Microsoft Word - ch4-中文對照.doc

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1 中文英文 對照表 英文中文 45-DEGREE LINE A a priori approach absolute advantage absolute equality absolute inequality absolute price acceleration principle Accelerator accounting costs accounting profits acquisition action lag actual inflation rate ad Valorem tax adaptive expectation administered price adverse selection agency shop aggregate demand curve aggregate income 45 度線先驗法絕對利益絕對均等線絕對不均等線絕對價格加速原理加速度會計成本會計利潤取得行動上的落後實際的通貨膨脹從價稅適應性預期支配價格惡性選擇 ; 逆選擇代理廠總合需求曲線總收入

2 aggregate spending aggregate supply curve aggregates allocation of resource allocative efficiency alternative uses altruism annuity anticipated inflation anticyclical anti-dumping duty anti-inflation policy anti-recession policy Antitrust Act antitrust law APEC appreciation arbitrage arc elasticity arithmetic/arithmetical progression artificial monopoly AS-AD model 總支出總合供給曲線總量資源配置分配效率多種用途利他行為年金意料中的通貨膨脹反景氣循環反傾銷稅反通貨膨脹政策反衰退政策反托拉斯法反獨占法亞太經濟合作組織升值套利弧彈性算術級數人為獨占總合供給模型

3 ASEAN asset assumption asymmetric information automation adjustment mechanism autonomous change autonomous consumption autonomous expenditure autonomous investment autonomous stabilizer average cost average cost pricing average factor cost average fixed cost average product average propensity to consume average propensity to import average propensity to save average revenue average total cost average variable cost averages axiom 東南亞國協自由貿易區資產假設資訊不對稱自動調整機能自發性變動自發性消費自發性支出自發性投資自動穩定因子平均成本平均成本定價法平均要素成本平均固定成本平均產量平均消費傾向平均進口傾向平均儲蓄傾向平均收益平均總成本平均變動成本平均量公理

4 B 英文中文 backward bending labor supply curve 後彎的勞動供給曲線 backward integration 向後整合 backwards shifting 向後轉嫁 ( 後轉 ) bad money drives out good 劣幣驅逐良幣 balance of payments adjustment 國收支失衡的調整 balance of trade 貿易平衡 ; 貿易差額 balanced budget 預算平衡 balanced budget multiplier 平衡預算乘數 balance-of-payments accounts 國際收支平均表 bank credit 銀行信用 bank draft 銀行匯票 bank reserve 良行準備 bank run 銀行擠兌 banking multiplier 銀行乘數 bankruptcy 破產 bargaining power 議價力 barrier to entry 進入障礙 barrier to exit 退出障礙 barter (trade) economy 以物易物的經濟 base year 基期 ( 基準年 ) basket of currencies 一籃通貨 beggar-my-neighbor 以鄰為壑 behavioral assumption 行為假設

5 beneficial externality benefit best lending rate bilateral monopoly bilateral trade bill of exchange black market bond bond market boom break-even point budget deficit budget line budget surplus built-in stabilizer business cycle Business Week C Cambridge cash balance equation capacity capital capital account capital accumulation capital consumption 外部性利益收益 ; 福利最優惠的利率雙邊獨占雙邊貿易匯票黑市債券債券市場繁榮損益平衡點預算赤字預算線預算盈餘自動安定機能景氣循環商業周刊劍橋現金餘額方程式產能資本資本帳資本累積資本消耗

6 capital depreciation capital expenditure capital export capital gain capital goods capital inflow capital intensive industry capital investment capital labor ration capital market capital movement capital outflow capital stock capital/output ratio capitalist economy carrying cost Cartel cash drain cash flow cash reserve central bank centrally planned economy Ceteris paribus Chamberlain, Edward change in quantity demanded 資本折舊資本開支資本輸出資本利得資本財資本流入資本密集產業資本投資資本勞動比資本市場資本移動資本外流資本存量資本 / 產出量資本主義經濟存置成本卡特爾組織現金流失現金流動現金準備中央銀行中央計畫經濟其他條件不變秦柏林需求量的變動

