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角阚棉仇
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1 .() 來量 () 來勞 (gross domestic produc GD (2) 來勞 ( 勞 )(national incom NI (3) 來勞 (gross domestic expenditur GDE 2.(gross national produc GN) ( 年 ) 來勞 () 勞不 (2) GN 量易 ( ) 不 GN 例車不 GN 車勞 GN 理年不 GN GN (3) GN 來不 GN (4) 勞 (final products) (intermediate products 來料了 GN (5) 易易 ( 例不 GN 理易不 GN 易 GN 金留 GN 例 () () () 2() 2() 28() GN= = GN==

2 GN 例 95 年年 () 95 年 GN= 96 年 GN= 3.(GD) ()( 年 ) 來勞 GD GN 列來兩 GN=GD+ () =- 來 GN GD 4.(net national product NN) 了勞 () GN NN=GN- (2) (net domestic produc ND) ND=GD- (2 ) 5. 量 GD(NI) 勞參勞 (wage 利 (interest (rent 力利 (profit NI=+ 利 ++ 利 (3) 了利 ( NI=GD-- (4) =ND- 2

3 6.(personal incom I) 利 NI I I=NI- 利 -+++ 利 (5) (personal disposable incom DI) (direct taxe D) DI=I-DT (6) 7. 量 GD(GDE) 勞 ( 勞更說勞 GDE=DC+DI+DG+EX=GD (7) DDDEX 勞 C=DC+FCI=DI+FIG=DG+FG FCFIFG 勞 IM=FC+FI+FG GDE=C+I+G+EX-(FC+FI+FG)=C+I+G+EX-IM =C+I+G+NEX=GD (8) NEX= EX-IM 8. 數 (price index) 數年 () 數 (consumer price index, CI) 兩 CI CI + x x y y = t t x x y + y o CI 量度數 n CI 3

4 CI = n i i i= t n i i i= CI 數來數拉數 (asperes index 利不不數例數 (wholesale price index, WI 數量數 GD 數 (2) GD 數 (GD deflator) x x y y t t + t t GD 數 x x y y o t + t GD 數數來數數 (aasche index 例數量 x x x x y y y y = = 8 = 5 = = 5 = 6 = = 5 拉數練 5( 料 ) 9() 9() 6 22() 22() () () GD (2) GD (3) GD 練 2 列 GN? 什 (A) (B) 理 (C) 利 (D) (E) 金 (F) (G) (H) 4

5 練 3 列不 GN (A) (B) 車金 (C) (D) 年練 4GN=69=8=84=272 =225=94 料 NNNIIDI= 練 5 ===3=4= =5=2=3=8=7 利 =5=-5 料 GN 練 6 利 =5=5 利 = 利 =5 ==8=8=2=5 =3=25()(NI)(2) GD (3)(I) (DI) 練 7 列數量數流量數 ()(2)(3)(4)(5)( 利 5

6 練 826 年領利 5 金利 () GD(2) GD(3) GD (4) 練 9 列 GD () 倫 5 (2) 3 (3) 利 2 (4) 2 (5) 2 (6) 5 (7) 老理 (8) 領金 (9) 樂 3 () () 利 2 (2) 金 5 (3) 行 5 6

7 . 數勞 2.(aggregate supply AS) 數 () 勞數來勞數 W d = f () 勞數 W s = h() 數 = F() d W W s 勞勞勞 W = f ( ) = h( ) = F() = F( ) W 勞了 ( 參 ) W W h( ) h( ) AS W f ( ) f ( ) F( K, ) o 45 7

8 3.(aggregate demand AD) 易了易易 MV y = () M =V y = 流度 = =( )() 易金 () 數 M d = = k (2) V y (2) 了易 ( ) 例 (k) M s d s = M ( M = M ) M = k (3) AS (3) k = /V M 例句說數 () 例不數 ( ) 立 2 例 M AS AD( M ) 勞 y W W h( ) h( ) AS W f ( ) f ( ) AD( M ) AD( M ) F( K, ) W 2 8 o 45 若

