Ecological Sanitation in developping countries

Transcription

1 Ecological sanitation course, Norway August 2005 Biogas Sanitation Systems Heinz-Peter Mang Loop Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing

2 he "Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAAE), founded in 1979, is China s leading institution in agricultural engineering scientific research, technical promotion and construction engineering. The Academy works independent but on behalf of the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. Its tasks include formulate development strategies, technology consultancy and advisory services, develop technical productive ideas, all in order to strengthen the Chinese technical ability and the Chinese national and world market competition. Based on the recommendations of the Chinese National Scientific Congress in 1978 to strengthen the agricultural engineering as part of the agricultural research and his application in the framework of a socialist market economy system, the Central State Committee agreed to establish a "China Agricultural Engineering Research and Design Institute, nowadays called CAAE.

3 The CAAE key domains are: 1. Establishment of plans and support to the management in the sector of agricultural development, infrastructure and construction 2. Research, training and promotion of agricultural technologies and engineering. The specific areas organised in six departments are: 1. Consultation on agricultural plans and projects; 2. Sensitive monitoring on crops and on agricultural resources, statistics and situation of agricultural production, and agricultural disaster evaluation; 3. Research, promotion and project management concerning sustainable energy supply, environmental protection, ecological agriculture and ecological construction (carried out by the Institute for Energy and Environmental Protection); 4. Research on agro-processing technologies, promotion and technical support; 5. Research on and implementation of technologies for agricultural facilities and livestock projects; 6. Design and project supervision for agro-industries and civil constructions.

4 Source control and reuse of treated waste (Ralf Otterpohl, Andrea Albold and Martin Oldenburg: Differentiating Management of Water Resources and Waste in Urban Area, 1. Basic prerequisite for sanitation systems that care for the survival of our mankind, future sanitation concepts should produce a rich organic fertilizer for agriculture rather than waste. 2. One person can produce as much fertilizer as necessary for the food needed for one person (Niemczynowicz, 1997). 3. However the cycles should not be too short (industrial/energy crops first) and appropriate treatment is necessary. 4. First priority of all possible concepts is the consideration of hygienic aspects - alternative concepts can and should be better solutions in this respect, too. 5. As one of many technical solutions separated black water can be treated anaerobically in biogas plants. 6. The combination with the digestion of organic household wastes results in a mixture that is suitable for this process. 7. Separation of different qualities and their respective appropriate treatment for reuse is common in industry and is fundamental for new concepts.

5 Separation of substances substances urine (yellowwater) faeces (brownwater) greywater (shower, washing, etc.) rainwater organic waste treatment hygienisation by storage or drying anaerobic digestion, drying, composting constructed wetlands, gardening, wastewater ponds, biol. treatment, membranetechnology filtration, biological treatment composting, anaerobic digestion utilisation liquid or dry fertiliser biogas, soil improvement irrigation, groundwaterrecharge or direct reuse water supply, groundwaterrecharge soil improvement, biogas

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8 Pilot-Projekt Berliner Wasserbetriebe Schwerkraft-Trenntoilette Vakuum-Trenntoilette Betriebs- Wohngebäudgebäude Urin Fäkalien Fäkalien Grauwasser Grauwasser Urin Urintank Membranbiologie Vakuumanlage Dünger Vorklärung Abfluss Biomüll Dünger Kompostseparator Biogas Dünger (nach Kompostierung) Bodenfilter Biogasanlage Vorklärung Urintank Dünger bewachsener Bodenfilter 1 Abfluss bewachsener Bodenfilter 2

9 In principle, all organic materials can ferment or be digested: faeces from cattle, pigs and possibly from poultry and humans, organic waste, energy crops, and organic loaded wastewater. The maximum of gas-production from a given amount of raw material depends on the type of substrate.

10 Products put into the digester are composed mainly of carbohydrates with some lipids and proteins. The digestion has three main stages. The first, hydrolysis, involves breaking down the large macromolecules to sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids by bacteria under aerobic conditions. The second stage is acetogenesis, during which acetogenic bacteria convert sugars into short-chain acids, mainly acetic acid. The third stage is methanogenesis, which is carried out by anaerobic bacteria. Here, the acids are converted into methane. anaerobic digestion for treatment of organic material

11 Benefits from biogas (1) Through the fermentation process biogas with high energy content is produced and can be converted into electricity and heat in cogeneration plants or is used directly for cooking, lighting, heating or cooling. The blackwater from an extremely low flush toilet resembles pig slurry very much, in terms of nutrient content, water content, and organic material.