7 change in quantity supplied changes in demand changes in supply cheating Checkable deposits cheque choice theory circular flow income claim to residual rights Classical economics Classical range Classical school clean float clearing house closed economy closed market closed shop Coase theorem Coase, Ronald H. Cobweb theory collective bargaining collusion commercial bank commercial paper commission 供給量的變動需求的變動供給的變動欺騙支票存款支票選擇理論所得循環周流剩餘的所有權古典學派經濟學古典區域古典學派純粹浮動票據交換所封閉經濟封閉的市場封閉廠寇斯定理寇斯蛛網理論集體協商勾結商業銀行商業本票佣金 ; 委員會

8 commodity money common-property resources company comparative advantage comparative cost comparative economics comparative static compensating wage differentials compensation principle competitive behavior competitive demand competitive equilibrium competitive firm competitive market competitive market structure complements concentration ration concretionary effect concretionary policy conspicuous goods constant cost industry constant returns to scale constrained optimization consumer behavior consumer preference 商品貨幣共同財富公司比較利益比較成本比較經濟學比較靜態補償性工資差異補償原則競爭行為競爭需求競爭性均衡競爭性廠商競爭市場競爭的市場結構互補品市場集中度緊縮效果緊縮政策炫耀財固定成本的產業規模報酬固定受限的最適化消費者行為消費者偏好

9 consumer price index (CPI) consumer sovereignty consumers surplus consumption expenditure consumption function consumption goods consumption possibility line contestable market Contestable Markets Theory convertible currencies corner solution corporation cost cost benefit analysis cost effectiveness cost minimization cost of exchange cost of living cost of production cost-plus pricing cost-push inflation credit card credit control credit creation creditor 消費者物價指數 (CPI) 消費者主權消費者剩餘消費支出消費函數消費財消費可能曲線可競爭市場可競爭市場理論可兌換通貨角解 ( 股份有限 ) 公司成本成本效益分析成本效能成本最小化交易成本生活費生產成本成本加成定價法成本推動型通貨膨脹信用卡信用貸款控制信用創造債權人

10 cross elasticity crowding-in effect crowding-out effect currency currency account currency deposit ration currency issue customs duty cyclical unemployment cyclical voting D dead-weight loss debase decision lag decision makers decreasing cost industry decreasing returns to scale deferred payment deficit budget deflation deflationary fiscal policy deflationary gap deflator deflator GNP 交叉彈性擠入效果排擠效果通貨經常帳現金存款比率通貨發行關稅循環性失業循環票決無謂損失降低成色決策落差決定者成本遞減的產業成本遞增的產業 (DRS) 遞延支付赤字預算緊縮緊縮性財政政策緊縮缺口平減指數平衡物價國民生產毛額

11 degree of risk demand curve demand deposits demand for factors of production demand function demand management demand price demand schedule demand-deficient demand-pull inflation deposit deposit creation deposit money depreciation depreciation allowance depression deregulation derived demand devaluation developed country developing country diamond-water paradox differential rent differentiated product diminishing marginal rate of 風險程度需求曲線存款貨幣 ; 活期存款要素需求線需求函數需求管理需求價格需求表需求不足需求拉動型通貨膨脹存款存款創造存款貨幣折舊 ; 貶值折舊提列蕭條鬆綁引伸性需求貶值已開發國家開發中國家鑽石與水的予盾差別地租異質性產品邊際技術替代率遞減

12 英 文 中 文 technician s substitution diminishing marginal returns 邊際報酬遞減 diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減 direct tax 直接稅 dirty floating 污濁的浮動 discount 貼現 discount rate 貼現率 discounted value 折現率 discouraged worker 受挫失望的工作者 discretionary fiscal policy 權衡性的財政政策 discrimination 歧視 diseconomies of scale 規模不經濟 disequilibria model 失衡模型 disguised unemployment 隱藏性失業 dispatch 不能配合 disposable income 可支配所得 disposable income per capita 平均每人可支配所得 disproducts 負產品 disserving 負儲蓄 distribution of goods 財貨分配 distribution of income 所得分配 distributive justice 分配的公平 disutility 負效用 diversification 多樣化 ; 分散投資 dividend 股息 ; 股利 :

