1 Compounds Structure Compounds Structure Cyclophosphamide C 7 H 15 Cl 2 N 2 O 2 P MW: Fluorouracil C 4 H 3 FN 2 O 2 MW: Ifosfamide C 7

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17 ng/l [1,2] 6 ~ 4,486 ng/l [1,3,4] 2.2 ~ 10.1 ng/l Zuccato et al. [5] ~ 0.06 ~ 0.

0 ng/l [8] 5-fluorouracil [9] Ifosfamide 6 ~ 2,900 ng/l [2,10,11,12] 10,647 ng/l [3,10] 5-fluorouracil [13]

1 DOI: /MoCICHE _45(4).0007 emerging contaminants or chemicals of emerging concernnontarget species Kümmerer 2004 Cyclophosphamide 6 ~ 17 ng/l [1,2] 6 ~ 4,486 ng/l [1,3,4] 2.2 ~ 10.1 ng/l Zuccato et al. [5] ~ 0.06 ~ 0.17 ng/l [2] 5-fluorouracil 124 ng/l [6,7] 0.09 ~ 4.0 ng/l [8] 5-fluorouracil [9] Ifosfamide 6 ~ 2,900 ng/l [2,10,11,12] 10,647 ng/l [3,10] 5-fluorouracil [13] cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide [13] ifosfamide cyclophosphamide [14] methotrexate [15] NHI cyclophosphamide 27 ~ fluorouracil 74 ~ 297 methotrexate 6 ~ 12,489 BNHI 2005 cyclophosphamide 5-fluorouracil ifosfamide methotrexate 1 Cyclophosphamide ifosfamide 38 Vol. 45, No. 4 August 2018

1 Compounds Structure Compounds Structure

5-fluorouracil 12,500 272 297 2011 ~ 2012

5-fluorouracil ifosfamide 5-fluorouracil

2 1 Compounds Structure Compounds Structure Cyclophosphamide C 7 H 15 Cl 2 N 2 O 2 P MW: Fluorouracil C 4 H 3 FN 2 O 2 MW: Ifosfamide C 7 H 15 C l2 N 2 O 2 P MW: Methotrexate C 20 H 22 N 8 O 2 MW: [1,2,16] 5-fluorouracil [17] [18-24] methotrexate cyclophosphamide 5-fluorouracil 12, ~ 2012 [25] cyclophosphamide 5-fluorouracil ifosfamide 5-fluorouracil 1,477 ng/l cyclophosphamide 1,169 ng/l5-fluorouracil ng/l cyclophosphamide 96.0 ng/ L 5-fluorouracil cyclophosphamide ifosfamide ng/l ng/l ng/l 5-fluorouracil 80 ng/l cyclophosphamide ifosfamide 41.9 ng/l 15.1 ng/l 5-fluorouracil 1 Vol. 45, No. 4 August

peroxy radicals ROO carbonate radicals CO 3 photosensitizers photoreactants

3 2 SSDOMs HCO 3 NO 3 DOMs HCO 3 NO 3 photoreactants hydroxyl radical OH singlet oxygen 1 O 2 triplet-state DOM 3 DOM* aqueous electrons e aq alkyl peroxy radicals ROO carbonate radicals CO 3 photosensitizers photoreactants photoreactants/photosensitizers DOMs DOMs 3 DOM* 1 O Vol. 45, No. 4 August 2018

4 OH OH CO Photoreactants Source Reaction mechanism 3 DOM* DOMs DOM+hv 1 DOM* 3 DOM* 1 O 2 DOMs, O 2 DOM+hv 1 DOM* 3 DOM* 3 DOM*+ 3 O 2 1 O 2 OH NO 3 NO 3 +hv NO 3 * NO 2 + O O +H 2 O OH+OH CO 3 [26-28] NO 3, HCO 3 NO 3 +hv NO 3 * NO 2 + O O +H 2 O OH+OH OH+ HCO 3 CO 3 ph 5-fluorouracil cyclophosphamide 5-fluorouracil cyclophosphamide DI water 5-fluorouracil 56 ± 11 methotrexate 27.6 ± 3.7 cyclophosphamide ifosfamide [25] 5-fluorouracil cyclophosphamide ifosfamide methotrexate ± ± 0.2 cyclophosphamide ph 5-fluorouracil ifosfamide methotrexate 5-fluorouracil CO 3 [25] 5-fluorouracil cyclophosphamide half lethal concentration, LC 50 half maximal effect concentration, EC 50 half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC 50 noobserved-effect concentration, NOEC predicted or measured environmental concentration Predicted No Effect Concentration, PNEC RQ, risk quotient = MEC/PNEC ~ 1 1 [29] PNEC assessment factor measured environmental concentration PNEC 5-fluorouracil 1 RQ 15 5-fluorouracil 5-fluorouracil 93% 42 [30] cyclophosphamide 5-fluorouracil Vol. 45, No. 4 August

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