 7x x 2x 3x d d d 2 d 3 (b) Y Z a 2 a 3 y y h y L L r L r2 L 2 l y [4] (a) (b) Fig. Schematic of the low-order aberration compensator designed for the high-power nanosecond laser system developed by Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences [4]. (a) Zigzag direction; (b) Non-zigzag direction

4 DOI:.286/oee V [7] V G WS, (3) W CPU CPU Linux khz PCI Express 4 8 MB/s Aurora [8] CPU GPU 59 4 Hz 2 FGPA/DSP ~ Nd:YAG 5 J/6.6 ns/2 Hz [2] (H-S ) 2 Fig. 2 Software interface of the generic real-time wavefront processor

DOI:.286/oee.28.7539 X Z H-S 2 H-S 3 5 J/6.6 ns/2 Hz Fig.

4 The 59-actuator piezo electric deformable mirror used in the hybrid adaptive optic system 59 7

5 DOI:.286/oee X Z H-S 2 H-S 3 5 J/6.6 ns/2 Hz Fig. 3 The hybrid adaptive optics system developed for the 5 J/6.6 ns/2 Hz slab laser system 4 59 Fig. 4 The 59-actuator piezo electric deformable mirror used in the hybrid adaptive optic system 59 7 mm 35 mm PV μm β= mm 42 mm PV.9 μm β=2.86 M 59 PV.45 μm β=.64 [2, 4] CCEPS kw CW CCEPS [] 6 β=2.5 β=2. 7 [7]

DOI:.286/oee.28.7539 (a) 35 mm 7 mm (b) / m 2 - y x (c) / m.5. -.5 -. -.5 y x (d) / m.5. -.5 -. -.5 (e) 44 mm 42 mm (f) y x 5 5 2 (g) (h) 2 3 4 5 6 5 5 2 25 5 5 J/6.

64 Fig. 5 Results of beam cleanup of the 5 J/6.6 ns/2 Hz Nd:YAG slab laser system.

47 m, RMS=6.2 m; (c) Wavefront after corrected by the low-order aberration compensator, PV=.9 m, RMS=.

9 μm; (e) Intensity distribution of the beam after compensated by the low-order aberration compensator, the approximate size of the beam is 42 mm 44 mm;

6 DOI:.286/oee (a) 35 mm 7 mm (b) / m 2 - y x (c) / m y x (d) / m (e) 44 mm 42 mm (f) y x (g) (h) J/6.6 ns/2 Hz Nd:YAG (a) 7 mm 35 mm (b) PV=26.47 m, RMS=6.2 m (c) PV=.9 m, RMS=.29 m (d) 59 PV=.45 μm RMS=.9 μm (e) 42 mm 44 mm (f) =8.42 (g) =2.86 (h) 59 =.64 Fig. 5 Results of beam cleanup of the 5 J/6.6 ns/2 Hz Nd:YAG slab laser system. (a) Initial Intensity distribution of the output beam, the approximate size of the beam is 7 mm 35 mm; (b) Initial wavefront of the output beam, PV=26.47 m, RMS=6.2 m; (c) Wavefront after corrected by the low-order aberration compensator, PV=.9 m, RMS=.29 m; (d) Residual wavefront after corrected by the 59-actuator deformable mirror, PV=.45 μm, RMS=.9 μm; (e) Intensity distribution of the beam after compensated by the low-order aberration compensator, the approximate size of the beam is 42 mm 44 mm; (f) Far-field intensity distribution of the initial beam, =8.42; (g) Far-field intensity distribution of the beam after corrected by the low-order aberration compensator, =2.86; (h) Far-field intensity distribution of the beam after corrected by the 59-actuator deformable mirror, =.64. QCW [9] Hz 8 kw QCW Nd:YAG [2] β= [2]

DOI:.286/oee.28.7539 4 3 Phase/ m 2 3 25 2 5 5 2 6 kw CCEPS Fig.

25 3 25 2 5 5 2 5 5 2 5 5 7 CW CCEPS Nd:YAG [7] (a) (b) =2.5 (c) =2. Fig.

(a) Far-field intensity distribution of the output beam after corrected by the low-order aberration corrector; (b) Far-filed

wavefront (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 2 4 2 8 6 8 6 4 4 2 2 2 5 5 8 kw QCW Nd:YAG [2] (a) (b) (c) =.7 Fig.