13 英 文 中 文 division of labor 分工 division of labor is limited by the extent of the market 分工受限於市場規模 domestic trade 國內貿易 double coincidence of wants 互為需要 double counting 重覆計算 Dow Jones Industrial Average 道瓊工股價平均指數 down payment 頭期款 dualism 雙重性格 dumping 傾銷 durable goods 耐用品 dynamic efficiency 動態效率 E earning 收益 ; 收入 econometrics 計量經濟學 economic analysis 經濟分析 economic bads 負產品 economic cost 經濟成本 economic development 經濟發展 economic efficiency 經濟效率 economic epochs 經濟紀元 economic goods 經濟財 economic growth 經濟成長 economic indicator 經濟指標

14 Economic of welfare economic planning economic policy economic profits economic reform economic rent economic stability economic system economic welfare economics of scale economies of scope economist effect lag efficiency efficient stock market hypothesis efficient wage theory elastic elasticity elasticity coefficient elasticity of demand elasticity of supply embargo employee employer employment 福利經濟學經濟計畫經濟政策經濟利潤經濟改革經濟租經濟穩定經濟制度經濟福利規模經濟多角化的經營經濟學家效果的落後效率效率證券市場假說效率工資理論有彈性的彈性彈性係數需求彈性供給彈性禁運 ; 禁止出口雇員雇主就業

15 endogenous variable endowment Engel curve Engel s coefficient Engel s law entertainment s tax entrepreneur entrepreneurship entry barriers envelope curve environmental resources equation of exchange equilibrium equilibrium income equilibrium price equity Essay on the Principle of population European common market European economic community European monetary institute European monetary union European union ex ante ex post excess burden 內生變數稟賦恩格爾曲線恩格爾係數恩格爾法則娛樂稅企業家企業家精神 ; 企業家才能進入障礙包絡曲線環境資源交易方程式均衡均衡所得均衡價格公平人口論歐洲共同市場歐洲經濟共同體歐洲貨幣基金會歐洲貨幣同盟歐洲聯盟事前事後超額負擔

16 excess capacity excess demand excess profits excess reserve excess supply exchange exchange control Exchange Fund exchange market exchange rate exchange rate system exchange value excise duty exclusive execution lag exhaustive expenditures exogenous variable expansionary fiscal policy expansionary monetary policy expected rate of inflation expected rate of return expected value expenditure approach explicit costs export 超額能量超額需求超額利潤超額準備超額供給交易 ; 兌換外匯管制外匯基金外匯市場匯率匯率制度交換價值貨物稅排他的執行落後耗竭性支出外生變數擴張性財政政策擴張性的貨幣政策預期通貨膨脹率預期報酬率期望值支出面法外顯成本出口

17 export duty export subsidy exporting country exporting substitution extensive growth external benefits external costs external diseconomies external economies external effects externalities F F.O.B face value factor cost factor endowment factor income factor income approach factor market factor mobility factor payments approach fallacy of composition fallacy of division fallacy of false course 出口稅出口補貼出口國 ; 輸出國出口替代擴張性成長外部利益外部成本外部不經濟外部經濟外部效果外部性離岸價格面值生產要素成本要素稟賦要素所得要素所得法要素市場生產要素移動性要素支出法合成的繆誤分割的繆誤因果繆誤

18 Fascism favorable balance of payments favorable balance of trade favorable term of trade featherbedding feedback fiat money final products financial asset financial center financial depending financial dualism financial institution financial intermediation financial market financing firms first-degree price discrimination fiscal balance fiscal drag fiscal policy Fisher equation Fisher, Irving fixed asset fixed capital 法西斯主義國際收支順差貿易順差有利的貿易條件插花回饋強制貨弊最終產品金融資產金融中心金融深入金融雙元性金融機構金融中介金融市場融資廠商第一級差別取價財政平衡財政拖累財政政策費雪方程式費雪固定資產固定資本