12 Benefits from biogas (2)

13 Smell reduction through digestion Geruchsminderung in Abhängigkeit von der Verweilzeit 250 p-kresol relative Konzentration in Prozent Ethyl-Phenol Indol Skatol Iso-Buttersäure Verweilzeit in Tagen

14 Diets higher in protein and lower in fibre, resulting in higher biogas production values!!! Biogas potential If the daily amount of available dung (fresh weight) is known, gas production per day will approximately correspond to the following minimum values: 1 kg cattle dung 40 litre biogas 1 kg buffalo dung 30 litre biogas 1 kg pig dung 60 litre biogas 1 kg chicken droppings 70 litre biogas 1 kg human excrements 60 litres biogas If the live weight of all animals whose dung is put into the biogas plant is known, the daily gas production will correspond approximately to the following values: cattle, buffalo and chicken: 1,5 litres biogas per day per 1 kg live weight

15 No GHG mitigation by composting! 1. Composting of feaces and biowaste is ambivalent. Composting (aerobic storage) of feaces can reduce CH4 emissions but will increase N2O by a factor of 10. In CO2 equivalents there is no change. 2. Composting is not recommended as a Climate Emission Gas mitigation option (Bates 2001) 1. But controlled anaerobic digestion of feaces, manure and biowaste combined with biogas production is a most promising option for GHG mitigation (Jarvis & Pain 1994) 2. 1) Bates J (2001): Economic Evaluation of Emission Reductions of Nitrous Oxides and Methane in Agriculture in the EU. Contribution to a Study for DG Environment, European Commission by Ecosys Energy and Environment, AEA Technology Environment and National Technical University of Athens. 2) Institute Jarvis of Energy SC and Environmental Pain BF (1994): Protection Gaseous (IEEP) emissions from an intensive dairy farming system. Center Proceedings for Energy and of Environmental the IPCC Protection AFOS Workshop. Technology Development Canberra, (CEEPTD/MoA) Australia.

16 Fossil energy substitution The use of biomass as a substitute for fossil fuel represents a high potential for the avoidance of GHG emissions. One opportunity is associated with the processing of faeces or brown water, by which means biogas is obtained. The latter produces energy and at the same time reduces tradable methane 1) The Clean Development emissions Mechanism 1. (CDM) is a compensation mechanism. It allows industrial countries to obtain emission reduction credits with emission reduction projects in developing countries. The credits are called Certified Emission Reductions (CER). An Annex I country invests in a Non-Annex I Country and cooperates with private or public institutions. The accounting of such reduction credits starts retroactively from the year 2000 onward.

17 Amount cooked Time (min) Gas (L) 1 L water L water g rice g rice g pulses Equipment Household burners Industrial burners Refrigerator 100 L depending on outside temperature Gas lamp, equiv. to 60 W bulb Biogas/diesel engine per bhp Amount of biogas L/h L/h L/h L/h 420 L/h 700 g pulses Generation 1kwh electricity biogas/diesel or gas engines L/h 1 m3 Biogas (approx. 6 kwh/m3) is equivalent to: biogas as energy Diesel, Kerosene (approx. 12 kwh/kg) 0.5 kg Wood (approx. 4.5 kwh/kg) 1.3 kg Cow dung (approx. 5 kwh/kg dry matter) 1.2 kg Plant residues (approx. 4.5 kwh/kg d.m.) 1.3 kg Hard coal (approx. 8.5 kwh/kg) 0.7 kg City gas (approx. 5.3 kwh/m3) 1.1 m3 Propane (approx. 25 kwh/m3) 0.24 m3 Sasse, India, 1988

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19 Manure Biofuels and conversion % dry matter Gas prod. Combust Black (brown) water Sludge Slaughter waste Wet organic waste / - + / / / - Energy in brown water per person per year kwh net, biogas energy output GTZ, 1997 and NLH, 2003 Diets higher in protein and lower in fibre, resulting in higher biogas production values!!!

