4 The Political Participation of Vietnamese Religions: The Case Study of the Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism Wen-Tang SHIU Abstract Confucianism

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2 4 The Political Participation of Vietnamese Religions: The Case Study of the Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism Wen-Tang SHIU Abstract Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and folk beliefs are the mainstream religions in Vietnam. There are many similarities among these religions and beliefs. Nevertheless, two local religions Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism emerged and developed rapidly in the twentieth century. They distinguished themselves by preaching to the people and providing medical care for poor people. Due to the long lasting war in South Vietnam, these two religions also provided economic and military functions for the peasants' living. The rise of two religions is related to the complex and various political powers at that time. Fr ench colonization, the Japanese thrust, the separateness of Viet Minh, the intervention of the United States and the governance of Vietnam Cong Hoa (The Republic) were all important in influencing the development of the two religions. Cao Dai Religion and Hoa Hao Buddhism have a significant effect on modern Vietnam history. Their participation in the fight against the Communist Party resulted in their abolishment after It was not until 1990s when the problems of religion in Vietnam were finally exposed. Previously under the communist regime, any discussion this religious issue was strictly prohibited. Since the relevant information is not easy to gather due to the war, the purpose of this paper focuses on the preliminary discussion of the two religions ' political participation in Vietnamese history. Keywords: Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Vietnamese religion, Political Participation, Vietnam, 20 century

3 5 1920

4 (Ngo Minh Chieu, ) (Ngo Van Chieu) Chasseloup-Laubat 1920 (Dao Phu Quoc) (Pho Luan) (Cao Dai Tien Ong) (Nguyen Huyen Anh 1970: 254) (Déclaration de la Fondation de la religion Cao Dai) (Cochinchina) 11 (Le Van Trung, ) (Tay Ninh) (Gô Kèn) (Tù-Lam Tu) (Long Thamh) (Nui Ba Den) (Gobron 1949: 33-35)

5 7 Chasseloup-Laubat (Dau Su) 1929 (Gouverneur de Cochinchina) (Jean-Félix Krautheimer, ) 1 ( ) ( 1999: 183) 1930 (Quyen Giao Tong) (Nguyen Huyen Anh 1970: ) 2 (Duc Ho Phap) (Pham Cong Tac, ) Chasseloup Laubat 1925 AÁÂ (Tran My-Van 2000: 3-6) Gabriel Gobron (Tiep Dan Dao Nhan) 1936 (World Congress of Religions) 1934 (Barcelona) 1937 (Glasgow) 1 Jean-Félix Krautheimer

6 8 (International Spiritualistic Congress ) (Gobron 1949: 209) (Bat Quai Dai) (Hiep Thien Dai) (Tiep Phap) (Kai Phap) (Hien Phap) (Bao Phap) (Ho Phap)1 (Thuong Pham) (Thuong Sanh) 2 (Cuu Ttung Dai) (Lai) (Le) (Hoa) (Ho) (Luong) (Hoc) (Nong) (Cong) (Y) (Giao Tong) (Pham Cong Tac 1992: ) (Chuong Phap)3 (Dau Su)3 (Chanh Phoi Su)3 (Phoi Su)33 (Giao Su)72 (Giao Huu)3,000 (Le Sanh) (Chanh Tri Su)3 (Phu Tri Su) (Thong Su) ( : 209) (Cao Dai Tay Ninh) (Ban Chinh Dao Ben Tre) (Cao Dai Tien Thien) (Minh Chan Dao )

7 9 (Minh Chan Ly ) (Trung Viet Truyen Giao Da Nang) (Bach Y Lien Doan Chan Ly Rach Gia ) (Thuong De ) (Ban Chinh Dao Do Thanh ) (Nguyen Minh Quang 2001: 79-82) (Les Missions étrangères) (Phat Giao Hoa Hao) (Chau Doc) (An Giang) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Dong Thap) (Can Tho) (Vinh Long) (Kien Giang) Nguyen Long Thanh Nam (2003: 25-28) ( ) ( ) (Huynh Phu So, ) (Huong Ca) 3 (Buu Son Ky Huong) 3 ( ) (Bach Van Am Thi Van Tap) (Bach Van Tien Sinh Thi Tap) (Bach Van Nguyen Trinh

