Microsoft PowerPoint - WM_Introduction2016.pptx

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1 Introduction to Warehouse Management 郭幸民國立高雄第一科技大學 1 What is Warehouse Management? 介紹各類型倉儲設施的功能介紹倉儲所使用的硬體設備分析其成本與用途介紹倉儲的各項作業內容分析如何減少錯誤並提高效率不同於存貨管理不討論如何決定適當的存貨量不討論如何以更低的存貨達到更高的服務水準不同於零售管理不討論商品陳列不涉及店面行銷 2 1

htm 參考書籍 Edward Frazelle 高效能倉儲物流管理出版社 : 麥格羅希爾 McGraw Hill 3 授課大綱 Week 1 Week 2 Week

2 教科書 Gwynne Richards Warehouse Management, 2nd Edition www2.nkfust.edu.tw/~smguo/teaching/warehousing.htm 參考書籍 Edward Frazelle 高效能倉儲物流管理出版社 : 麥格羅希爾 McGraw Hill 3 授課大綱 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3~4 Week 5~6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Chapter 1 課程簡介倉儲功能 Chapter 3 進貨與入庫 Chapter 10 儲存與搬運設備 Chapter 4 5 揀貨作業與設備 Chapter 6 揀貨作業改善 Chapter 7 其他倉儲作業 Midterm 4 2

3 授課大綱 Week 10 補充教材 : 低溫倉儲 Week 11 倉儲設施參觀 ( 暫定 ) Week 12~13 Chapter 9 動線與空間規劃 Week 14 Chapter 8 WMS 與資訊應用 Week 15 Chapter 15~16 安全與環保 Week 16~17 Chapter 12~13 成本與績效衡量 Week 18 Final Exam 5 成績計算 HW/Reports 20% Tests 20% Midterm 30% Final Exam 30% 助教 : 陳培真報告抄襲者全組成績以零分計算考試作弊者依學務規章處理, 學期成績並以壹分記錄加分以出席聽課與參與討論為依據 6 3

Chapter 1 The Role of the Warehouse To better match supply with demand 百貨公司與家庭都需要倉儲功能 To consolidate product 集散貨物以節省運費 To postpone product differentiation 工廠與夜市小吃都需要延遲生產 Pricing and Labeling

4 Chapter 1 The Role of the Warehouse To better match supply with demand 百貨公司與家庭都需要倉儲功能 To consolidate product 集散貨物以節省運費 To postpone product differentiation 工廠與夜市小吃都需要延遲生產 Pricing and Labeling 大宗貨物需要分裝與貼標 7 INTRODUCTION 過去 VS. 現在過去 1. Cost centres and rarely adding value. 沒有產值 2. As land and buildings were relatively cheap, the cost of holding significant quantities of raw materials and finished stock was seen as the norm and totally acceptable. 成本低 3. Stock visibility along the supply chain was limited and information flow was very slow 庫存可見度低 companies holding more stock than necessary. 8 4

歷史小典故舊約聖經記載埃及王接受約瑟夫的建議而興建糧倉, 儲放連續七年豐收的過剩糧食, 安然度過緊接而來的七年歉收洛陽的含嘉倉, 歷經隋唐北宋, 沿用 500 多年倉城東西長 612 米, 南北寬 710 米, 已探出倉窖 287 座隋朝選擇在洛陽儲備大量的糧食, 取決於洛陽的優越地理位置和交通便利倉窖為大口小底缸形窖, 口徑 10~18 米, 深 7~12 米, 窖底用火烘乾,

5 歷史小典故舊約聖經記載埃及王接受約瑟夫的建議而興建糧倉, 儲放連續七年豐收的過剩糧食, 安然度過緊接而來的七年歉收洛陽的含嘉倉, 歷經隋唐北宋, 沿用 500 多年倉城東西長 612 米, 南北寬 710 米, 已探出倉窖 287 座隋朝選擇在洛陽儲備大量的糧食, 取決於洛陽的優越地理位置和交通便利倉窖為大口小底缸形窖, 口徑 10~18 米, 深 7~12 米, 窖底用火烘乾, 周壁和窯底鋪設草木板糠席等物, 然後儲糧, 糧上面鋪席, 堆糠和墊草, 最後用土密封以刻字磚記載倉窖位置儲糧來源入窖年月以及授領官員的職務姓名等 9 INTRODUCTION 過去 VS. 現在 ( 續 ) 現在 1. Avital link within today s supply chains. 供應鏈的關鍵連結 2. Expensive land, buildings, labour and energy costs. 成本上升 10 5