20 economy 30 Profit on additional investment to facilitate use of biogas in relation to wastewater strength COD mg/l -15 Sasse, Otterpohl, Otterphol 1998

21 Biogas from brown water The concentration of nitrogen in the black water cold be so high, that the digestion process could be stopped. Ammonia from the urine will be transformed by enzymes in urea, carbon dioxide and ammoniac. Urea will be toxic to the bacteria (self-intoxification). This could be solved by solid/liquid separation (AQUATRON, filter bag, settler) or urine diversion toilet bowls and pans and only the solid part (faeces, sludge) are digested.

22 Biogas sanitation Human excreta from dry or low flush toilets and biodegradable organic fraction of household waste could enter a (domestic) anaerobic (wet or dry) digester to produce biogas. Biogas plant only regarded from an energy point of view, its better to have some animal manure or additional feed of organic waste. For biogas as a sanitation option it is more important to look for the sanitization of the incoming black-, brown-, or wastewater and organic wastes. Therefore the input material stays longer in the digester, and the retention time will be adopted with an optimum of sanitation degree and biogas production.

23 Anaerobic sanitization (BRTC, China 1985)

24 In-activation of several pathogens during anaerobic digestion of bio-waste with the BIOCEL process (ten Brummeler, 2000) Pathogen Type Inoculums (cfu/ g ) In digestion after 21 days (cfu days /g) % reduction Enterobacteriaceae Salmonella typhimurium Human and animal pathogenic bacteria (faecal contamination) Human and animal pathogenic bacterium (intestine infections) 1.6 X X 10 3 > X 10 7 <3 >99.99 Pseudomonas solanacearum Plant pathogenic bacterium (potato brown rot) Infected potatoes tissue (+/- 50 units total ) <1 >99.99 Fusarium oxysporum Plant pathogenic fungus (root disease) 8.4 X 10 4 biowaste <1 >99.99

25 Reduction of pathogens 1,00E+09 1,00E+08 Anlage: Laukenmann Temp.: 38 C VWZ.: 80 Tage Typ: Betonfermenter Datum: Juni 1993 Anzahl in KBE / g 1,00E+07 1,00E+06 1,00E+05 1,00E+04 1,00E+03 1,00E+02 1,00E+01 1,00E+00 93,75% 99,90% GKZ EBA GCF FCF FKS Keimart 99,98% 99,98% 99,70% Rohgülle Biogasgülle Messung durch Institut für Tierhygiene, Universität Hohenheim

26 Dispose of your waste water and save money doing it! SRC upbeat about biodigester septic tank technology By Petre Williams Observer staff reporter Sunday, May 02, 2004 In the 1970s when the Germans introduced biodigester septic tank (BST) technology - a moneysaving way to solve the acute waste water disposal practices in Jamaica - it was an idea whose time had not yet come. Three decades later, the state-run Scientific Research Council (SRC) is getting ready to embark on an aggressive promotion of its biodigester septic tank system, hoping to cash in on the many spin-off benefits. SRC executive director, Dr Audia Barnett, is enthusiastic about the technology: "You are treating your waste water. You are getting gas, which you can use for cooking. You are getting water you can use for irrigation and you are getting literally no waste," she told the Sunday Observer. "There's practically no (need for) maintenance. It's a system that my staff likes to call 'set it and forget it'. It's not like the septic tank that you have to be pumping every now and again," Barnett said. The SRC is reporting that there has been renewed interest in BSTs, as they are called. "We have seen a resurgence... of interest in our BSTs, both at the residential level and at the industrial level," said Barnett.

27 The sanitary biogas unit 1. main planning criteria are the expected sanitary conditions which depend on frequency of use, frequency of cleaning, and safe slurry disposal. 2. no handling of fresh human excrete; even accidental touch should be avoided 3. no access of flies to undigested excrete 4. no worms may escape from the pedestal 5. no bad odor and no indecent appearance 6. additional feeding with animal dung or kitchen waste is possible. 7. slurry should be used for fertilizing trees or shrubs but not vegetables. Toilets connected to a simple fixed dome biogas plant should be pedestals where a minimum of water is used for cleaning. Only dry and low flush toilets are suitable for connection to biogas plants of less than 30 m3 digester volume because of the danger of diluting the slurry and thus reducing the retention time. The toilet chamber is connected to a vent pipe which passes the roof. It is placed outside, not shaded, and is painted black as to heat up for Center for Energy and Environmental Protection better Technology draft. Development (CEEPTD/MoA)

28 Components together Brown-, black-, greywater connected Other organic feeding material, dry toilet. Gas taken to the house Irrigation by gravity Methane producing organisms produce gas Root Treatment System Storage for irrigation water H 2 0 could be pumped or irrigate gravitationally Water flowing into the expansion canal, also constructed/combined as fixed film filter Sketch of biodigester replacing a septic tank. Wastewater as well as kitchen and garden waste enter the digester and are broken down to biogas and fertile water. The advantages: No more emptying of septic tank. Reuse of all water in the garden. Less cost on cooking energy.