8 ( ) (Tu an hieu nghia) ( ) 4 (Classic sutra) (Clergy and Church Organizations) (Tu Dinh) Quoc Cong Luc Ki) (Trinh Quoc Cong Ki) (Trinh Tien Sinh Quoc Ngu) 4 (tu an hieu nghia) Nam Mo nhat nguyen, Thien Hoang Dia Hoang Nhan Hoang, Lien Hoa Hai Hoi, Thuong Phat tu bi, Phat Vuong do chung, the gioi binh an PHAT GIAO HOA HAO ,232,572 Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States of America Paper%20 on%20religion.pdf (2007/6/20)

9 11 (Marr 1981: 306) (Nguyen Long Thanh Nam 2003: 34) (Nam Bo) (Nam Ky) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1833 ( 14 5 ) (Le Van Khoi) ( 1963: 2773) (don dien) ( 1963: 3051) 7 (Lam Sam) (gian dao si) (Tai Ho Hue-Tam 1983: 6-8) 1862 ( ) 1867 (Hue) 60%

10 12 (Popkin 1979: ) ( ) (Scott 1976: 221) 8 Popkin Scott 1954 ( 1960: ) 1940 (Cuong De, ) (Phuc Quoc) (Tran My-Van 1996: 12-13) 8 Scott(1976) Popkin(1979) (moral) (rational)

11 (Madagascar) (Tran Quang Vinh, ) , (Viet Minh)

12 (My Tho) 1945 (Mat Tran Quoi gia Thong nhat) 1946 (Social-Democratic Party Viet Nam Dan Chu Xa Hoi Dang Dan Xa) 1946 (Nguyen Bao Toan) (Nguyen Giac Ngo) 20,000 (Nguyen Trung Truc army) 30,000 (Nguyen Long Thanh Nam 2003: 98-99) (Nguyen Long Thanh Nam 2003: 82-84) ,173,414 ( ) 3,550,043 4,500,000 U.S. Policy in Vietnam War, collections/content/vi/intro.jsp (2007/5/18)

13 ( Werner 1981: 121)

14 (Bao Dai, ) (Ngo Dinh Niem, ) (Nguyen Van Hinh) 11 (Nguyen Thanh Phuong) (Tran Van Soai) (Lam Thanh Nguyen) ( 1970: 53) (Binh Xuyen) (Le Van Vien, alias Bay Vien, ) (Saigon) (Cholon) (Rosenau 2005: 31) (UMDC, Unité mobile de défense des Chrétientés ) Jean Leroy ( 1970: 53) (1954) 9 23 (1954) 9 25 (1954) library/ 12 A Brief Overview of the Vietnam National Army and the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces ( ) The Vietnam Center and Archive vietnamcenter/events/2006_conference/ presentations/sherman/rvnaf.pdf (2007/5/8) 13 (1954) 10 6

15 (United Front of the Nationalist Forces ) (Tran Van Soai) ( ) 14 (1954) (1954) (1955) (1955) (1955) 3 27

16 18 19 (Nguyen Van Hue) (Nguyen Thanh, alias Tu Lay) 3,500 1,500 (Trinh Minh The) 5,000 25,000 ( 1956: 64) ,200 (Fall 1964: ) (Le Quang Vinh, alias Ba Cut) (Binh Xuyen) (Duong Van Duc) (1955) Vietnamese Government Budget for 1954, Monthly subsidies for sects (VI 00067) U.S. Policy in Vietnam War, ions/ content/ VI/intro.jsp (2007/5/18 ) 21 Graham Greene The Quiet American( ) 1955

17 19 (Oliver 1976: 136) (Phan Ba Cam) (People s Revolutionary Committee ) 1963 (Nguyen Long Thanh Nam 2003: ) (Ho Tan Khoa) 1956 (Oliver 1976: 88) ( 1991: 98) (Nguyen Trinh Thi) ( ) ( 1970: 62) (National Liberation Front) ( Werner 1981: 123) 22 Chronology, Dec U.S. Policy in Vietnam War, intro.jsp(2007/5/18 )

18 (Nguyen Ngoc Tho) ( 1970: 163)