6 INTRODUCTION 過去 VS. 現在 ( 續 ) 3. Competitive differentiation, profitable growth 競爭優勢 (greater volatility, constrained capacity, evolving regulations, major shifts in customer demographics and buying patterns, and increasingly demanding customer and supplier requirements) 4. 倉儲的供應鏈角色 Delivering the right product in the right quantity warehouse picking and despatching products accurately. Delivering to the right customer at the right place, on time requires the product to be labelled correctly and loaded onto the right vehicle with sufficient time. 11 INTRODUCTION 過去 VS. 現在 ( 續 ) 5. just in time (JIT), efficient consumer response (ECR) and quick response (QR) more warehouses and postponement 6. retailers took partial control of their supply chains and began to build national and regional distribution centres. warehouses moving towards larger, multi temperature sites 12 6

7 TYPES OF WAREHOUSE OPERATION 1. Raw materials storage : Ex. plastics, precious metals, sand, aggregates 2. Finished goods storage : ready for sale, they provide a buffer or safety stock for companies, enabling them to build up stock in preparation for new product launches, expected increases in demand and to deal with seasonality. wkwc7s 13 TYPES OF WAREHOUSE OPERATION( 續 ) 3. Intermediate, postponement, customization or sub assembly facilities store products temporarily at different stages in production. 在製品 customize products before final delivery to the customer. 待客製化 specific packaging or labelling being changed or added. 需包裝或貼標 computer assembly to include different graphics cards, memory chips, software, etc. product bundling for promotional activity. 促銷包裝或贈品 country specific items being added such as electrical plugs. 區域化 14 7

8 TYPES OF WAREHOUSE OPERATION( 續 ) 4. Consolidation centres and transit warehouses : These differ from cross dock centres in that product can remain in the centre for a period of time awaiting call off from the final destination. 物流中心 5. Transhipment or break bulk centres : large quan es manageable quantities 分裝 15 TYPES OF WAREHOUSE OPERATION( 續 ) 6. Cross dock centres: 越庫作業適用商品 :perishable items,fruit and vegetables, meat and fish, which need to be moved quickly through the supply chain. 限制條件 :Cross docking requires deliveries into these centres to be already labelled and ready for onward delivery. Here the items are identified and consolidated with other deliveries, ready for despatch. 目標 :Items should remain in the warehouse for as short a time as possible. Same day receipt and despatch is the target. 執行障礙 :Including warehouse management systems support, quality control systems, reliability and cooperation of suppliers and carriers, warehouse design and uncertain demand. 16 8

TYPES OF WAREHOUSE OPERATION( 續 ) 7. Sortation centres : letter, parcel and pallet distribution companies 分類轉運 8. Fulfilment centres : 服務個別消費者的訂單履行中心 https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=u7auefdh2wq 9.

9 TYPES OF WAREHOUSE OPERATION( 續 ) 7. Sortation centres : letter, parcel and pallet distribution companies 分類轉運 8. Fulfilment centres : 服務個別消費者的訂單履行中心 watch?v=u7auefdh2wq 9. Reverse logistics centres : Either repaired, recycled, repackaged or disposed of. 逆物流 10. Public sector warehousing 公共倉 17 這些企業需要哪種倉儲服務? 訂單履行中心如何達成 6 小時配送? 物流中心 : 常溫低溫出版品進料 : 第三方物流零組件倉儲出貨 : 成品倉儲 18 9

10 WHY DO WE HOLD STOCK? 1. Uncertain and erratic demand patterns 應付需求變化 2. Trade off between transport and shipping costs, justifying larger shipments 節省運費 The ability to move product in large quantities tends to attract lower costs per unit. The trade-off here is between the cost of storing additional units compared with the higher cost of transport for smaller, groupage-type deliveries. 3. Discounts via bulk buying 量大折扣 The possibility of reducing the unit rate through buying in greater quantities 4. Distance between manufacturer and the end consumer 距離考量 19 WHY DO WE HOLD STOCK? ( 續 ) 5. Cover for production shutdowns 提前生產 shut down for vacations, machine maintenance and stock counts 6. Ability to increase production runs 生產成本考量 Changing or adjusting production lines in order to accommodate changes in models, colour, design features, etc is expensive. The longer the production run, the lower the cost per unit to produce. 7. To manage seasonal production 供應的季節性 20 10