9 M M AD( M ) AD( M ) AS AD( M ) 勞 W d = f ( ) 勞 W s d s = h( ) W = W 勞 W 例不立 4. (=) 利率 r ( 參 ) () 利率數利率數 S(r) 利率來來更 r S(r) (2) 金 ( 金利利率金更利利率數 I(r) r I(r) 5.( 勞數 ) 利率利率不 6.(Say s law) 句說 ( 參 ) 練列 (A) (B) 勞 (C) (D) 練列 (A) AD AS (B) AD AS (C) AS (D)AD 不練 3 (A)AD (B)AD (C)AS (D)AS 9

10 練 4 立 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 練 5 不 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 練 6 數量數 V = 練 7 說 y

11 .929 年了率便便 2. 力量量不 3.() 數 C 數 C = C a + bd C a T d = T b 例 b =. 8 b d S T + C + S d C + S 數 S = d C = Ca + ( b) d C a ( b)d ( b) C, S + T C S + T o I 數 I = I 5. 裡論 N (N-) Walras 利 Walras N

12 論 (N-) 6. = C + I + G = Ca + b( T ) + I + G () () () C = a bt + I + G b (2) (2)( C I G ) /( b) 例 a b =.8 5 數數 ( 數 = /( b) ) 數 /( b) > 7.( T + C + S ) T + C + S = C + I + G (3) S + T = I + G (3a) 8. 2 < F = 了復 2 離數量數量 ( 2 離 ) F 復 2 數量 ( G = G G )( 2 離 ) 數 = G G = b)( ) ( F C + I + G C + I + G 2 C + I + G o 45 2 F 2

13 9. 數量力數量. 例 ( 不 ). 若 =( G = T ) 數數數? G = T ()() = Ca + b( G) + I + G (a) () Ca + I + ( b) G = (2a) b (2a) 數 2. 若 T = T ( ) = t t 率數? T = T ( ) = t () = C + I + G = Ca + b( t ) + I + G (b) () Ca + I + G = (2b) b( t) (2b) /[ b( t)] /[ b( t)] < /( b) 數度 () 3. 3

14 4. 不 () 不若度度列? ()T I (2)T 理 ( 數 ) I = I( ) (3) T = T ( ) I 練若數 (A)2 (B).75 (C).33 (D)4 (E).5 練 2 (A) (B)2 (C)8 (D)5 (E)4 練 3 若數 (A) 4 (B) 4 (C) (D) 練 4 列 (MC) 數 (AS)(MS) (AC) (AS) MC+ MS = (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 練 5 C = ( T ) T =. 2 I = 4G = 5 數 (A)2.5 (B)4 (C)5 (D).6 (E).4 練 6 列 (A) (B) 不易 (C) 量易 (D) 不易 (E) 練 7 C = 2 +.8( T ) I = 5 G = T = ()=? 4

15 (2) 2 (3) 2 練 8 C = +.8( T ) T = 5 () 數 (2) 若 = 45 (3) 若 = C 練 9 C = 4 +.8( T ) I = 4 G = 6 T = 5 () 數 (2) 若 T 練 C = 4 +.8( T ) I = 4 G = 6 T = () 數 (2) 數 C S T 練 C = +.8( T) I = 2 +. G = 5T = 5 X = 3M = ()(2) 數 (3) 數 (4) 數 5

16 IS-M.IS-M 了金 ( 金 ) 說 IS-M 了來了數利率 i 2. 理 () 易 (2) (3)( 了利 ) 數易利率 i 數利率 M D M D = (, i) () ( ) 數 M S M M S = (2) M M = (, i) (3) 3. IS I S IS IS-M 利率數 I = I(i) 利率 ( 率零 i = 利率 = 利率 ) 了更利率 i i i IS C + I + G i i i C + I( i + G ) C + I( i) + G 利來 IS IS ( G ) 6