19 fixed cost fixed deposit fixed exchange rate system fixed factors fixed investment floating exchange rate flow foreign currency foreign exchange foreign exchange control foreign exchange dumping foreign exchange market foreign exchange rate foreign exchange reserve foreign trade form utility forward exchange market franchise franchised monopoly free economy free entry and exit free goods free market economy free mobility frictional unemployment 固定成本定期存款固定匯率制度固定生產要素固定投資變動匯制度流量外幣外匯外匯管制匯兌傾銷外匯市場匯率外匯存底對外貿易形式效用期貨外匯市場專利權專利壟斷自由經濟自由進出自由財自由市場經濟自由流動磨擦性失業

20 英 文 中 文 Friedman, Milton 傅利德曼 fringe benefit 勞工福利 full employment 充分就業 fundamental psychological law 基本心理法則 future goods 未來財 futures contract 期貨合約 futures market 期貨市場 G gamble 賭博 game theory 賽局理論 ( 遊戲理論 ) general equilibrium 全面均衡 Giffen goods 季芬財 Gini coefficient( Gini s concentration coefficient) 吉尼 ( 集中 ) 係數 GDP deflator 國內生產毛額平減指數 GNP deflator 國民生產毛額平減指數 going value 存續價值 gold standard 金本位 good market 黃金市場 goods 財貨 goodwill 商譽 government 政府干預 government consumption expenditure 政府消費支出 government failure 政府失靈

21 英 文 中 文 government policy 政府政策 government regulation 政府法規 ; 政府管制 government revenue 政府收入 government subsidy 政府補貼 gray market 灰色市場 ; 被操縱的市 場 Great Depression 經濟大恐慌 Gresham s Law 格萊興法則 gross domestic capital formation 國內資本形成毛額 Gross domestic product 國內生產毛額 gross fixed capital formation 固定資本形成毛額 gross investment 毛投資 gross national pollution 國民污染毛額 Gross national product (GNP) 國民生產毛額 growth 成長 growth distortion 成長的扭曲 the General Theory of Employment, 就業利息與貨幣一般理 Interest and Money 論 H Harrod-Domar model 合羅 - 多瑪模型 heavy industry 重工業 hedging 沖銷 ; 拋補 heterogeneous goods 異質產品 Hicks, john 希克斯

22 hidden actions hidden characteristics High-powered money historical cost homogeneous goods households human capital human wants hyperinflation I idle money impact lag imperfect competition imperfect information implicit costs implicit price index import import imported inflation import quotas import restriction import substitution import tariff importing country incentive 藏匿的行為藏匿的特定強力貨幣歷史成本 ; 既往成本同質產品家計 ; 家戶人力成本人類慾望惡性的通貨膨脹閒置貨幣效驗上的落後不完全競爭資訊不完全隱藏成本隱性的物價指數進口輸入型通貨膨脹進口限額進口限制進口替代進口關稅進口國 ; 輸入國誘因 ; 激勵

23 incidence of taxation income income approach income consumption curve income distribution income effect income elasticity income policy income redistribution income tax income theory income velocity of circulation of money increasing cost industry increasing marginal opportunity increasing returns increasing returns to scale independent goods index indexing indifference curve indirect tax individual demand induced consumption induced expenditure 租稅的轉嫁所得所得面法所得消費曲線所得分配所得效果所得彈性所得政策所得重分配所得稅所得理論貨幣的所得流通速度成本遞增的產業邊際機會成本遞增報酬遞增規模報酬遞增 (IRS) 獨立品指數指數化 ; 編制指數無異曲線間接稅個別需求誘發性消費誘發性支出

24 inductive method inductive taxation industrial diversification industrial promotion industrialization industry inelastic inequality measures infant industry inferior goods inflation inflationary finance inflationary gap information cost infrastructure injection in-kind transfer innovation input input-output ration installment insurance integration intellectual property interest 歸納法誘發性租稅工業多元化工業促進工業化產業無彈性的不均度幼稚工業劣等財通貨膨脹貨幣融通膨脹缺口訊息成本基礎建設挹注實物移轉創新投入投入 - 產出比率分期付款保險整合 ; 合併智慧財產權利息