11 WHY DO WE HOLD STOCK? ( 續 ) 8. High seasonality 需求的季節性 summer,winter or a specific date in the calendar 21 WHY DO WE HOLD STOCK? ( 續 ) 22 11

12 WHY DO WE HOLD STOCK? ( 續 ) 9. Spare parts storage 備用零件 To ensure an uninterrupted production line operation, manufacturers need to hold stock of spare parts just in case an item becomes defective. 10. Work in progress storage (WIP) 在製品 part build products in anticipation of orders 11. Investment stocks 投資用途 A number of products can increase in value the longer they are held in storage. Ex. fine wines and spirits, cigars, precious metals and stones, antiques and fine art. 12. Document storage 文件保存 Ex. correspondence, invoices, accounts, evidence storage and patient records by the emergency services, etc. 23 倉儲作業流程物流中心訂單履行中心 24 12

13 倉儲基層作業項目物流中心訂單履行中心進貨 (receiving): 驗收規格品質數量 ( 退貨作業 ) 預先包裝 (kitting): 重新分裝組合以利儲存或後續使用入庫 (putaway): 儲位確認物料搬運儲存 (storage): 庫存盤點 (counting) 揀貨 (picking): 儲位確認物料搬運 Movie: lativ 重新包裝 (repackaging) 與定價 : 附加價值服務倉庫分類 (sortation) 與集中 ( 組合 assembly): 合併揀取的品項依訂單分類分區揀取的品項依訂單集中單位包裝與出貨 (shipping): 以個別客戶為單位進行包裝以免散落確認出貨清單與相關文件 25 WAREHOUSE LOCATION Factors that need to be taken into account when deciding on a warehouse location: cost of land, rent and rates 土地成本 access to transport networks 運輸 availability of affordable skilled labour 人力 transport links for staff 交通 availability of funding, grants, etc 優惠 availability of existing buildings 現成設施 availability and cost of utilities including telecoms 水電 availability of finance and resources 資金 goods traffic flows 交通狀況 proximity to ports and airports 機場海港 location of suppliers and manufacturing points 供應商地點 the potential neighbours (eg proximity to oil storage depots can be a negative factor). 周圍環境 26 13

WAREHOUSE LOCATION ( 續 ) 27 NUMBER OF WAREHOUSES There is an ongoing debate as to whether companies are going to increase or reduce the number of warehouse operated within the supply chain.

14 WAREHOUSE LOCATION ( 續 ) 27 NUMBER OF WAREHOUSES There is an ongoing debate as to whether companies are going to increase or reduce the number of warehouse operated within the supply chain. 數目多寡 The increasing cost of fuel, a move towards near shoring and a requirement to be nearer the customer could see the number of local warehouses and distribution centres increasing with cross dock operations being favoured by more companies. 成本與服務的取捨 28 14

NUMBER OF WAREHOUSES ( 續 ) 29 亞馬遜 (Amazon) 正加速興建倉庫,

和沃爾瑪等業者正設法讓產品以最快的速度交貨, 使亞馬遜執行長貝佐斯承受巨大壓力亞馬遜興建倉庫的策略有推升成本

15 NUMBER OF WAREHOUSES ( 續 ) 29 亞馬遜 (Amazon) 正加速興建倉庫, 凸顯在來自 ebay 和沃爾瑪 (Wal Mart) 的競爭加劇之際, 把產品更快交到顧客手上的迫切性彭博資訊報導, 亞馬遜 2010 年起已砸下近 139 億美元在美國興建 50 座新倉庫, 金額比該公司成立至今花在倉庫的費用總和還高截至去年底亞馬遜在美國已有 89 座倉庫, 今年將再蓋五座 ebay 和沃爾瑪等業者正設法讓產品以最快的速度交貨, 使亞馬遜執行長貝佐斯承受巨大壓力亞馬遜興建倉庫的策略有推升成本壓縮利潤的風險, 配送支出已成為亞馬遜最大的營運支出, 每年以逾 40% 的速度增加 (2013) 2016: 全美 165, 全球

