西漢晚期以來，儒家思想對社會已有了深入的影響，當時不論士庶，普遍對孝悌之行抱有由衷的敬意。在此背景下，原本存在於大家庭的治家之法，在士人階層發生了深刻而微妙的變化。士人立身以禮、躬行實踐的結果，推動著家庭內的倫理關係趨向於嚴謹規矩。

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追异翟
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1 33 BIBLID (2004)33p ~ * ** * **

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3 ~ ~99 3 Cheng-Hua Fang, Power Structures and Cultural Identities in Imperial China: Civil and Military Power from Late Tang to Early Song Dynasties (A.D ), Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, 2001,

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12 Cheng-Hua Fang, Power Structures and Cultural Identities in Imperial China: Civil and Military Power from Late Tang to Early Song Dynasties (A.D ), , ~ ~

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14 ~ ~1069David McMullen, The Cult of Ch i T ai-kung and T ang Attitudes to the Military, Tang Studies 7 (1989, Madison), David Graff, The Sword and the Brush: Military Specialisation and Career Patterns in Tang China, , War and Society 18:2 (Oct. 2000, Australia), 9-22; Cheng-Hua Fang,

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40 40 The Dilemma of Recruiting Military Talent through Literary Approaches: the Military Examination and Military Academy in Song China Fang, Cheng-hua * Abstract In Song China, the recruitment of military officials and the training of martial talents experienced a new development, as the government established the military examination and the military academy. These two new institutions originated from the fact that while the civil elite controlled the Song government, they tried to apply their own value system to military fields. Based on the idea that military leadership derived from book learning, civil official established the military examination and academy to cultivate military talents through literary methods. To pass the military examination, the candidates had to possess literary talents and knowledge, so most participants were literati, who previously failed civil examination, and attempted to use the military examination and academy as an alternative to obtain official titles. Due to their civil identity, most military degree holders had little intention in a military career, instead eagerly sought any opportunity to transfer to civil posts. Although the government prohibited the taking of both civil and military examinations, this order was not followed. Because most military degree holders did not serve in the armies, the military examination made little influence on the Song military forces. Although the originally designed functions of military examination and academy were never fulfilled, these two institutes still existed until the end of the Southern Song, due to some non-military factors. To the civil elite, the establishment of the military examination and academy confirmed the opinion that military leadership was based on literary learning, which legitimized civil officials authority on military affairs. These two * Assistant Professor, Department of History, National Taiwan University

41 41 institutions also caused the Song Empire to coincide with the traditional idealism that developments in civil and military affairs had equal importance to a country. Moreover, the growing number of literati intensified the competition of the civil service examination, so failed candidates needed an alternative to gain an official title, and the military examination offered this opportunity. Because the abolishment of the military examination would damage the benefits of many literati, no official dared to advocate this idea. From the military perspective, the Song civil elite s efforts on improving military recruitment were unsuccessful. The main factor causing this failure was that most civil officials overlooked the academic value of military knowledge and martial arts. The education of military academy did not develop its own academic system, therefore it was difficult to differentiate military academy education from that of other official schools which provided literary education. The students of military academy concentrated their efforts on preparing examination rather than learning the military abilities useful in battle fields. Although the Song government created the first military school in Chinese history, military study failed to become an independent discipline, but was subordinate to literary learning. Under this circumstance, the establishment of the military examination and academy mostly related to the benefits of literati, but failed to inspire a military education meaningful to the armies. Keywords: civil-military relationship, military learning, military academy, military examination, Song dynasty, military academy education

176 李林生面者, 首先在考試形式上, 兩科會試均廢八股文體, 全部改試策論其次為考試場次及內容之改革, 此尤為其至要者改制前科考三場次序內容, 乃沿用乾隆年間 (1736 1

176 李林生面者, 首先在考試形式上, 兩科會試均廢八股文體, 全部改試策論其次為考試場次及內容之改革, 此尤為其至要者改制前科考三場次序內容, 乃沿用乾隆年間 (1736 1 從經史八股到政藝策論 : 清末癸卯甲辰科會試論析 * 李林香港中文大學歷史系引言清光緒二十九年 (1903), 歲次癸卯是年清廷補行辛丑壬寅恩正併科會試, 1 因京師貢院毀於拳禍, 遂借闈河南各省公車甘冒風雪, 趨之若鶩翌年甲辰 (1904),