25 interest groups interest rate interior solution intermediate economics intermediate finance intermediate goods intermediate monetary fund intermediate products intermediate range intermediate settlement account intermediate substitution effect intermediate trade internalization international division of labor intertemporal model intertemporal substitution effect intertemporal trade-off inventory investment investment multiplier invisible hand involuntary unemployment IS curve isocost Isoquant 利益團體利率內解國際經濟學國際金融中間產品國際貨幣基金 (IMF) 中間財中間區域國際清償帳國際替代效果國際貿易內部化國際分工跨期模型跨期替代效果跨期的抉擇存貨投資投資乘數一隻看不見的手非自願性失業 IS 曲線等成本線等產量曲線

26 J Jaw boning J-curve effect joint product K Keynes Keynesian range Keynesian revolution Keynesian School kinked demand curve KMT enterprises Knight, Frank Kuznets, Simon L labor (labour) labor force labor intensive labor intensive industry labor market labor participation rate labor productivity labor supply curve labor union Lack of mobility 下巴骨政策 J 曲線效果聯產品凱因斯凱因斯區域凱因斯革命凱因斯學派拗折的需求曲線黨營事業奈特顧志耐勞動勞動力勞動密集勞力密集產業勞動市場勞動參與率勞動生產力勞動供給曲線工會缺乏移動性

27 Laffer curve lagging indicators laissez-faire land law if diminishing returns law of comparative advantage law of demand law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution law of diminishing marginal returns law of diminishing marginal utility law of increasing cost law of indifference law of supply law of variable proportions leading indicators leakage least cost combination legal reserve legal reserve requirement ratio legal tender lender of last resort letter of credit 拉佛曲線落後指標自由放任土地報酬遞減法則比較利益法則需求法則邊際替代率遞減法則邊際技術替代率遞減法則邊際報酬遞減法則邊際效用遞減法則成本遞增法則一物一價法則供給法則可變比率法則領先指標漏損最小成本組合法定準備法定準備比率無限法償最後貸款者信用狀

28 英 文 中 文 liability 負債 life cycle hypothesis 生命週期假說 life-time budget constraint 終生預算限制式 liquidate 變現 ; 清算 liquidity 流動性 liquidity preference 流動性偏好 liquidity trap 流動陷阱 LM curve LM 曲線 loan 貸款 loanable fund theory 可貸資金說 long-run 長期 long-run average cost curve 長期平均成本函數 Lorenz curve 洛侖士曲線 Lucas, Robert E, Jr. 盧卡斯 lump-sum tax 定額稅 luxury goods 奢侈品 M Macroeconomic 總體經濟學 majority voting 多數決 make work rule 編造工作規則 manages floating exchange rate system 管理浮動匯率政策 marginal benefit 邊際利益 marginal borrowers 邊際借款者 marginal buyers 邊際購買者

29 英 文 中 文 marginal cost 邊際成本 marginal cost pricing 邊際成本定價法 marginal efficiency of capital 資本邊際效率 marginal efficiency of investment 投資的邊際效率 marginal external costs 邊際外部成本 marginal factor cost 邊際因素成本 marginal firm 邊際廠商 marginal product 邊際產量 marginal productivity theory of income distribution 邊際生產力所得分配理論 marginal propensity to consume 邊際消費傾向 marginal propensity to import 邊際進口傾向 marginal propensity to invest 邊際投資傾向 marginal propensity to save 邊際儲蓄傾向 marginal rate of substitution 邊際替代率 marginal rate of technical substitution 邊際技術替代率 marginal rate of transformation 邊際轉換率 marginal revenue 邊際收益 marginal revenue product 邊際生產收益 marginal tax rate 邊際稅率 marginal utility 邊際效用 market 市場 market economy 市場經濟 market equilibrium 市場均衡 market failure 市場失靈

30 market forces market mechanism market period market segmentation Market Socialism market structure market supply curve Market-Clearing Model Marshall Marshall-Lerner condition mass production means of deferred payment measure of economic welfare measure of value median voter model medium of exchange menu cost merger Microeconomics microfoundation of macroeconomics minimum level of subsistence minimum wage misery index mixed economy 市場力量市場機能市場期市場區隔市場社會主義市場結構市場供給線市場結清模型馬歇爾馬婁條件大量生產 ; 大規模生產延遲支付工具經濟福利的測度價值的衡量中位投票者模型交易的媒介菜單成本合併 ; 併購個體經濟學總體經濟理論的個體經濟基礎最低生活水準最低工資痛苦指數混合經濟