7 DOI:.286/oee Phase/ m kw CCEPS Fig. 6 Wavefront of the output beam from the kw-class CCEPS laser system after low-order aberration compensation (a) 3 (b) 3 (c) CW CCEPS Nd:YAG [7] (a) (b) =2.5 (c) =2. Fig. 7 Results of beam cleanup of a CW CCEPS Nd:YAG slab laser system [7]. (a) Far-field intensity distribution of the output beam after corrected by the low-order aberration corrector; (b) Far-filed intensity distribution of the beam after correction by the deformable mirror based on the conventional least-square wavefront reconstruction method, =2.5; (c) Far-filed intensity distribution of the beam after correction by the deformable mirror based on the weighted least-square wavefront reconstruction method, =2. (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) kw QCW Nd:YAG [2] (a) (b) (c) =.7 Fig. 8 Results of beam cleanup of a kw-class QCW direct liquid-cooled Nd:YAG slab laser system developed by CETC [2]. (a) Intensity distribution of the output beam after corrected by the low-order aberration corrector; (b) Far-filed intensity distribution of the beam after corrected by the low-order aberration corrector; (c) Far-filed intensity distribution of the beam after corrected by the deformable mirror, =

8 DOI:.286/oee [] Li J M. Development, trend and application of high average power diode pumped lasers[j]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 28, 45(7): [J]., 28, 45(7): [2] Zhou S H, Zhao H, Tang X J. High average power laser diode pumped solid-state laser[j]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 29, 36(7): ,,. [J]., 29, 36(7): [3] Peng Q J, Xu Z Y. Relationship between beam quality and power for solid state laser with high average power[j]. High Power Lasers and Particle Beams, 2, 23(7): ,. [J]., 2, 23(7): [4] Martin W S, Chernoch J P. Multiple internal reflection face-pumped laser: U.S. Patent [P] [5] Machan J P, Long W H, Jr Zamel J, et al. 5.4 kw diode-pumped, 2.4x diffraction-limited Nd:YAG laser for material processing [C]//Advanced Solid State Laser 22, 22. [6] Nishikawa Y. Slab-shaped -kw all-solid-state laser[j]. The Review of Laser Engineering, 23, 3(8): [7] Redmond S, McNaught S, Zamel J, et al. 5 kw near-diffraction-limited single-frequency Nd:YAG laser[c]// Proceedings of Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 27. [8] Textron defense systems achieves more than kilowatts with J-HPSSL high-power laser[eb/ol]. (2-2-8). textron- laser-achieves-over--kilowatts.html. [9] Klimek D E, Mandl A. Nd:YAG ceramic ThinZag high-power laser development[m]//injeyan H, Goodno G D. High-Power Laser Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2. [] Wang C, Tang X J, Xu L J, et al. Investigation on thermal effect of high power slab laser with kw[j]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2, 37(): ,,,. kw [J]., 2, 37(): [] Chen Z Z, Xu Y T, Guo Y D, et al. 8.2 kw high beam quality quasi-continuous-wave face-pumped Nd:YAG slab amplifier[j]. Applied Optics, 25, 54(6): [2] Fan Z W, Qiu J S, Kang Z J, et al. High beam quality 5 J, 2 Hz Nd:YAG laser system[j]. Light: Science & Applications, 27, 6: e74. [3] Tang B, Zhou T J, Wang D, et al. Optical distortions in end-pumped zigzag slab lasers[j]. Applied Optics, 25, 54(): [4] Yu X, Dong L Z, Lai B H, et al. Adaptive aberration correction of a 5 J/6.6 ns/2 Hz solid-state Nd:YAG laser[j]. Optics Letters, 27, 42(4): [5] Yu X, Dong L Z, Lai B H, et al. Automatic low-order aberration correction based on geometrical optics for slab lasers[j]. Applied Optics, 27, 56(6): [6] Jiang W H, Li H G. Hartmann shack wavefront sensing and wavefront control algorithm[j]. Proceedings of SPIE, 99, 27: [7] Chen S Q, Dong L Z, Chen X J, et al. Adaptive slab laser beam quality improvement using a weighted least-squares reconstruction algorithm[j]. Applied Optics, 26, 55(): [8] Chen S Q, Zhao E Y, Xu B, et al. A compact Multi-core CPU based adaptive optics real-time controller[j]. Proceedings of SPIE, 24, 928: [9] Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu L, et al. Laser diode side-pumped Nd:YAG thin slab laser based on MOPA[J]. Laser & Infrared, 25, 45(4): ,,,. LD Nd:YAG MOPA [J]., 25, 45(4): [2] Dong L Z, Chen S Q, Chen X J, et al. Adaptive compensation of a direct liquid-cooled solid-state MOPA system[j]. Proceedings of SPIE, 25, 9982: 9982H. [2] Tan Y, Yang P, Dong L Z, et al. Active beam cleanup of pulsed slab laser based on 59-unit adaptive optics system[j]. Scientia Sinica Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica, 27, 47(8): 8427.,,,. 59 [J]. :, 27, 47(8):

