WIFI

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1 WIFI 技术讨论与交流 作者 : 张云坤 (James Zhang) 简介 : 现任 MTK 代理商堃昶公司 WIFI 产品线产品经理, 毕业于南理工机电工程科系, 曾任台达电射频 team 资深测试工程师, 从事 WIFI 设计及测试工作达 6 年之久, 曾同团队成员合作调试 CISCO,NETGEAR, 中华电信等 WIFI 产品, 熟悉 Atheros,Broadcom,Marvell,MTK,Ralink,Realtek 等 WIFI 芯片工作原理及测试方法, 籍由 2011 年手机 WIFI 市场兴起, 在此将 WIFI 主要工作原理加以整理, 供业界广大 WIFI 技术爱好者讨论交流及参考, 若有问题也请不吝赐教! Mob : 华南 : Ext:8970 华东 : Ext:820 James.zhang@kc-uppertech.com MSN:ykzhang_66@hotmail.com 1

2 WIFI 介绍 Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity) 是一种可以将个人电脑, 手持设备 ( 如 PDA, 手机 ) 等终端以无线方式互相连接的技术,Wi-Fi 是一个无线网路通信技术的品牌, 由 Wi-Fi 联盟 (Wi-Fi Alliance) 所持有, 目的是改善基于 IEEE 标准的无线网路产品之间的互通性, 现在我们一般人会把 Wi-Fi 及 IEEE 混为一谈, 把 Wi-Fi 等同于无线网路! 其实不一样! Wi-Fi 联盟成立于 1999 年, 时的名称叫做 Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) 在 2002 年 10 月, 正式改名为 Wi-Fi Alliance Alliance Member:SONY,Broadcom,NOKIA,Atheros,Marvell,CISCO, MOTO,DELL,TI,Apple, 等 275 芯片厂商成员 2

3 介绍 3

4 零中频 WIFI 架构 4

5 超外差式 WIFI 架构 5

6 超外差和零中频对比 6

7 802.11b/g 频率与 CH 对照表 Channel Frequency(MHz) North America Japan Most of world No No No 11b only C No 7

8 802.11a 频率与 CH 对照表 a 标准因频率太高 ( 频率范围 :4.9~5.8GHZ) 技术复杂, 制造成本高, 穿透力远不及 g/b, 在同样的环境内 11g/b 可以传输 100 米, 而 11a 只有 60 米, 另外 11a 无法向下兼容 11g/b, 因为其工作在 5G 频率范围内, 但其优点是频率不会被干扰到, 目前各国设备使用很少, 8

9 802.11b 速率與調變參數對照表 b 使用直接序列扩频 (DSSS), 也称为 HR/DSSS(HR 表示高速率 ),802.11b 支持 4 种速率, 即 1Mbps,2Mbps, 5.5Mbps,11Mbps, 前两种速率是为了与 legacy DSSS 兼容, 分别使用 BPSK 和 QPSK 作为载波调制方式, 而以 11-chip Barker sequence 作为扩频序列, 符号速率为 1M baud, 在 5.5Mbps 及 11Mbps 模式下, 以 8-chip CCK 作为信道编码序列, 并最终使用 QPSK 调制方式,CCK 大概的编码过程为 : 将 PLCP 的比特流分成 8bit 一组, 每组算一个符号, 故符号速率为 1.375M baud, 每组的前 2 个比特直接用于最终的 QPSK 调制, 后 6 个比特用于选择 1 个 8 位的序列 ( 序列集中共有 64 个序列, 两两正交 ), 这两部分进行差分取模, 最终进行 QPSK 调制, 如果对应的是 5.5Mbps 的速率, 则第二组比特不是 6 个, 而是 2 个, 对于 1M bps 模式, 必须使用 long preamble, 而对于 2M bps, 5.5M bps 和 11M bps, 可以选择使用 short preamble,preamble 包括 Sync 和 SFD 两部分,Sync 为 128 个 '1' 比特 ( 对应于 long preamble) 或 56 个 '1'( 对应于 short preamble),sfd(start of Frame Delimeter) 在两种模式下取值不同, 但同为 16 bit,preamble 都使用 BPSK 调制,Signal, Service, Length, CRC( 共 48bit), 在长, 短两种模式下则分别使用 BPSK 或 QPSK 调制 9

