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丝肃键车
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3 Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, June 2012, 49: Manifestation of ling Efficacy: From Symbolic System to Social Coalition Jen-chieh TING Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica Abstract Although ling is a key concept for understanding Chinese folk religion, it suffers from a lack of theoretical analysis. That explains the motivation for this paper, which begins with a discussion of how social and supernatural worlds are defined and reproduced in Han patrilineal society. A structuralization principle considered inherent to the system may presuppose a manifestation of spiritual efficacy, resulting in analytical distinctions between two kinds of efficacy: mere and interactive. A secondary type may consider reciprocity between spiritual efficacy and receiver feedback. The secondary efficacy framework hints at the long-term link between spirit and collectivity, meaning that many collective processes may be connected to this kind of efficacy social construction. We also discuss the concept of doing efficacy as a means of understanding supply and feedback within the secondary efficacy process. It is hoped that this study contributes to the establishment of a useful framework for understanding links between the Han symbolic system and social mobilization. Keywords: efficacy, folk religion, coalition, reciprocity, structuralization

4 44 1 Chau 2006; Baity 1975; Feuchtwang 2001; Sangren

5 45 2 magic 16 Thomas transubstantiation 3 Tambiah 1990: Thomas 1971: 41 spell Tambiah 1990: 19 Tambiah 1990:

6 46 Valerie Hansen 1990: 11-12

7 47 4 Valerie Hansen 1990: Sangren 1987: 131 Sangren Sangren

8 Durkheim

9 49 Sangren 2000: : 80; Baity 1977: 75; Sangren 2000: 56-7 Baity 1977: 75 7 Sangren 2000: Sangren 2000: 57 authentication 7 Sangren 2000: 56-58

10 50 Sangren 1987: Sangren 1987: Feutchwang 2001: 84-9 mandate of people Ahern 1981: Feutchwang 2001: 89 Sangren 1987, 2000 Dumont 1980 the encompassing of the contrary Sangren : Sangren 2000: Sangren 1987:

11 51 Sangren 2000: 4 Sangren Baity 1975; Harrell 1979; Nadeau , 2001 David Jordan David Jordan Jordan 1972 Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors: the Folk Religion of a Taiwanese Village 2008 Jordan Jordan

14 54 exclusively inclusively 1 1

15 55 * 圖 1 以結構化與否與排他向與否兩個面向所定義出來的超自然世界的範疇 Baity 1977; Harrell 1979; Jordan 1972: Baity 1977

16 56 * a. b. c. 圖 2 不同超自然範疇之間的相對位置與相互移動關係 Baity Baity

17 Baity 1977: 75

18 :

19 : A 15 n.d A 16 n.d. p :

20 n.d

21 A

23 A a 22

26 Jordan 1972: Jordan

27 67 Jordan Little Maid 40 Jordan Jordan

28 Jordan Jordan

29 69

31 71 3

32 72 圖 3 兩個場域裡的結構化 28 28

34 A B B 2 1. ling of achieving A ascribed achieved 2. ling of legitimacy L 31

35 75 1. ling of transgressiveness T 1992: Sangren 2000: 102 T 1992: L 1997 T ling of bureaucratic rank R Wolf : Jordan 1972:

36 76 ling of the bureaucratic system S ling of inclusiveness I 2 A B Katz 2009: Sangren 2000: T L R S L I A L

37 ALTRSI 37 reciprocity 36 R S L R L S L I A L IAL 37

38 78 38 ALTRSI Reciprocity A B A B Reciprocity B A

39 79 I 40 ambiguous reciprocity Ra Ra 2 A normal reciprocity Rn Rn 2 B 40

40 80 B post-reciprocity Rp 41 ambiguous reciprocity Ra TA X normal reciprocity Rn LAR Y post-reciprocity Rp LASI Z 41 Rp Rp Rn Nadeau 1987: Nadeau Rp

41 81 X or Y or Z TA LAR LASI X Y Z X T Y R Z I Rn Rp 2002: Sangren 2000: Jordan 1972:

42 82 Sangren 2000: Gouldner 1960 Chau 2006: 66-68; Jordan 1972: Jordan 1972: Rn Rp Y Z

43 83 Rn Rp Rn Rp 1. communal hegemony Chau 2006: 69-72

44 Jordan 1972:

45 85 Rn Rp 2005 Reciprocity A B 44 A 44

46 86 Reciprocity A B A B B A A

47 Reciprocity A B Ra Rn Rp Ra Rp Rn Rn Ra Ra Rp Ra Rn Rp

48 ALTRSI 47

49 89

51 91 Feuchtwang 2001: Feuchtwang p Metaphoricity Metaphoricity Feuchtwang 2001: 15 Durkheim Mauss Feuchtwang 51

52 Levinson 1996: 123 Levinson 1996: Taylor 1871 Malinowski 1935, Feuchtwang 2001: 15 sacrifice and inspiration the Law of Similarity the Law of Contact Frazer 1890

53 93 Malinowski Evans-Pritchard 1937 Azande Evans-Pritchard Winkelman 1982 Stoller and Olkes 1987 Luhrmann 1989 Mauss [1902] 1972 Mauss [1902] 1972

55 95 Jordan 1972: 35-37

56 : :

57 :

58 : n.d :

59 : Ahern, Emily Martin, 1981, Chinese Ritual and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Baity, Philip, 1975, Religion in a Chinese Town. Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.: The Orient Cultural Service., 1977, The Ranking of gods in Chinese Folk Religion. Asian Folklore Studies. vol.36. Part 2: Chau, Adam Yuet, 2006, Miraculous Response: Doing Popular Religion in contemporary China. Standford, CA.: Stanford California Press. Dumont, Louis, 1980, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications. Rev. ed., tr. Mark Sainsbury. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 1937, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Goulner, A., 1960, The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement. American Sociological Review 25: Feuchtwang, Stephan, 2001, Popular religion in China: The imperial

60 100 metaphor. London: Curzon Press. Frazer, J. G., 1890, The Golden Bough. London: Macmillan. Hansen, Valerie, 1990, Changing Gods in Medieval china, Princeton: Princeton University Press Harrell, C. Steven, 1979, The Concept of Soul in Chinese Folk Religion. Journal of Asian Studies 38(3): Jordan, David K., 1972, Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors: the Folk Religion of a Taiwanese Village. Berkeley: University of California Press. Katz, Paul. R., 2009, Divine Justice: Religion and the Development of Chinese Legal Culture. New York: Routledge. Levinson, David, 1996, Religion: A Cross-cultural Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Luhrmann, T., 1989, Persuasions of the witch s Craft: Ritual Magic in Contemporary England. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Malinowski, B., 1935, Coral Gardens and their Magic. London: Allen & Unwin., 1948, Magic, Science and Religion. Glencoe: Free Press. Mauss, M., , A General Theory of Magic (trans. By R. Brain). London: Routledge. Nadeau, Randall L., 1987, Manifestations of Spiritual Efficacy (ling) in Taiwanese Temples. B.C. Asian Review 1: Sangren, P. Steven, 1987, History and Magical Power in a Chinese Community. Stanford, CA.: Stanford University., 2000, Chinese Sociologics: An Anthropological Account of the Role of

61 101 Alienation in Social Reproduction. New Brunswick, N.J.: The Athlone Press. Stoller, Paul and Cheryl Olkes, 1987, In Sorcery s Shadow: A Memoir of Apprenticeship Among the Songhay of Niger. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, 1990, Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality. New York: Cambridge University Press. Tylor, Edward, 1871, Primitive Culture. New York: J.P. Putnam s Sons. Thomas, Keith, 1971, Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Chalrles Scribner s Sons. Winkelman, M., 1982, Magic: A Theoretical Reassessment. Current Anthropology 23(1): Wolf, Arthur P., 1974b, Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors. Pp in Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society. edited by Arthur P. Wolf. Stanford University Press

2011/12 第一學期 (2011年9月1日至12月7日)

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