16 SUPPLY CHAIN TRENDS AFFECTING WAREHOUSES 1. 電子商務 B2B 與 B2C 蓬勃發展 2. 在競爭環境中, 零售商與製造商尋找降低成本, 倉儲作業往高效能與高成本效益目標前進 3. 零庫存倉庫 ( 不以倉庫儲存的形式存在, 而是處於周轉狀態 ) 轉運中心集貨中心越庫作業增加 4. 為了更靠近進出貨港口, 而增加以港口為中心的倉庫 5. 手機 DVD 撥放器電腦的體積縮小, 由網路來獲取影音商品的蓬勃發展, 減少了對上述商品的儲存空間需求 6. 環保意識與法規, 倉庫使用再生能源 ( 如 : 太陽能或風力發電 ) 31 THE GROWTH OF E-FULFILMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE WAREHOUSE ( 續 ) According to Forrester (2013) online retail sales in the United States in 2013 will reach $262 billion a rise of 13 per cent over 2012 s $231 billion representing 8 per cent of the total retail market and will reach $370 billion by Internet retailing is still in its infancy and there are no signs of this rapid growth slowing. 網路購物的成長 32 16

17 THE GROWTH OF E-FULFILMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE WAREHOUSE ( 續 ) 網路訂單履行中心 (e-fulfilment warehouse) 所面臨的挑戰 : 1. 訂單類型與數量易受季節性影響 2. 經常性處理低價值或單一品項的訂單內容, 但須付出與處理高價值品項相同的人力成本與設備, 在處理低價值品項所得到的邊際效益遠低於高價值品項 3. 須滿足顧客對於訂單的準確性與準時性 4. 商品種類增加造成揀貨空間不足, 尤其是流通性低的商品處理逆物流 THE GROWTH OF E-FULFILMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE WAREHOUSE ( 續 ) Three types of fulfilment centre: 1. integrated fulfilment: 多元通路 internet sales are carried out alongside existing retail operations. 2. dedicated fulfilment: 專屬的網購物流中心 carry out in a purpose built facility. 3. store fulfilment: 到店取貨 involve picking online orders from existing retail shelves for separate delivery ex store

FASHION LOGISTICS With large and fast changing product ranges, as well as dramatic seasonal fluctuations, the fashion industry has demanding logistics requirements.

18 FASHION LOGISTICS With large and fast changing product ranges, as well as dramatic seasonal fluctuations, the fashion industry has demanding logistics requirements. 流行期短季節變化 Fashion products are either boxed or travel as hanging garments. This mix of items requires different handling capabilities and ensuring that expensive items of clothing are not creased or crushed in transit. 35 SPECIALIZED WAREHOUSING 1. Customs warehousing 同保稅倉庫 (bonded warehouse), 為海關核准存放保稅貨物的專用倉庫根據國際通行的保稅制度, 入境存保稅倉的貨物可暫時免納進口稅 2. Refrigerated warehouses 為延長食品的新鮮度與保存期限, 對低溫倉庫的需求大增使產品維持在一定低溫環境下是關鍵因素對專業人員的招募訓練與災害復原計畫為冷鏈核心要求 36 18

19 法國Provenance in Bond保稅倉佔地14,500平方公尺可儲存600萬瓶葡萄酒提供從溫度濕度紫外線防震的存放管理以至於紅外線保全保險存取運送轉售服務客戶可透過網路查看存貨清單溫濕度報表發送存取貨指令運送全程的溫度變化狀況 37 不再是陰暗封閉的鐵皮倉庫 38 19

20 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 1. 倉庫不再只是單純用來儲存, 更是用來進行轉運越庫作業執行延遲策略的場所 2. 控制供應鏈的權力從原本的製造商轉移到零售商, 零售商趨向將庫存管理的責任推給上游的供應商, 增加供應商對於預測準確性與獲取即時資訊能力的要求 3. 電子商務明顯改變了原本倉儲管理的作業形式 39 20

Microsoft PowerPoint - WM_Introduction2017.pptx

Microsoft PowerPoint - WM_Introduction2017.pptx Introduction to Warehouse Management 郭幸民國立高雄第一科技大學 1 Warehouse Management 介紹各類型倉儲設施的功能介紹倉儲所使用的硬體設備分析其用途與效益介紹倉儲的各項作業內容分析如何減少錯誤並提高效率不同於存貨管理不討論如何決定適當的存貨量不討論如何以更低的存貨達到更高的服務水準不同於物流管理不討論供應商不涉及運輸配送