19 21 25,000 1, (Luong Trong Tuong) 1967 (Huynh Van Nhiem) 1972 (Le Quang Liem) (Thich Quang Duc) (Duong Van Minh) ( 1976: 30-38)1964 (Nguyen Khanh) (Tran Van Huong) (Phan Hui Suu) (Nguyen Van Thieu) (Nguyen Cao Ky) (Tran Thien Khiem) 6 12 (Thich Tri Quang) (Van Thanh Kao) 23 (1923- ) (1966) 6 8

20 22 (Tran Van An) (Quan Huu Kim) (Phan Khac Suu) 601, (Têt Offensive) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1970: 6) For the President from Bunker, May 25, 1967 and Lansdale to Bunker re. The Cao dai U S. Policy in Vietnam War, content/vi/intro.jsp(2007/5/18)

21 ( )(To Dinh Phat Giao Hoa Hao) (Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam, UBCV ) (Thich Quang Do)

22 (Nguyen Van Ton) 21 (An Giang) (Religion and Policies Regarding Religion in Vietnam) ( 27 Religion and Policies Regarding Religion in Vietnam Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States of America Vietnam%20White%20Paper%20on%20Religion.pdf (2007/6/20) 28 (Baha i) (Tinh do Cu si Phat hoi) (Tu An Hieu Hghia) (Buu Son Ky Huong) ( Religion and Policies Regarding Religion in Vietnam ) 29 (Fatherland Front)

23 : 427) ( : 442) (Decree No.26/1999/ND-CP PF April 19, 1999) (Cochinchina) Jeffrey Paige(1975) (Werner 1981) (Nguyen Minh Quang 2001: )

25 27 (1999) (2005) (1976) (1960) (1970) (1956) 1(2): (1963) (1991) Fall, Bernard B. (1964) The Two Viet-Nams: A Political and Military Analysis. New York: Praeger. Gobron, Gabriel (1949) Histoire et Philosophie du Caodaisme. Paris: Dervy. Marr, David G. (1981) Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, Berkeley: University of California Press. Nguyen, Long Thanh Nam (2003) Hoa Hao Buddhism in the Course of Vietnam s History. Abridged translation by Segei Blagov. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Nguyen, Huyen Anh (1970) Viet Nam Danh Nhan Tu Dien. Saigon: Nha Sach Khai Tri. Nguyen, Minh Quang (2001) Religious Problems in Vietnam. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.

26 28 Oliver, Victor L. (1976) Caodai Spiritism, A Study of Religion in Vietnamese Society. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Paige, Jeffrey (1975) Agrarian Revolution Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World. New York: The Free Press. Pham, Cong Tac (1992) Phap-Chanh-Truyen: The Religious Constitution of Caodism. Translation by Lucy Anne Davey. N.S.W Chapter: Caodais t Association of Australia. Popkin, Samuel L. (1979) The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press. Rosenau, William (2005) US Internal Security Assistance to South Vietnam. New York: Routledge. Scott, James C. (1976) The Moral Economy of the Peasant : Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press. Tai, Hue-Tam Ho (1983) Millenarianism and peasant politics in Vietnam. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Tran, My-Van (1996) Japan and Vietnam Caodaists: A Wartime Relationship ( ). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 27(1): (2000) Vietnam s Caodaism, Independence, and Peace: The Life and Work of Pham Cong Tac ( ). Taipei: Academia Sinica. Prosea Research Paper No.38. Werner, Jayne Susan (1981) Peasant Politics and Religious Sectarianism: Peasant and Priest in the Cao Dai in Viet Nam. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, Monograph Series n o.23. Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States of America Paper%20on%20Religion.pdf (2007/6/20) PHAT GIAO HOA HAO The Vietnam Center and Archive vietnamcenter/events/2006_conference/ presentations/sherman/rvnaf.pdf (2007/5/8) U.S. Policy in Vietnam War, collections/content/vi/intro.jsp(2007/5/18)

27 29 (1954) library/(2007/5/8) (1954) udndata.com/ library/(2007/5/8) (1954) library/(2007/5/8) (1954) library/(2007/5/8) (1954) library/(2007/5/8) (1955) library/(2007/5/9) (1955) library/(2007/5/9) (1955) library/(2007/5/9) (1955) library/(2007/5/9) (1966) udndata.com/ library/(2007/5/10)

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