17 利率 i I( i ) i i 若利率 i i I( i ) I( i ) i i 連 IS IS 4. M M M 利率 i i i M 來利 2 M i i i M ( i, ) M / ( i, ) M /, 2 i M ( M, ) 2 利率 i ( i, ) i i 若 ( i, ) ( i, ) 利率 i i i 連 M M 5. 利率 i i M ( M, ) i IS ( G ) 7

18 6.(G ) IS IS M 利率 i i i M ( M, ) i IS ( G ) IS( G ) 7.( M )( ) M M IS 利率 i i M ( M, ) M ( M, ) i i IS ( G ) (AD)(AS).(aggregate demand curve AD ) 量利率數數不利來 ( ) 3 IS M 利率 i M ( M, ) M ( M, ) M ( M, ) IS 利率 i (, ) M M 連 AD AD G M AD ( G, M ) 來 8

19 i i M ( M, ) M ( M, ) i IS( G ) 3 AD( G, M ) 2.(aggregate supply curve AS ) ( 不 )?( 參見 AS ) 3. ()() () 不 ( 參見 ) (2) () 不不 9

20 練列 (A)M (B) 利率 (C) 利率 (D) 行 M (E) 利率練 AD-AS 列 (A)AS (B)AS (C)AD (D)AS (E)AD 練 (A) 利率 (B) (C) 利率 (D) (E) 利率練列 (A) 兩 AD AS (B) (C) AS 率 AS (D) 利率數數 (E) 利率金利率練 5 不 (A) (B) 利率 (C) (D) (E) 練 5 AD-AS AS AD 勞 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 練 6 列 AD AS 說. 契練 7 IS-M 邏說 2

21 . (AD-AS ) IS-M 數數 IS-M 了利率 AD-AS 數 IS-M 數 AD-AS 了利率 i M ( 2 M, ) M ( M, ) i 2 2 i i IS( G ) 2 IS ( G ) AS 2 2 AD( G, M ) 2 AD( G, M ) 2

22 數數利率 2 利率 2 2. 契 AS W W W f ( ) f ( ) AS ( W) AS ( W ) F() 2 o 45 AS 勞契 W 契 ( W W 勞了勞數量數勞數 AS AS AS 契 W 22

23 3. 率 AS AS 不 W h( ) 2 ~ W W ~ W h( ) 2h( ) f ( ) f ( ) 2 f ( ) A S AS F() o 45 3 AS () 率 ( 3 勞 ~ W W 若 W W W 不 ~ W W 勞 W 勞不 23

24 六. 度率 ( 率 )π t t π t = ( t t t- ) 練年溑數料 9982 年率年 CI 拉 ()() () 拉 ( 例 ) 率率兩力 (2) ( 例 ) 率率不利 (stagflation) 3. 連年不 ( 例不 ) 4. () (2) 金更數 (3) 利不利 24

25 5. 利率利率例利率 5% 年年 5 來利率 i (5-)/=5% 來若不年利利率 r =(.5-)/=5 率 π i = r 若率年若利率 5% 年 (5/)=9.55 利率率利率利率例若年利金.5= 55 率來利率 55 i = = 5.5% 來 5.5% 利率 5% 來量率利率句說利率利率異異率利率利率率列來利率 i = 利率 ( r + 率 π e 例 5.5% 5%+ 率率 π 來 e 利率 i = 利率 ( r + 率 π 6. 力 (hillips curve) 率率率率兩率率兩 (trade-off) 句說若降率率利 AD AS 力 25

26 AS =.5 = AD( M ) 2 =.97 π π = 5% 2 2 AD( M ) 2 AD( M ) π 2 = 3% u u u n 2 C u AD AS = 率率 un 率不零率率率 7. 率量年 5 ( 勞狀兩 () 勞力 (2) 勞力年 5 勞力老力不勞參率勞力年 5 率勞參率 =( 勞力 / 年 5 ) % 勞力狀 () (2) 率勞力率 =( 數 / 勞力 ) % 8. 率 26

