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1 ANANALYSIS OF MOTOR COORDINATION ABILITY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN TAIWANESE 11- TO 12- YEAR- OLD ABORIGINAL AND NON- ABORIGINAL BOYS

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3 Movement Assessment Battery for Children(M-ABC) (N=17) (N=22) (N=20) (N=21) M-ABC RT3 (one-way ANOVA) RT3 RT3 II

4 Abstract Background and Purpose: Previous studies indicated that aboriginal boys revealed better motor coordination ability, but there were limited studies investigating their participation levels in of physical activity(pa). Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the motor coordination ability and the PA levels of 11- to 12-year-old Taiwanese aboriginal boys with non-aboriginal boys. Methods: The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) was used to screen and assess motor coordination ability of participants. They were divided into four groups: aboriginal general group (N=17), aboriginal exercise group (N=22), non-aboriginal general group (N=20), and non-aboriginal exercise group (N=21). Furthermore, the PA levels were measured by RT3 accelerometer device, and the lifestyle questionnaire was completed by all subjects. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences in the ability of motor coordination, 7-day PA in different time, light PA, moderate to vigorous PA time differences among four groups, of the correlations between PA and motor coordination, and PA and lifestyle questionnaire were also respectively discussed. Results: First, in motor coordination ability, the non-aboriginal group was significantly better than the general aboriginal group only in the manual dexterity, but no significant difference in the other four groups was found. Seven activities found in total physical activity, two exercise groups were significantly higher than the two general groups in 7-day PA, The aboriginal general group was significantly higher than non-aboriginal general group, but only aboriginal exercise group was significantly higher than non-aboriginal general group in holidays. Two general groups were significantly longer than the two exercise groups in the time of light physical activity (LPA). Two exercise groups in the time of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were significantly higher than two general groups. The non-aboriginal exercise group was also significantly higher than the general aboriginal group. The aboriginal exercise group was significantly higher than the two general groups in the time of engaging in MVPA, and non-aborigines exercise group was significantly higher than non-aboriginal general group. In addition, there was no significant correlation between the motor coordination ability scores and PA. The PA values in RT3 accelerometer and the result of lifestyle questionnaire showed a significant correlation. Conclusion: To sum up, the aborigine had no better motor coordination ability, but the aboriginal general group performed poorly. Moreover, the PA in anytime of seven days and MVPA time of aborigines and non-aboriginal exercise groups were significantly higher than the two general groups, but exercise groups in LPA relatively less than two general groups. The physical activity of the aboriginal III

5 general group in their daily life was obviously higher than the non-aboriginal general group. Keywords: aboriginal, non-aboriginal, motor coordination ability, RT3 accelerometer IV

6 IV VII...VIII V

7 VI RT

8 54 VII

9 3-2-1 Movement ABC Movement ABC LPAMVPA RT VIII

10 3-1 RT RT IX

11 4 Movement Assessment Battery for Children(M-ABC) (Taiwan Movement AssessmentTMA) 1

12 BorehamTwisk, Neville, Savage, Murray, & Gallagher (Wang, Suominen, & Nicholson, 2005) r =.42, p.05 2

13 Harrell, Gansky, Bradley, & McMurray (1997) ? 3

14 4

15 11-12 RT3 5

16 (Developmental Coordination Disorder DCD) DSM-IV Movement ABC 13.5 Movement ABC DCD

17 RT3 : (1) (2) (3) (4) (light physical activity, LPA) Rowlands, Thomas, Eston, & Topping (2004) (counts) 7

18 (5) (moderate to vigorous physical activity, MVPA) Rowlands, Thomas, Eston, & Topping (2004) (counts) 8

19 (physical activity) (Armstrong, & Welsman, 2006; Caspersen, Powell, & Christenson, 1985; Sirad, & Pate, 2001) 2000 Bouchard Shephard (work-related physical activity) (leisure time physical activity) 9

20 Healthy People non-active (United Kingdom Expert Consensus Group) 60 (Cavill et al., 2001; Dencker et al., 2006) (Department of Health and Aging) Health Japan

22 (Ward, Evenson, Vaughn, Rodgers, & Troiano, 2005) (Blair et al., 1995; Brehm & Iannotta, 1998; Dubber, 1992; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996; 2005) (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996) Preboth (2002) (mental health) 2005 Santos, Gueera, Ribeiro, Duarte, & Mota (2003)

23 (CSA) ( ) ( ) Rowlands, Eston, & Ingledew (1999) (Tritrac-R3D) (Yamax Digiwalker DW-200) (Sport Tester PE4000) Dencker et al. (2006) (MTI, model 7164) (counts) 751 Parfitt & Eston (2005)