29 LESOTHO TED-BIOGAS Household biogas system Communal biogas plant Pictures: I.Jurga

30 LESOTHO ecosan pilot project TED, supported by GTZ/DED Pilot demonstration of neighborhood centered waterborne closed loop system 1 st step (2002): small bore sewer grid for 8 houses, a biogas-septic tank unit, upflow filter based on recycled plastic bottles, wetland, 800m² vegetable and fruit garden, two household connections for the biogas as full cooking energy source 2 nd step (2003): field tests of black, greywater and urine separation

31 Running cost (-) or benefits (+) in Maluti per year (4 person household) Conventional septic tank Biodigester septic tank +400 Cheap pit latrine - 50 Sophisticated double vault VIP latrines Ecosan toilet with urine separation, utilizing compost and urine +200 Minimum urine separation set up, utilizing urine only + 30

32 Retention time Under plug flow conditions - without post-treatment in wetlands or polishing ponds - the usual treatment of faecal sludge, properly applied by 1. anaerobic psyrophilic fermentation (above 10 C and retention times of at least 100 days), 2. mesophile digestion (above 30 C with retention times of at least 50 days) or 3. thermophile digestion temperature (above 55 C and about 10 days retention time), can be considered as sufficient. (volume ratio: 10:5:1)

33 inlet septic tank longitudinal section outlet decentralised ecosan biogas - systems baffled septic tank inlet provision for gas release principal longitudinal section outlet settler baffled reactor inlet anaerobic filter septic tank gas release anaerobic filter outlet horizontal filter (constructed wetland) longitudinal section plantation, preferably phragmites inlet outlet rizomes

34 MCK plus+++ community system The MCK plus ++ community sanitation system provides facilities such as bathrooms, toilets, laundry cleaning and consists of an integrated community water point for provision of drinking water. In addition The MCK plus ++ consists of an integrated underground wastewater treatment unit which is based on the DEWATS (Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System) technology, which is based on anaerobic biological processes and functions without external energy inputs The advantages of this system are: Low maintenance cost, no hi-tech equipment/movable parts required Wastewater pollution reduced by up to 90 %, therefore reducing surface-water pollution Ground water is not polluted, the construction of the waste water treatment plant is waterproof and airtight Biogas production, provides energy for household cooking needs Long de-sludging intervals, de-sludging required every 2-3 years only Due to these advantages MCK plus ++ is an ideal community sanitation solution for densely populated urban low income settlements where toilets and bathrooms are not available in private household.

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36 BIOGAS DIGESTER Brick construction, fully water-proof and airtight plastering Functions as settler for black water Biogas produced consumed by households Connected to Baffle Reactor BAFFLED REACTOR Simple and long lasting structure, efficient but low-cost wastewater treatment plant Underground construction below toilets/ bathrooms Based on anaerobic up-flow principles BOD reduction up to 90 %

37 BATHROOM & TOILET Long lasting, easy to maintain features Fully tiled wall and floor Modular design UNIT MCK plus ++ The innovative sanitation concept consists of toilets, bathrooms, facilities for laundry cleaning and an integrated wastewater treatment system MCK locations are landscaped and have street access

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39 Total Investatment per Unit : Rp ,- Monthly gross income through fees : Rp ,- Operation and maintenance costs : On-site staff : Rp ,- Electricity : Rp ,- Cleaner : Rp ,- Social Development Contribution : Rp ,- to Communty Self-Help groups Total operational cost and maintenance / month : Rp ,- RESULTS A fee of Rp. 200,- must be paid by users MCK is operated and service by full-time staff on-site 1. 7 MCK plus ++ built for 7 low income communities in Tangerang, consisting of 44 toilets and 34 bathrooms. 2. Sanitation facilities cover needs of 2000 persons 3. About 235 m3 domestic waste water treated every day 4. Households use biogas for cooking. 5. Permanent employment created in 7 MCK plus ++