31 英 文 中 文 mobility 流動性 Monetarist 重貨幣學派 monetary policy 貨幣政策 Monetary vase 貨幣基數 money 貨幣 money illusion 貨幣幻覺 money income 貨幣所得 money market 貨幣市場 money multiplier 貨幣乘數 Money neutrality 貨幣中立性 money stock 貨幣存量 money supply 貨幣供給 money wage 貨幣工資 moneyness 貨幣性 monopolist 獨占者 monopolistic competition 獨占性競爭 monopoly 獨占 monopoly power 獨占力 monopsonist 獨買者 monopsony 獨買 moral suasion 道德勸服 mortgage 抵押 ( 權 ) multiple counting 重複計算 multiplier effect 乘數效果 mutual dependence 彼此牽制

32 N Nash equilibrium national debt National income National income accounting national income per capita nationalization natural barriers natural level of real output natural monopoly natural rate of unemployment natural resource near money necessities neoclassical neo-classical economic neo-classical economics neoclassical growth model neo-keynesian economic Net Economic Welfare net export net fixed capital formation net investment net national product (NNP) 納許均衡公債 ; 國債國民所得國民所得會計平均每人國民所得國有化自然障礙自然失業率下的實質產出自然獨占自然失業率自然資源近似貨幣必需品新古典學派新古典學派經濟學新古典學派經濟學新古典成長模型新凱因斯學派經濟學經濟福利淨額淨出口固定資本形成毛額淨投資國民生產淨額

33 net private benefit net social benefit net worth neutrality of money new classical economics New Economic Welfare new Keynesian economics newly industrialized countries no discrimination nominal income nominal interest rate nominal value nominal wage nonexclusive nonmarketed production non-price competition nonrival normal goods normal profits normal rate of unemployment normative O obsolescence occupation 淨私人利益淨社會利益淨值貨幣中立性新古典學派經濟學新經濟福利新凱因斯學派經濟學新興工業化國家無歧視名目所得名目利率票面利率名目工資無排他性未上市的生產活動非價格性競爭共享正常財正常利潤正常失業率規範的 ; 唯善的過時 ; 報廢職業

34 official reserve transaction account off-peak period Okun s law oligopoly OPEC open economy open shop open unemployment open-marker operations operating cost opportunity cost optimal allocation optimal plant optimal size (optimum scale) organization theory other things being equal ownership P paper money paradox of thrift paradox of value paradox of voting Pareto optimality partial equilibrium 官方準備交易帳離峰期歐肯法則寡占石油輸出國組織開發經濟公開廠公開性失業公開市場操作經營成本機會成本最適配置最適度工廠最適規模組織理論其他條件不變所有權紙幣節儉的矛盾價值的矛盾多數決的矛盾柏拉圖最適境界局部均衡

35 patent peak period peak-load pricing pegged exchange rate system per capita income per capita real national income perfect competition perfect information perfect price discrimination perfectly elastic demand perfectly inelastic supply permanent income perpetuity personal allowance personal income (PI) per-unit tax Phillips curve Pigou effect planned economy planned investment planned saving plant plastic money point elasticity point elasticity of demand 專利權尖峰期尖峰定價法釘住匯率制度 ( 平均 ) 每人所得平均每人實質所得完全競爭完全訊息完全價格歧視完全需求彈性供給完全無彈性恆常所得永續年金個人免稅額個人所得從量稅菲立浦曲線皮古效果計畫經濟計畫性投資計畫性儲蓄工廠塑膠貨幣點彈性需求點彈性