24 (171. ) (76.0 ) (36.5 ) (5.5 ) (42.0 ) 34 (83.3 ) (24.7 ) (81.6 ) (51.9 ) (133.4 ) (activity record)

25 Wrotniak (2006) - (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency- Short Form) (CSA) (motor proficiency) D Hondt, Deforche, DeBourdeaudhuij, & Lenoir (2009) Movement Assessment of Battery for Children (motor skill) 15

26 (model 7164, CSA ) (manual dexterity) ball skill static and dynamic balance RT

27 LaPorte, Montoye, & Caspersen (1985) (calorimetry) (job classification) (survey) (physiological markers) (behavioral observation) (mechanical and electronic moniters) (dietary measure) Sirard & Pate (2001) (criterion standards) (direct observation) (doubly labelled water) (indirect calorimetry) (objective techniques) (heart rate monitors) (motion sensors) (pedometers) (accelerometers) (subjective techniques) (self-report questionnaires) (interviewer-administered questionnaires) (proxy reports) (diaries)

28 (Rowland, 1998) 2005 (Welk, Corbin, & Dale, 2000) (heart rate monitors) ECG(electrocardiogram) (Freedson & Miller, 2000) (DuRant et al., 1993; Treiber et al., 1989 ) (oxygen consumption) (energy expenditure) (Freedson & Miller, 2000; Sirard & Pate, 2001) (Eston, Rowlands, & Ingledew, 1998) (sedentary) (light intensity activities) (Rowlands, Eston, & Ingledew, 1997; Sirard & Pate, 2001) 18

29 (motion sensors) (pedometer) (accelerometer) (Sirad & Pate, 2001; 2005) (Kilanowski, Consalvi, & Epstein, 1999; Mahar, Raedeke, & Lore, 2004; Eisenmann & Wickel, 2005; Rowe, Cardon & De Bourdeaudhuij, 2007) 1. (pedometer) (Sirard & Pate, 2001) (Freedon, 1991; Melanson & Freedson, 1996; Rowlands et al., ) 2 (accelerometer) (count) (Sirard & Pate, 2001) (Dencker, 2006; Trost, Pate, Freedson, Sallis, and Taylor, 2000;) 19

30 (uniaxial accelerometer) (biaxial accelerometer) (triaxial accelerometer) 2007 (Ward, Evenson, Vaughn, Rodgers, & Troiano, 2005) (Trost, 2000; Ward et al., 2005) (Eston et al., 1998; Sirard & Pate, 2001; 2005) TriTrac-R3D (Welk, Blair, Wood, Jones, & Thompson, 2000) TriTrac-R3D Stayhealthy RT3 Tri-axial (RT3) 2007 RT3 RT3 RT3 TriTrac-R3D 20

31 (self-report) (Melanson & Freedson, 1996; Welk et al., 2000; 2005) (Armstrong & Welsman, 2006) (Welk et al., 2000) (Kohl, Fulton, & Cspersen, 2000) (diary) Bouchard 1983 (Three- Day Physical Activity Record, 3-d PAR)

32 (Baranowski et al., 1984) Watson & O Donovan (1977) 10 (Sirard & Pate, 2001) (proxy-reports) 10 (Armstrong & Welsman, 2006) Armstrong & Welsman (2006) (direct observation) 2006Sirard & Pate (2001) (Melanson & Freesdon, 1996) Children s activity rating scale (CARS) Modified fargo activity time-sampling survey (FATS) Behaviors of eating and activity for children s 22

33 health evaluation system (BEACHES)System for observing play and leisure activity in youth(soplay) Children s physical activity form(cpaf)system for observation fitness instruction time (SOFIT) RT3 23

34 RT3 Movement ABC Movement ABC1992 Henderson Sugden DCD (manual dexterity) (ball skills) (balance)

35 3-2-1 Movement ABC ( + )/2 ( + )/2 25

36 歩 26

37 RT3 (RT3, Stayhealthy, Inc.) piezoelectric accelerometer technology KcalsRT3 TriTrac-R3D TriTrac-R3D Stayhealthy (Powell & Rowlands, 2004) (Count) (Count) 27

38 28

39 2006 PAQ-CThe Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children PAQ-C Sallis Baranowski 8 20 PAQ-C Conbrach α

40 MABC DCD RT

41 3-4 31

42 SPSS 12.0 : Movement ABC RT3 (one-way ANOVA) Scheffe (Pearson correlation) p<.05 32

43 RT3 RT3 ( ) ( ) ( ) Movement ABC (p<.05) 33

44 ( 4-1-1) () (p<.05) ( 4-1-2) Movement ABC post hoc (N=17) (N=22) (N=20) (N=21) (Scheffe) >4 * (2.82) (1.40) (1.11) (0.56) (1.27) (0.11) (1.40) (1.57) (2.21) (2.01) (2.48) (2.74) (4.07) (2.17) (2.97) (3.26) * p <