40 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de Comparing on 5 Models 五种模式的工艺比较 Chinese-German Cooperation Project 中德合作项目 Enhancing reuse options in DEWATS-projects through ecosan-approaches 通过生态卫生方法提升生活污水分散厌氧处理系统的资源回用

41 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de Area 1: Table 1. Characteristic of domestic wastewater 表 1. 生活污水水质 Type of wastewater 污水种类 Brown water 粪 + 冲洗水 Black water 粪 + 尿 + 冲洗水 Kitchen wastewater ( 厨房污水 ) : Washing wastewater ( 洗衣污水 沐浴污水 ) 1 :1 Grey + Brown Domestic wastewater 混合污水 Quantity 水量 (L/p.d) COD (mg/l) BOD 5 (mg/l) NH 3 -N (mg/l)

42 Area 2: Tab. 1 Characteristic of domestic wastewater 生活污水水质测试结果 BIOMA / BRTC Project Team Sample 样品 Feces 粪 Urine 尿 ph SS(mg/l) COD (mg/l) BOD 5 (mg/l) NH 3 -N- (mg/l) TN(mg/l) Black water 厕所出水 Grey water 厨房出水 DEWATS (Influent) 净化池进水 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg TP(mg/l) 938mg/kg K(mg/kg) E. coli. (No. /ml) No /g

43 BIOMA / BRTC Project Team Model 1: Existing Layout: DEWATS-Wenjiang Wenjiang Brown 褐 Yellow 黄 Grey 灰 Wastewater 废水 Mixing 混合 Digestor 沼气池 Filter 滤池 Posttreatment 后处理 Discharge 模式 1: 已有的生活污水分散厌氧处理系统

44 BIOMA / BRTC Project Team Model 2: Grey, brown and yellow water separation with biogas (flush toilet) eparate 分类 ollection 收集 Brown 褐 Yellow 黄 Grey 灰 Wastewater 废水 Yellow 黄 Fertilizer 肥料 Brown 褐 Grey 灰 Filter 滤池 Posttreatment 后处理 Discharge 排放 Digestor 沼气池 Fertilizer/soil impro 肥料 / 土壤改良剂 模式 2: 灰水 褐水 黄水全分离产沼气 ( 水冲厕所 )

45 BIOMA / BRTC Project Team Model 3: Grey, faeces and urine separation (dry toilet) eparate 分类 ollection 收集 Brown 褐 Yellow 黄 Grey 灰 Wastewater 废水 Yellow 黄 Fertilizer 肥料 Brown 褐 Grey 灰 Filter 滤池 Posttreatment 后处理 Discharge 排放 Composting 堆肥 Fertilizer/soil impro 肥料 / 土壤改良剂 模式 3: 灰水 褐水 黄水全分离产 ( 旱厕 )

46 BIOMA / BRTC Project Team Model 4: Grey and brown & separating urine with biogas Separate 分类 Collection 收集 Brown 褐 Yellow 黄 Grey 灰 Wastewater 废水 Yellow 黄 Fertilizer 肥料 Brown 褐 Grey 灰 Digestor 沼气池 Filter 滤池 Posttreatment 后处理 Discharge 排放 模式 4: 褐水和灰水与黄水分离产沼气

47 模式 5: 灰水与黑水分离 BIOMA / BRTC Project Team Model 5: Grey and blackwater separate Separate 分类 Collection 收集 Brown 褐 Yellow 黄 Grey 灰 Wastewater 废水 Grey 灰 Posttreatment 后处理 Filter 滤池 Discharge 排放 Brown 褐 Yellow 黄 Digestor 沼气池 Fertilizer 肥料

48 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de 2.1 Base of process design ( 工艺设计依据 ) Quantity and characteristic of feces and urine Feces ( 粪 ): 0.3kg/p.d ( 0.15L/p.d) Urine ( 尿 ): 1.4L/p.d Daily domestic wastewater of each person ( 单位生活污水量 ): 80 L/p.d Population ( 人口 ):106 households( 户 ),400 person ( 人 ) Total quantity of domestic wastewater ( 生活污水总量 ): 32m 3 /d