36 英 文 中 文 political rent seeking 政府租的追求 portfolio 投資組合 positive 唯真的 ; 實在的 ; 正值 的 positive economics 實證經濟學 post hoc fallacy 因果謬誤 potential competitiors 潛在競爭者 potential GNP 潛在國民生產毛額 P-Q relation 價量關係 precautionary motive 預防性動機 premium 保險金 ; 溢價 ; 升水 present goods 現在財貨 present value 現值 price 價格 price ceiling 價格上限 price consumption curve 價格消費曲線 price control 物價管制 price discrimination 差別取價 price elasticity 價格彈性 price floor 價格下限 price index 物價指數 price line 價格線 price mechanism 價格機能 price rigidity 價格僵固 ( 穩定 ) price system 價格制度

37 price taker price theory price war primary product prisoner s dilemma private benefits private cost private goods private marginal benefits private marginal costs private marginal welfare private property private property rights private total welfare privatization producers producers surplus product diversification product market Product-cycle theory production production factors production possibility curve productive efficiency productivity 價格接受者價格理論價格戰原產品囚犯的兩難私人利益私人成本私有財私人邊際利益私人邊際成本私人邊際福利私有財私有財產權私人總福利民營化生產者生產者剩餘產品多樣化產品市場產品週期理論生產生產要素生產可能曲線 (PPC) 生產效率生產力

38 profit motive profits profits maximization profits tax progressive tax propensity to consume propensity to import propensity to save property rights proportional tax proprietor protectionism protectionist policy pubic bads pubic policy Public Choice Theory public corporation public debt public decisions public enterprise public finance public goods public interest purchasing power purchasing power parity 謀利動機利潤追求利潤最大利潤稅累進稅消費傾向進口傾向儲蓄傾向財產權比例稅業主保護主義保護政策公害公共政策公共選擇理論公營的公司 ; 上市公司公債 ; 國債公共決策公營企業財政學 ; 公共財政公共財公眾利益購買力購買力平價說 (PPP)

39 pure flexible exchange rate system pure floating exchange rate system pure private goods pure public goods Q qualitative control quantitative control Quantity theory of money quasi money quasi rent quota R rate of return rate of time preference rational behaviour rational decision Rational expectations school rationing raw material reaction function real business cycles theory real income real interest rate real output 純粹機動匯率制度純粹浮動匯率制度純私有財純公共財質的控制量的控制貨幣數量學說準貨幣準租配額 ; 限額報酬率時間偏好率理性行為理性決定理性預期學派配給原料反應函數實質景氣循環理論實質所得實質利率實質產出

40 real wage real wealth of nations realized realized expenditure recession recessionary gap recognition lag rediscount rediscount rate redistribution of wealth reflection point regressive tax relative income relative price remittance rent replacement costs replacement demand requires reserve ratio research and development reservation price reserve reserve money reserve ratio reserves against deposits 實質工資實質國民財富實現的實際 ( 事後 ) 支出衰退衰退缺口認知落差重貼現重貼現率財富重分配轉折點累退稅相對所得相對價格匯款地租 ; 租金重置成本重置需求法定 ( 應提 ) 準備率研究與發展 (R&D) 保留價格發行準備準備貨幣準備率存款準備率

41 resource resource allocation resource utilization retail price index retailer returns to scale revaluation revealed preference Ricardo rights of resources allocation risk risk aversion risk diversification risk neutrality risk preference risk premium rival Roman law roundabout production royalty Rules rather than discretion rules v.s discretion S sales maximization 資源資源配置資源利用零售物價指數零售商規模報酬升值 ; 重估顯示性偏好李嘉圖經濟決策點風險風險趨避性風險分散風險中立性風險偏好性風險貼水獨享羅馬法迂迴生產權利金 ; 版稅法則勝於權衡權衡與法則追求銷售額最大

42 sales tax savings deposit Say s law scale scarcity Schumpeter science of choice seasonal fluctuation seasonal unemployment selective credit control self-interest self-sufficient services share shareholder shoe-leather cost shortage short-down point short-run short-run aggregate production function short-run production function short-run supply curve short-term loan silver standard 銷售稅儲蓄存款賽伊法則規模稀少熊彼得選擇性科學季節性波動季節性失業選擇性的信用管制自利心自給自足勞務股份 ; 份額股東皮鞋成本短缺歇業點短期短期總生產函數短期生產函數短期供給線短期貸款銀本位制度