9 DOI:.286/oee Recent progress of adaptive beam cleanup of solid state slab lasers in Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 629, China; 2 Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 629, China; 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 49, China Far-field intensity distribution of the 5 J/6.6 ns/2 Hz solid-state slab laser system after corrected by the hybrid adaptive optics system Overview: The solid-state slab laser is a promising architecture for power scaling. However, the beam qualities of high power solid-state slab lasers are severely limited by many factors such as thermal effects of the gain medium. Simultaneously achieving high beam quality and high average output power remains a fundamental problem in the development of high power solid-state slab lasers. Adaptive optics systems are able to significantly improve beam qualities by compensating for both static and dynamic phase distortions of the beams. Compared to adaptive optics systems for other types of laser systems, solid-state slab lasers specifically demand large-amplitude low-order aberration compensations of laser beams with high aspect ratio, advanced manipulations of large local phase gradients, and extra flexible real-time wavefront controllers. In recent years, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences has successfully developed low-order aberration compensators based on geometric optics, weighted least-square wavefront reconstruction algorithms, and generic real-time wavefront processors implemented with x86 CPUs and real-time operating systems. Based on these state of the art techniques and components, we have developed several types of hybrid adaptive optical system for solid-state slab laser systems, which contains low-order aberration compensators based on several cylindrical and spherical lenses mounted on a motorized rail, and uncooled piezo electric deformable mirror adaptive optical systems. We have offered an adaptive optics system to a 5 J/6.6 ns/2 Hz Nd:YAG solid-state slab laser system developed by Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and achieved beam quality of β=.64 after correction. We have also developed adaptive optics systems for a continuous wave Nd:YAG conduction-cooled, end-pumped slab laser systems of the No. Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation. After Correction, the beam quality was improved to β=2.. To guarantee high beam quality of the quasi-continuous wave Nd:YAG direct liquid cooled slab laser, we integrated an adaptive optics system into the laser system, and beam quality of β=.7 was achieved. Besides, we have also developed adaptive optics systems for many different solid-state slab laser systems, and significant beam quality improvements were obtained. In the past decade, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences have delivered over two dozens of adaptive optics systems for beam cleanup. With effective operations of these adaptive optics systems, the beam qualities of the laser systems have all been well improved. We will continue to develop adaptive optics for various types of laser systems in the future. Citation: Dong L Z, Xu B, Yang P, et al. Recent progress of adaptive beam cleanup of solid-state slab lasers in Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 28, 45(3): 7539 Supported by National Key Scientific Equipment Development Project of China (ZDYZ23-2), National Natural Science Foundation of China (74382) and Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences * bingxu@ioe.ac.cn

[1-3] (Smile) [4] 808 nm (CW) W 1 50% 1 W 1 W Fig.1 Thermal design of semiconductor laser vertical stack ; Ansys 20 bar ; bar 2 25 Fig

[1-3] (Smile) [4] 808 nm (CW) W 1 50% 1 W 1 W Fig.1 Thermal design of semiconductor laser vertical stack ; Ansys 20 bar ; bar 2 25 Fig 40 6 2011 6 Vol.40 No.6 Infrared and Laser Engineering Jun. 2011 808 nm 2000 W 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 12 (1. 710119 2. 710119) : bar 808 nm bar 100 W 808 nm 20 bar 2 000 W bar LIV bar 808 nm : : TN248.4 TN365