49 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de Loading of process design Organic Loading of digestor and filter 厌氧消化池, 滤池有机负荷 : 0.25kgCOD/m 3.d;

50 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de Organic Loading of constructed wetland 人工湿地有机负荷 :100kgBOD 5 /10 4 m 2.d; Ammonia nitrogen Loading of constructed wetland 人工湿地氨氮负荷 :20kgNH 3 -N/10 4 m 2.d; Composting HRT of feces 粪堆肥周期 :20 天 ; Store time of urine 尿贮存时间 :10 天

51 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de Requirement of treatment The treated wastewater must meet <Integrated wastewater discharge standard> (GB ) No.1, viz. : 处理出水均达到中华人民共和国 污水综合排放标准 (GB ) 的一级标准, 即 :

52 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de COD 100mg/L BOD 5 20mg/L SS 70mg/L ph 6~9 Oil 动植物油 10mg/L NH 3- -N 15mg/L Color 色度 50 times 倍 PO P 0.5mg/L

53 BIOMA / BRTC Results Project Team Table 2. Volumes of DEWATS for different separations Type 类型 Mode 1 (WW) Mode 2 (Br/U/G/OF) Mode 3 (duds/g/of) Mode 4 (Br+G/U) Mode 5 (Bl/G/OF) Digester 消化池 (m 3 ) Filter 滤池 (m 3 ) Constructed wetland 人工湿地 (m 2 ) Store tank for Urine 尿液贮存桶 (m 3 ) Composting tank 堆肥仓 (m 3 )

54 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de Tab.2 Nutrients and load of main components of domestic wastewater 表 2 生活污水中主要成分的污染负荷粪 + 尿 Sample Kitchen Feces 粪 Urine 尿 Feces+ discharge 厨样品 Urine 房出水 N 8.8% 83.6% 92.3% 3.7% Washing wastewater 洗涤用水 3.9% P 10.5% 66.5% 77.0% 11.6% K 12.8% 66.5% 79.3% 15.3% 11.3% 5.4% 总养分 (N+P+K) 9.7% 79% 88.7% 6.6% 4.7% COD 19.7% 25.6% 45.3% 51.2% 3.5%

55 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de 7.60% N 氮 8.80% 83.60% Feces 粪 Urine 尿 Grey water 灰水 Fig 3. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to nitrogen 生活污水不同部分对氮的贡献

56 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de 22.90% P 磷 10.50% 66.50% Feces 粪 Urine 尿 Grey water 灰水 Fig 3. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to phosphorus 生活污水不同部分对磷的贡献

57 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de 20.70% K 钾 12.80% 66.50% Feces 粪 Urine 尿 Grey water 灰水 Fig 3. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to kalium 生活污水不同部分对钾的贡献

58 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de 11.30% N+P+K 氮 磷 钾 9.70% 79.00% Feces 粪 Urine 尿 Grey water 灰水 Fig 4. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to N,P,K 生活污水不同部分对总养分 (N P K) 的贡献

59 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de COD 化学需氧量 19.70% 54.70% 25.60% Feces 粪 Urine 尿 Grey water 灰水 Fig 5. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to COD 生活污水不同部分对 COD 的贡献

60 BIOMA / BRTC -Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de Removal rate (%) COD BOD Brown water Yellow water Black water Grey water Dewats influent COD BOD5 Fig 6. The removal of COD and BOD 5 during the anaerobic fermentation 厌氧发酵过程中生活污水不同部分 COD 和 BOD 5 的去除

61 BIOMA / BRTC Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de ml Biogas/ mgcodremoval Brown Yellow Black Grey Dewats_influent Fig. 10 Potential biogas production of different part of domestic wastewater 生活污水不同部分的产沼气潜力

62 BIOMA / BRTC Project Team Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China Ecosan-China@gtz.de Biogas 沼气 18.90% 64.80% 16.30% Feces 粪 Urine 尿 Grey water 灰水 Fig 11. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to Biogas production 生活污水不同部分对沼气产生的贡献

63 Integrated farm biogas

64 Recycling on householdlevel: Biogas production from cattle dung and toilet waste Use of energy and nutrient content ecosan-example in Dhapasi, Nepal Wastewater from Toilets Dung from cattle Small biogas reactor Center for Energy and Environmental for Protection 1 household Technology Development (CEEPTD/MoA) Use of biogas for cooking Use of slurry for garden fertilizing