10 802.11a 調變參數對照表 10

11 802.11g 调变參數對照表 11

12 802.11g 接收灵敏度参数表 12

13 802.11n 介绍 Wi-Fi 联盟在 a/b/g 后面的一个无线传输标准协议是 n, 为了实现高带宽, 高质量的 WLAN 服务, 使无线局域网达到以太网的性能水平, 任务组 N(TGn) 应运而生,802.11n 标准至 2009 年才得到 IEEE 的正式批准, 但采用 MIMO OFDM 技术的厂商已经很多, 包括 D-Link, Airgo,Bermai,Broadcom 以及杰尔系统,Atheros, 思科 Intel 等等, 产品包括无线网卡, 无线路由器等, 而且已经大量在 PC, 笔记本电脑中应用, n 技术硬体仍架构在 a/b/g 上面, 只是利用 MIMO OFDM 技术使用传输速率大大增加而己, 13

14 802.11n WIFI 架构介绍 14

15 802.11n DateRate 对应表 15

16 802.11n 主要规格参数 16

17 WPS(Wi-Fi Protected Setup): 目前通过 Wi-Fi Protected Setup 认证的产品能够为用户提供两种实现方式 : 按钮配置 (Push Button Configuration,PBC) 输入 PIN 码 (Pin Input Configuration,PIN) PIN 方式 : 需要任一客户端先与路由器连接, 激活无线网卡生成一个随机 PIN 码, 然后在路由器管理界面输入该 PIN 码即可, PBC 方式 : 即通常所讲的一键加密, 只需轻轻按下无线路由器上的 WPS 按钮, 再通过鼠标点击无线网卡管理工具上的软件按钮, 即可完成无线加密设置, 从而在路由器和客户端之前建立起一个安全的连接, 17 WIFI 的加密方式 Wi-Fi (IEEE a/b/g/n) 無線網路的認證與加密方式, 有 Open System,WEP,WPA, WPA2,MAC ALC,WPS 等几种加密方式 : Open System: 是代表系统不加密, 可任意链接, WEP:(Wired Equivalent Privacy): 加密采用静态的保密密钥, 主要是在 AP 端,User 在访问时一定 key 入 40 位或者 256 位的密匙才能正常访问 WPA:(Wi-Fi Protected Access):WPA-PSK 是针对 WEP 在网络防护上较薄弱的基础, 加强数据传输加密算法, 可针对工业级及家庭使用, 到目前为止 WPA 尚被破解过,,( 采用 128bits,RC 加密法,) WPA2: WPA2 顧名思義就是 WPA 的加強版,( 采用 AES 加密算法, 支持 128bits,192bits,256bits, 支持缓存密钥和预认证,) MAC ACL (Access Control List) :MAC ACL 只能用於認証而不能用於加密, 在無線基地台輸入充许被连入的无线网卡 MAC 地址, 不在此 List 内的无线网卡无法连入到 AP,

18 WIFI 与 BT 共存实现 BT(Bluetooth): 工作频率为 2.45GHz, 覆盖范围是相隔 1MHz 的 79 个通道 ( 从 2.402GHz 到 2.480GHz ) 数据传输技术使用短封包, 跳频展频技术,1600 次 /sec, WIFI 和 BT 同样是工作在 2.4 的频宽下, 只是调变方式不同, 各 Chanel 中心频率也不同, 但在同一频宽下传输资料难免会有干扰产生, 目前己有解决方案出来, 相关原理如下 :Wifi 给蓝牙信号 wl_active, 表示 wifi 有通信, 如果这个信号 asserted, 蓝牙应该只接收 / 发射 highpriority 的包, 其它包 delay, 蓝牙给 wifi 信号 bt_priority, 表示蓝牙要发 highpriority 的包,wifi 必须停止当前通信, 可以看出, 这两根信号分别是保护 wifi 和蓝牙通信的, 所以 assert 的多与少会影响 2.4G 带宽在两者间的分配, 从蓝牙芯片设计的角度, 蓝牙芯片必须支持对于包优先级的区分和 delay 包的处理, 一般来说, 定时同步,inquiry,page,SCO 等是高优先级, 传送数据的包则是普通优先级, 如果处理得细致和灵活, 很多参数是需要可以配置和可调的, 因为可能需要 host 根据具体应用来配置, 如果蓝牙芯片知道 wifi 的频带,bt_priority 也可以只在频率冲突时拉起, 目前大多 WIFI Chipset 和 BT Chipset 都有 WL active 和 BT Priority 的 Pin 订义, 18

19 WIFI 与 WAPI 的区别 WAPI 是 Wireless LAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure ( 无线局域网鉴别和保密基础结构 ) 的英文缩写, 是一种无线局域网 WLAN 安全协议, 同时也是中国无线局域网强制性标准中的安全机制, WAPI 是中国政府自行制定特有加密方式, 目前跟 WIFI 协议加密方式不兼容, 但只需修改底层驱动即可实现兼容, WAPI 加密方式是 PSK 证书及 SMS4 算法, 从 2009 年起国外 IC 大厂 Boadcom,Atheros,Marvell,Ralink,MTK 等为杀入中国市场都宣布支持 WAPI 协义, 未来中国的无线发展方向很可能是 WAPI 为主, 同时原有 WIFI 设备也可以通过安装软件程序的方法来兼容 WAPI, 19