45 4-1-2 post hoc (N=17) (N=22) (N=20) (N=21) (Scheffe) (cm) (7.10) (9.11) (9.14) (8.98) * (kg) (14.45) (8.89) (7.12) (10.17) * (5.26) (2.60) (2.95) (2.66) 1>3,4 (kg/m 2 ) ** (10.13) (6.75) (7.57) (5.25) 1>2,4 * p<.05** p<

46 RT3 (one-way ANOVA) ( ) RT3 (p<.05)(4-2-1) ( ) (p<.05) (p<.05) (p<.05) (p>.05) 36

47 4-2-1 post hoc (N=17) (N=22) (N=20) (N=21) (Scheffe) ,4>1,3 *** (6.30) (5.25) (4.53) (7.04) *** ,4>1>3 (6.30) (5.25) (3.23) (7.86) ** >3 (2.36) (2.66) (2.08) (2.57) ** p<.01 *** p<

48 RT3 (one-way ANOVA) ( ) (p<.05) (p>.05) (p>.05) (p<.05) (p<.05) ( ) (p<.05) (p<.05) (p<.05) (4-3-1) 38

49 (p<.05) (p>.05) (p<.05) (p<.05)(4-3-1) LPAMVPA post hoc (N=17) (N=22) (N=20) (N=21) (Scheffe) LPA*** ,3>2,4 (775.36) (910.25) (584.40) (558.63) MVPA*** >2>1,3 (262.07) (358.62) (175.74) (288.12) LPA*** ,3>2,4 (482.92) (615.83) (399.58) (402.48) MVPA*** >2>1,3 (191.36) (221.75) (124.51) LPA* (381.82) (371.21) (221.46) (238.76) MVPA*** >1,3 (96.93) (205.18) (85.36) (151.59) 4>3 * p<.05** p<.01*** p<.001lpa(light physical activity) MVPA (moderate to vigorous 39

50 physical activity) Pearson RT3 Movement ABC (N=80) (N=17) (N=22) (N=20) (N=21) 40

51 RT3 Pearson RT3 RT3 ( 4-5-1) RT3 (N=77) (N=16) (N=20) (N=20) (N=21).551*** *.170 * p<.05** p<.01*** p<

52 42 Movement ABC Movement ABC 30.8% 1999

53 ( 2009; Castelli & Valley, 2007; D Hondt, Deforche, & De Bourdeaudhuij, 2009) 43

54 (Sallis, Patterson, Buono, & Nader, )

55 (Scharrff, Homan, Kreuter, & Brennan, 1999; Verschuur, & Kemper, 1985) RT

56 2007 RT3 (counts) Rowlands 2004 (MET) RT3 (counts)

57 2 (Healthy People, 2010; 2009) 60 (Cavill et al., 2001; Dencker et al., 2006) (Liou & Chiang, 2004) (Three-day Physical Activity Logs) 90% 78.2% Pate et al. (2002) (CAS 7164) 90% Healthy People % Liou & Chiang (2004) 100% 47

58 (Sirard & Pate, 2001) (Watson & O Donovan, 1977) 2009 Rowlands (Kaurlumnn, Koivusilta, Lnrrntone, Virtaen, & Rimpela, 2005; Tammelin, Ekelund, Remes, & Nayha, 2007; 2009 ) 2008 RT

59 2006 PAQ-C(The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children) Paffenbarger, Hyde, Wing (p>.05) 49

60 RT Sirard & Pate, 2001 RT 2001 (7-d PAR) RT3 TriTrac-R3D Wickel, Welk & Eisenmann (2006) Tritrac-R3D ( AEE) ( TEE) (Bouchard diary) (r = 0.72r = 0.86) RT3 (Crocker, Holowachuk, & Kowalski, 2001)

61 (Sallis, Buono, Roby, Micale, & Nelson, 1993) 51

62 Movement ABC RT3 RT3 RT

63 20 53

64 sp?cateid=a001917&linkself=94&linkroot= TriTrac-R3D

65 2006 (2007)

67 ActiGraph GT1M

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sedentary lifestyle Blair Connelly, 1996; King Senn, Health People American College of Sports Medic

9 203-230 2004 12 * ** *** 2251 1160 3411 1600/800 * ** *** 204 9 88 4-5 50 17.9 sedentary lifestyle Blair Connelly, 1996; King Senn, 1996 2010Health People 2010 13 2 2 4 2 5 90 American College of Sports