65 With the help of the Community Development Carbon Fund - CDCF, The Netherlands Development Agency, the KfW of Germany, and the Nepali governmental Alternative Energy Promotion Center, the project aims to disseminate and install high-quality biogas plants using farm manure and toilet black water at a reasonable price and will bring fuel for cooking and lighting right into the rural household. Under the coordination of the Biogas Support Program, about 60,000 of these plants will be installed over 21 years, and will reach more remote and poor areas of the hills. The project will generate a total of 1.8 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent during the first crediting period of 7 years, starting delivery in The sources of emission reductions are from manure and blackwater treatment and the displacement of use of chemical fertilizer and fossil fuel. The CDCF expects to purchase a minimum of 1,429,000 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent for a 10-year crediting period. Potential employment will add more than 150,000 person-years for skilled people in the construction, maintenance, and marketing of biogas. The use of biogas means negligible smoke,hence better family health. Moreover, the

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67 toilette connection to a Biodigester (a) toilet floor; (b) highest and (c) lowest slurry level; (1) inlet pipe; (2) bottom rim of inlet pipe ; (3) inlet piece always above highest slurry level; (4) feeding chamber; (5) Slope (6) down pipe; (7) vent pipe.

68 Chinese Four in one model eco-greenhouse (Dong Renjie. The Study on Eco-Greenhouse Environment. China Agricultural University [Ph D Thesis], 1998) Pig Toilet Biogas Vegetable combined with Greenhouse Production more than 160,000 times in peri-urban areas of Megacities in Northern China Use of nutrients, organics, energy and carbondioxyde

69 CHINA Ministry of of Agriculture Household biogas systems 11 Mio units System also in Nepal, India, Vietnam... Pictures: WCEF, chinabiogas, I. Jurga

70 Biogas toilets in China and Ghana Biogas toilet plants

71 ECOSAN System Household waste Transport Chopping mixing Biowaste Brownwater (faeces ) Greywater (shower, washing) Rainwater Yellowwater (urine ) Agricultural residues (manure, slurry) Flooding Percolation D r y f e r m e n t a t i o n Intermediate Storage Loading Methanisation Composting Biogas cleaning Feeding in gas grid Biogas upgrading Biogas utilisation Cogeneration Vehicle fuel Direct burning Cooking Lighting Cooling Heating Energy crops, grass from Landscape maintenance (grass, maize, beets) Urine Storage Transport Spreading Electrical energy Thermal energy Agriculture Agriculture Gardening Gardening

72 Co-fermentation in farm biogas (Germany) It should by a two step system! Mesophile with pre- or post-treatment of the effluent (70 C; 1 h)

73 Co-fermentation in farm biogas Thermophilic conditions with at least 55 C; 24 h and retention time of 20 days Conditions: one temperatur measurment every day, automatically registered

74 co-fermentation impacts (Germany) 100 l per person per day. faeces, urine, organic household waste, bio-degradable residues from washing/cleaning (no medicine!). 150 Euro per year additional income by electricity selling economy of 1,500 Euro/person for sewage network investment. no need for a separate on-site wastewater treatment plant. wastewater from machinery/car washing should be connected to a fuel & grease flotation/decantation system and a collection tank!

75 Mengenbilanz Einwohergleichwert Anzahl 5 Abwasseraufkommen l/tag/einw. Rindergülle häusliches Abwasser Summe 150 Abwasseraufkommen m 3 /Tag 0,75 Kühe Stück 100 Gülleaufkommen l/tag/kuh 50 Gülleaufkommen m3/tag 5,0 Frischsubstanz m3/a relativer Anteil 87 % 13 % Trockensubstanzgehalt 10 % 1,35 % Trockensubstanz TS t/a relativer Anteil 97 % 3 % N-Gehalt 4,1 % 5,5 % N kg/a Maximum nach DüngeVO kg/ha Flächenbedarf ha 44 1,3 45,3

76 Waldmichelbacher Hof

77 Overview of farm size Location: Bavaria, Germany Farm of 200 ha, 170 ha grazing land and fruit trees, 30 ha fodder crops 280 hornless cattle and 20 horses (LSU) Restaurant with 250 seats Slaughterhouse processing one cattle per week Four families (14 persons) live and work on/from the farm & restaurant