43 simple consumption function Simple Keynesian model slope Smith, Adam social benefit social cost social indicator social indifference curve social security social welfare social welfare indicators Solow, Robert M. specialization specific tax speculation speculative demand for money speculative motive spill over effects stability stable equilibrium Stagflation stagnation standard of deferred payment static efficiency sterilization 簡單消費函數簡單凱因斯模型斜率亞當. 史密斯社會利益社會成本社會指標社會無異曲線社會安全社會福利社會福利指標梭羅專業化從量稅投機投機性貨幣需求投機性動機外溢效果穩定穩定的均衡停滯性通貨膨漲停滯遞延支付的標準靜態效率沖銷政策

44 sticky price stock stock exchange stock market store of value structural unemployment subsidy substitutes substitution effect sunk cost supply supply creates its own demand supply shocks supply-side economics supply-side inflation surplus surplus budget T take-off take-over tariff tax allowance tax avoidance 價格僵化股票 ; 存量證券交易所 ; 股票交易所證券市場 ; 股票市場價值的儲藏結構性失業補貼替代品替代效果套牢成本 ; 沈沒成本供給供給創造它本身的需求供給面的震撼供給面經濟學供給面的通貨膨脹過剩盈餘預算起飛接管關稅免稅額避稅

45 tax base tax burden tax evasion tax exemption tax incidence tax multiplier tax rate tax revenue tax shifting tax yield terms of trade third-degree price discrimination time deposit time preference to each according to his contribution to each according to his needs to each equally token money total cost total cost of factor total fixed cost total product total revenue total spending total utility 稅基租稅負擔逃稅免稅稅的轉嫁與負擔租稅乘數稅率稅收租稅轉嫁課稅收入貿易條件第三級差別取價定期存款時問偏好各取所值各取所需各取等份代幣總成本要素總成本總固定成本總產量總收益總支出總效用

46 英 文 中 文 total variable cost 總變動成本 tourism 旅遊業 trade barrier 貿易障礙 trade deficit 貿易逆差 Trade Department 國貿局 trade promotion 貿易促進 trade restriction 貿易限制 trade surplus 貿易順差 trade-off 抵換 ; 抉擇 ; 取捨 ; 選 擇 trading partner 貿易伙伴 transaction cost 交易成本 transaction velocity of circulation of money 貿易的交易流通速度 transactions motive 交易性動機 transfer payments 移轉性支付 transitional unemployment 過渡性失業 transmission mechanism 傳遞機能 treasury bills 國庫卷 trust 托拉斯 two-part tariff 兩段式定價 U unanticipated inflation 沒有預料到的通貨膨脹 uncertainty 不確定性

47 underground economy unearned surplus unemployment unemployment benefits unemployment insurance unemployment rate unexpected inflation unfavourable balance of trade unfavourable terms of trade ungavourable balance union shop unit tax unitary elastic demand unity of account use value utility utility maximization Utopia V value of marginal product value-added variable cost variable factors veblen goods 地下經濟不勞而獲失業失業救濟金失業保險失業率預期外的通貨膨脹貿易逆差不利的貿易條件逆差工會廠從量稅單一需求彈性計算的單位使用價值效用效用極大烏托邦邊際產值附加價值變動成本變動生產要素炫耀性財貨

48 velocity of circulation velocity of money vertical integration very long-run vicious cycle of poverty volume of transaction voluntary export restraints voluntary unemployment W wage wage rate wage rigidity wage-push inflation wants warehouse ware-price freeze wealth distribution Wealth of Nations weighting Welfare Economics welfare states wholesale price index (WPI) wholesaling withdrawal 流通速度貨幣的流通速度垂直整合極長期貧窮的惡性循環交易量出口自動設限自願性失業工資工資率工資僵固性工資推動型通貨膨脹慾望倉庫凍結工資 - 物價財富分配國富論加權福利經濟學福利國家躉售物價指數批發收回 ; 退出 ; 提款

49 work-force working to rule World Trade organization(wto) XYZ X-inefficiency yield zero elasticity Zero-base budgeting Zero-sun game 工作人口照章行事世界貿易組織 X- 無效率產量 ; 收益零彈性零基預算零和局