138 Abstract The history of admixture among Taiwanese Han and Taiwan plains indigenes holds a great deal of interest for people in Taiwan. In accordan

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1 Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies No. 72, December 2008 * ** *** Plains Indigenous Ancestors and Taiwan Blood Nationalism by Shu-juo CHEN Hong-kuan DUAN Keywords: plains indigenes, blood, Taiwan nationalism, genetics, Taiwan indigenous peoples * Received: March 18, 2008; in revised form: October 15, ** shujuo@hotmail.com *** siraya001@yahoo.com.tw

2 138 Abstract The history of admixture among Taiwanese Han and Taiwan plains indigenes holds a great deal of interest for people in Taiwan. In accordance with the old folk saying, there were mainland grandfathers but no mainland grandmothers, many Taiwanese Han believe the early Han male settlers mated exclusively with early plains indigenous females, and that today's Taiwanese Han is a hybrid population genetically different from Chinese Han. While genetic studies reveal genetic dissimilarity between mountain indigenous peoples and general Taiwanese Han, some scholars and journalists perverted the genetic studies and misled people in Taiwan into believing the opposite. The myth of indigenous genes that the majority of people in Taiwan have indigenous genes is widely accepted, and some Taiwan nationalists have called for independence from China based on this idea. However, the facts are that the genetic studies have never supported the idea that Taiwanese Han are genetically different with Chinese Han. Moreover, the descendants of plains indigenes are extremely opposed to the attempts in using their ancestors to call for Taiwan independence. In the end

3 139 we prove that the genetic ancestors of individuals cannot be traced with certainty, therefore the attempt to construct the identity through genetic ancestors is theoretically meaningless.

4 140 Lynch 2004 e.g. Keyes 1976 e.g., Barth 1969 Anderson 1983 Ebrey 1996 Brown 2004:40 Ruhlen 1994:

5 , ,119 1% 1995 Brown 2004: Shepherd 1993:97 Brown 2004: Shepherd 1993: % Wang 1997 DIY 2001a N 2001b 85% %

6 142 Wolf & Huang 1980:16-33 Hung % 95% Shepherd % a,b a,b 2006/7/1 2-3 DNA Rabinow 1999 Santos 2004 DNA TallBear 2004;2007 Montoya 2007

7 143 DNA 2005 ABO Rh Human Leukocyte Antigen HLA Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994:234-8 Lee et al Lin et al. 2000, 2001 Shaw et al Lin et al. 2000, % Lin et al. 2000; 2001a, 2001b Y Y Y Y Y Capelli et al Karafet et al Su et al Su et al.

8 a, 2000b Wells et al Wen et al. 2004a,b Admix 2.0 Dupanloup and Bertorelle 2001 Y 93% 7% DNA mitochondria DNA; mtdna DNA DNA DNA DNA Horai et al. 1996; Kivisid et al. 2002; Melton et al. 1995,1998; Metspalu et al. 2004; Tajima et al. 2003; Trejaut et al. 2005; Wen et al. 2004a,b,2005; Yao et al. 2002a, 2002b Admix % 21% 20% Zhao & Lee 1989, Chu et al Y DNA - 100% Y 34.1% DNA 67.7% Y 14.9% DNA

9 145 Wen et al. 2004a Lee et al % 1996: 8 Lee et al Cytotoxicity HLA-A9 HLA-A23 HLA-A24 HLA-A9 23,24 Tsuji et al HLA A % A9 0%

10 146 A24=11.2% A9=15.2% HLA HLA HLA % /4/ Tai % Stainton 1999

11 147 HLA 13% Lin et al % 2001a DNA 13% 2001b HLA Lin et al a 2001/4/29 HLA DNA

12 148 Krings et al Ruhlen 1994: Daic, or Tai-Kadai e.g. Shaffer 1996 Benedict 1984; Ni 1994 Lin et al Lin et al. 2008

13 149 HLA 2004/07/ DNA ( 2001b) purest Lin et al pure

14 150 Lin et al /11/ /3/ /8/ DNA 2007/4/2 2007/8/ % % 67% 2006/6/30 26% 26% 21% 26% 13% 30% 2001

15 151 13% % /6/ % 13% 26% 2006 DNA % HLA 48% HLA DNA 47% DNA 48% DNA 5% DNA Y 41% Y 59% Y 1 85% Lin Human Genome Organization Lin et al Genetic profile of non aboriginal Taiwanese 85% % 85%

16 % 0% 5% 0% 80% 60% 40% 48% 48% 59% 20% 0% 52% 47% 41% %-85% 10 (100%-90%) % % DNA %

17 % 2 85% Genetic profile of non aboriginal Taiwanese Genetic Lin % % Chu et al Jin & Su b Lin et al. 2000

18 /3 1/ Genetic Shi et al Wen et al. 2004a,b DNA DNA DNA 1990 HLA % DNA HLA

19 % 48% 52% % 52% 13% 40% 85% Genetic =85 85% at least

20 156 at most Genetic 90% % 85 85% 85% 99.99% 99.99% 100% Genetic 85% 90% 87%

21 157 5% 267% 85% 90% 95% 5% 100% Genetic 1.5% 1.5% 3.5% 3.5% specificity sensitivity 2002 Jobling et al DNA

22 c.c. 10 DNA DNA %

23 /11/ Métis Chartier 1994 Radcliffe & Westwood

24 : : ethnic cleansing Hsieh 2006:

25 % 3.5% 3.5% 95% 85% 10% 95% 3.5% 91.5% 85% 3.5%

26 b a

27 163! ,2003

28 164 TallBear 2004,2007 *

29 a b DNA 2.1: /11/24 tnc.gov.tw/upload/doc/12.zip % DNA a b /11/24

30 : : : : a DIY 2001b N

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Microsoft Word - 03zc0403.doc ( ) 33 4 SIENE IN HINA ( Series ) 2003 8 Y DNA * ** ** (- 650091; 650091; 200433; 650031; enter for Genome Information Department of Environmental Health University of incinnati incinnati OH 45267 USA;