78 Wastewater management options in 1991 Starting point: New slaughterhouse; no public sewer Option 1: On-site wastewater treatment plant Option 2: Pipe to closest sewer (2.5 km) Option 3: Ecosan-biogas plant Option 3 was selected based on practical considerations and cost

79 Overview of ecosanbiogas process Aim of the closed-loop ecological sanitation biogas concept was to improve the financial return of farm and restaurant, based on a sustainable reuse of nutrients and water Sewage of the farmhouses and restaurant together with animal manure, organic waste from kitchen, slaughterhouse and destillery are sanitised (anaerobic digestion) Fertiliser, heat and electricity is produced

80 Concept design components Low flush toilets for all buildings Wastewater storage tank of 100 m 3 (gravity flow 2,500 m 3 /year) Manure collection and mixing channel under the cattle shed Heated, insulated and fully mixed anaerobic digester with 280 m 3 volume (40-44 C) Anaerobic storage digester with 1500 m 3 Two combined heat and power generator sets with 37 kw (electricity) and 74 kw (thermal energy / heat) each

81 Concept schematic of closed-loop DM Farmland Fertiliser ( digested manure ) DM Anaerobic digester (heated) BG Biogas Ecosan- Biogas Plant W BG W F OSW Fodder Collection channel: Manure and ww storage tank effluent Cogeneration plant Barn and stable (in winter) Cattle Horses ww storage tank H + E F W W E W E Slaughterhouse Meat M Restaurant, shop, distillery W Households Electricity exported to the grid H + E

82 Cattle shed, showing gaps in floor for manure transfer to collection channel (under the shed)

83 Anaerobic digester no. 1 (insulated, heated, mixed & covered)

84 Gas bladder of anaerobic digester no. 2 (not heated, not mixed)

85

86 Milestones 1991: Consulting, planning and design 1993: Construction 1994: Start-up 1995: First optimisation : Ongoing improvements of the system

87 Key results Total investment costs of 200,000 Annual savings in operating costs: 20,000 /year for not needing to purchase fertiliser 23,400 /year due to electricity produced on-site (more than 50% of the electricity demand covered) Heat for all residential houses and restaurant, and hot water (100% of total demand in summer, 20% in winter) 5,300 /year is the income from selling excess electricity to the grid Valuable liquid fertiliser (digested manure) produced from digestion process; non-odorous Sanitation of sewage by mesophilic digestion and long retention times

88 Lessons learnt Based on the experience gathered, a new design could be realised for 50% of the investment costs Recommended future work: Detailed nutrient balance over the agricultural land Detailed study on pathogen removal in anaerobic digesters Work towards streamlining legislation in Germany to encourage this type of reuse

89 example of an centralised ecosan system:

90 Slam från Trollhättan Biogasanläggning Arvidstorp RÖTKAMMARE nedbrytning utan syre GASKLOCKA Biogas = metan-koldioxid CH4 CO2 Slam från livsmedelsindustrin Gasledning Gasledning TANKNINGSSTATION på Tingvalla Gasdrivna bussar BIOGAS TROLLHÄTTAN Reningen tar bort koldioxiden från gasen

91 example of an community ecosan biogas system:

92

93 large scale biogas plants

94 solid waste fermentation biogas plants

95 Biogas-Network-Grid BIOGAS TROLLHÄTTAN

96 on-site sewage treatment with blackwater diversion. (Illustration: VERNA Ekologi & Miljökonsult)

97 Germany Expo 2000 Project: Lübeck-Flintenbreite Addition of Kitchen Waste Vacuum Sewerage System Central Technical Station & Biogas Plant Vacuum Toilet Rainwater soaked away in a trenches Grey Water Treatment in a Reed Bed Filter

98 GERMANY An integrated ecological sanitation concept within an eco-settlement for 350 people in Lübeck a comprehensive urban ecosan system Vacuum station, sanitization tank and biogas treatment plant for the collection and anaerobic treatment of black water and bio waste

99 Fuzzy Sanitation Problem Globalisation Mainstream Culture Security Poverty Public/national Private/local Development policies Formal Institutions Fuzzy problem Informal Institutions Priorities & interests Values Beliefs & Attitudes Public/local Ethnic group Communityspecific culture Private/personal Traditions

100 thanx