20 手机 WIFI 架构说明 手机 WIFI 架构, 由 WIFI 基带 +Transceiver+2.4G RF 前端模组完成, 最后再通过 EHPI/SDIO/SPI 等接口连接到手机的 BaseBand, 目前市面大多手机方案商都提供 WIFI 功能手机基带 (MTK/ 展讯 /Mstar/ 高通 /Marvell), 部分 WIFI 芯片供应商也同样提供在手机上面对应的 Chipset,(MTK/Mstar/Atheros/Broadcom/Ralink 等 ) 20

21 手机 WIFI 的测试架构 21

22 手机 WIFI 测试参数详解 Show MT5921 test log to you reference 22

23 23 让你体验让你体验让你体验不同的服务不同的服务不同的服务手机 WIFI 测试主要指标 Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps 11g Mbps 11b Ch13 Ch6 Ch1 DateRate mode Ch13 Ch6 Ch1 DateRate mode Sensitivity(Unit in dbm+/-0.5dbm) Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps 11g Mbps 11b Ch13 Ch6 Ch1 DateRate mode Ch13 Ch6 Ch1 DateRate mode EVM(11b mode:unit in %,11g mode:unit in db) Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps 11g Mbps 11b Ch13 Ch6 Ch1 DateRate mode Ch13 Ch6 Ch1 DateRate mode Power (Unit in dbm+/-1.5dbm)

24 WIFI 设计注意事项 PCB 走线阻抗控制 ( 从 Transceiver 输出到天线端所有 In/Out 走线阻抗均要是 50ohm(+/-5ohm), 若不然 VSWR 非常差 ) 阻抗线要尽量短 外置 LDO 的 Noise 系数要尽量小 RF path matching 电感容精度要求高 RF 前端 IC 接地 IC PCB Via 很重要 40MHZ Local Oscillator 误差及 PF 值要依参考设计 2.4G 线路阻抗匹配很重要 24

25 立积 2.4G RF 前端 IC RTC6667 立积 - 是台湾专业设计生产射频器件公司 ( 台积 / 立锜合资公司 ) 目前射频分立器件全世界排名第一 (Sige 是 RF FEM 世界第一 ), 其 2.4G/5G PA 在 Atheros/Broadcom/Marvell/Ralink/Realtek 是参考设计, 目前国内大客户中兴, 华为,TP-Link,D-Link 等均己采用立积之 2.4G PA, PA: 是指功率放大率, 功能同 GSM PA 一样, 只不过所走频率不一样,Wifi PA 单一放大 2.4G 信号, BPF: 是带通滤波器, Balun: 是不平衡变压器, 负责双单端互转, Switch: 跟 GSM 天线开关一样, 负责切换信号的接收和发送, LNA: 低噪音放大器, 主要用于提高接收灵敏度,MT5921 有内置 LNA, 25

26 WIFI FEM RTC6667 RTC6667-( 是 RF 前端射頻模组 IC, 內部集成 WIFI PA, RF Switch, 滤波器, 不平衡变压器, 匹配電路 ) 使用 RTC6667 优点 : WIFI COB 方案变得更为简单, 只需 MT5921+RTC6667 即可完成 可設計成 BT+WIFI 共用天線設計 采购端不再但忧滤波器, 不平衡变压器等材料交期过长及缺货风险, PCB Layout 走线方便, 可省下 PCB 佈板空間, 性能更容易控制, WIFI 调试更为简单, 产线生產一致性提高, 维修容易, 不会再有小零件匹配及干扰问题 26

27 RTC6667 Qualified by MTK 27

28 WIFI COB 与模组成本对比 MT5921+RTC6665 WIFI 模组 MT5921+RTC6667 PA 0.2 RF Switch LPF RTC Balun LDO N/A 40M Crystal 0.13 LDO 0.03 L/C/R M Crystal 0.13 MT MT Price 3.82usd 4.47usd Price 3.86usd 28

29 WIFI+BT 单天线设计 29

30 堃昶公司昶公司产品线介绍 30

31 射频专业术语详频专业术语详解 SSID EVM DAC BER Bit Rate P1db(1dbm 压缩点 ) CCK OFDM QPSK BPSK 16QAM 64QAM MCS DSSS FHSS Sidelobe 因篇幅有限, 更新到第二版,(WAPI 过 CTA 指标介绍也放置第二版 ) 请见谅! 31

32 Q&A Thanks! 32

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