27 ()(frictional unemployment) 勞 () 不勞 (2)(structural unemployment) ( 勞陸 (3)(cyclical unemployment) 勞率率率率不零練易率率 AS 易 AD 易行易 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 練列勞陸復降率率 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 練行年利率 4% 率 3% (A) 利率 7% (B) 利率 % (C) 利率 3% (D) 利率 7% 練行利率利 (A) 利 (B) 利 (C) 利 (D) 利練類列頪練路練 6 車利率 8% 車利若率 5% 利率若率降 5% 理利什 27

28 金. 率 ( 率 ) 率例 3 率 =3 率率 2. 例金率 3. 率 E S. 2. 來旅留 3. 4.( 金 ) E E. 2. 旅留 D 3. 4.( 金 ) 數量 ( ESF ) ESF = S D = ( S D) + ( S2 + S3 D2 D3) + ( S4 D4) = 易 + 勞 + =+ = ( 率 E )( 率 E ) = 易 + 勞 =+ (24 28

29 4. 率度 () 率度率度率率來率數率 (2) 率度率度率不行率行了率不率率 2-2 例來說 E 行率率 ( S > D 若行不率力 E 率行行 D D + DR 率行率行 S D 數量行累行率若行行率行率行抛行 E E S S E flex E D D D + DR 數量 D S 數量 2- 率 2-2 率 (3) 理率度了率度率行降率度理率度率度不率率不 3 說率 E 率若行不力量 flex 率降 E flex 率 E flex E 29

30 行 D D + DR E 率行理率度率 E E 年年率累 E S E E E flex flex D D + DR D 3 S 數量 5. 率率例 ( = ) 率 3 E = 3 = 3 3/=3 率 q E 3 q = = = 3 若不 3 利兩不行利利行 E = 6. 力說 () 兩 ( 兩 q E ( 兩兩率不 = E 立力 3

31 7. 利率說兩 ( 兩 e i = i + ( E E) / E 率率練列 (A) 行抛 (B) 行抛 (C) 率度行抛 (D) 率度不不 (E) 率度行率練列 (A) 利 (C) 利率金流 (E) (B) 來旅利 (D) 易練列 (A) 理率度率 (B) 率度率力 (C) 率度力 (D) 率度行 (E) 率度行練列 (A)Rain 來 (B) F-6 (C) 金 (D) 來 (E) 金練率練 6 理論車若率車 99 了什練 7 金流列 (A) 利率利率 (B) (C) (D) 不練 8 3

32 率年 / 率 -- 5 年 -92 年年率年易力行不不行率度理率度年年率累陸羅年陸羅 26 年 5 27 年不陸

33 羅 4794 度六 29 年 3 陸羅度率數年率數數率年率數數率年率數易 The Economist 年數 Big Mac Index 33

34 例年數數力說率數年率 34.8 率數了陸數率若力說立數率數率數不力說數率說年金暴數率年金暴數率數率便練 9 率列 (A) (B) 來旅 (C) 率力 (D) 易率練.5 率 =3 率 (A).5 (B)3 (C) (D)/3 (E) 練列 (A) F-6 (B)Rain 來 (C) (D) 金 (E) 金練 2 年金暴邏理行練 3 率度率率度 34

GN 例 95 年年 () 95 年 GN= 96 年 GN= 3.(GD) ()( 年 ) 來勞 GD GN 列來兩 GN=GD+ () =- 來 GN GD 4.(net natonal product NN) 了勞 () GN NN=GN- (2) (ne

GN 例 95 年年 () 95 年 GN= 96 年 GN= 3.(GD) ()( 年 ) 來勞 GD GN 列來兩 GN=GD+ () =- 來 GN GD 4.(net natonal product NN) 了勞 () GN NN=GN- (2) (ne .() 來量 () 來勞 (gross domestc produc GD (2) 來勞 ( 勞 )(natonal ncom NI (3) 來勞 (gross domestc expendtur GDE 2.(gross natonal produc GN) ( 年 ) 來勞 () 勞不 (2) GN 量易 ( ) 不 GN 例車不 GN 車勞 GN 理年不 GN GN (3)