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1 年率利行率念來臨度理來臨了行理理行說論了年來論論不論立識念論不論率都易率論論了理異行說兩度論說理精論理說行度說率論論來行略數率理 2004 年 4 17 理讀論兩匿理立行 The legitimate foundations of e-government: the balance between efficiency responsibilities Yao-Chang Ku ABSTRACT The electronic government(e-government) refer to the concept that uses information and communication technologies(icts) to connect the government and citizen. The technologies should be used to promote the administrative efficiency, in one hand, to satisfy the need of citizen in another hand. The e-government concept emerges from the raise of information society and the favorite of rationality. For the raise of information society, the e-government has the technology feasibility; for the favorite of rationality, the multidimensions characters of rationality make the e-government complex. The technology feasibility of e-government has confirmed in many researches, however, there have some controversies for it s desirabilities and values. This main argument of this paper is that the e-government s ultimate end is to provide the legitimacy of democracy government. No matter how to describe the success of e-government, efficiency or responsibilities, the main goal is to pursuit the rationality of governing and government. The focus of e-government is the functions of complex environment and contigent conditions. Key words: e-government, legitimacy, efficiency, responsibility, rationalism Lecturer. Dep. of Public Affairs Management, Hsuan Chuang University. Ph. D. of Public Administration, National Cheng-Chi University. 1 2

2 利 ICTs 行率念來臨度理來臨了行理理行說論了年來論論不論立識念論不論率易率論論了理異行說兩度論說理論理說行度說率論論來行略數易 1 行不行理行了 Krammer: 1984 不理 DOT.COM 兩理異行行論理異異不 Perry & Krammer: 1983 Sayre 理不 Allison, 1979 理理 Murray, 1975 臨理異立論不說理說理論不說論異 1 裡不來不識類論參

3 Rainey, Backoff & Levine, 1976 來理異異不不了行了什行領什領什易見不不利 Collins, 2001 什了 2003 論不利利參 Jun, 1986: 利 3. 行降度利論不泥 4. 力了不論理論度降不 5. 利勵僚行便 6. 異理 ICTs 劣力量利理了利了理不論路 Internet 率降行不論理論行識 1990 臨 ICTs 靈丹說率 ICTs 率 ICTs 理數率 Krammer, 1984 數不率呂來臨不利行 5 6

4 力率便來行行不 2 利行力例 70 年力行 3 行 20 年力行年更力落理念更落便歷行 2002 立行理 4 行行了 2 catch-22 situation 若降僚若烈 84 3 行六療 1995 率落連行歷類 1960 年行理 Margetts, 2003 力理量例行說異率理 5 了路 ICTs 泥率 G2GG2BG2C 2003ICTs 率念了行行行量 Wilson 1887 年行來行 4 行理行理行率行 Parsons hierarchy 理不不理略 7 8

5 見 6 行 Rabin & Bowman, 1984 行行歷留行行 Goodnow, 1900 行年來不 Campbell & Peter, 1988 行度行論 Henry 念行 Henry, 行立行行行理行行 1970-? 行行理論不了理理率異不理率度不 1980 年契理浪了行紐蘭 Libertrianism 行浪 Kettle, 1995, 1998, 2000 行率降行年行 6 Wallance Sayre 1858 年 Svara, 1999: 念來說行留度行來念論參良念 ICTs 行率降力不浪 B. Clinton Al Gore National Performance Review, NPR 立 Gore, 1993 路 World Wide Web, WWW 便 G2C 了理行理省 Frederickson, 1997 行利理來利理不論 Waldo Minnowbrook1968 行 Marini, 1971 Wamsly Blacksburg Manifesto 行 Wamsly, 1996 理行連利行立落利行劣若率切行理念理了行行行理理行不行行行不見兩不 9 10

6 論理異度行論說理異行理論利理異不理靈丹更不易論不論樂 8 論不說 Margetts, 2003Lee & Perry, 2002 legitimacy 度行度兩不論行論理略 rightfulness 令令 authoritativebinding 力 8 樂類力理力量類來兩立類力量論兩論論參 Margetts, 2003: Webster, 1995 律論來理行念度行 Heywood,1997: p.193; 論 9 狀理力行易力行不力 10 論臨理復來類理 reason 類理更了理林理理 rationality debate 理什來理來理 Reason 理了理了理類理念理來不理林理 Rationality 念臨 9 力 Dahl 若 A B B 不 A B 力 A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something that B would not otherwise do.(dahl, 1957) 10 行異 zone of indifferencezone of acceptance Barnard, 1970: pp 念參 Barnard 論令若不見行理若令念 11 12

7 理念洛若理路理念理念來量不理立理 formal rationality 了契不歷不不理類理不不邏狀理理念了 Cartesian AnxietyBernstein, 1983:16-19 識類識 methodical doubt Cogito 不理論立不類識不理 rational foundation 流不理不理不了不了林理念理來不理理 reason 理 rationality 兩不不了兩異易理念念念理念列理 Weber, 1958:26 林都理理理不理例神理 rationalization 來理行理行理領都不理來理來理不理不若來異便理理說理理來理理理理念索更切理論論論理論理什理理說率 efficiencyeffectiveness 理率 do thing right works better and costs less 理 do the right thing 裡 13 14

8 了理論契論來 consent 理論論論論參論行不行理 Svara, 1999 行立行量理行率 DNA 行 Wilson 不 Wilson 行領領 a field of business 行領不 hurry and strife 數論領不行 administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics 行行行不 Wilson Bluntschli 說行律離 Bluntchli 行領行僚領 Wilson 行不 Wilson 行行不易來行行理不易行不易念不行不論行類兩不領了行不易若行連立念行念理論念不泥更了理行理更了行兩立理行行來率識行行理論行念行兩度說理不不行兩率行念念不論論論說力論參行率歷 ICTs 不數例理率 G2C 力 15 16

9 力理行利理類理力行行行 1960 年理 1980 年論略 Margetts, 2003 行 informatization 行 modernizationfrissen, 1995:8 路行料理理流識理 O Looney, 2002:24-26 率力索力量論理論行領行論不論論數量量理領論力年參 2000 論率不率理 organizational life cycles 度歷不不率不理讀 Quinn & Cameron1983:42 率了不率量 Quinn & Rohrbaugh: internal focusexternal focus 例 2. flexibilitycontrol 例 3. endsmeans 例率 Quinn & Cameron 理論率 models of effectiveness values 1. human relations model 2. open systems model 3. internal process model 4. 理 rational goal model Quinn & Cameron 不不邏 Quinn & Cameron 理論論論 Cameron, 1986 理了率行論力 1996 行率 17 18

10 了更例度論路 2003 度量便度論理李更論路力不行行率理理率理兩理什什理略說不量論浪理論參理說參 11 見參易 ICTs client 了 11 參識參參度不見落論參論行歷了臘歷匿復來理論了行數年來不識理利 agent cost 13 落數暴力 14 不易不 15 Kakabadse, Kakabadse, Kouzmin, 2003 不了契論立 concent 12 數數 13 利利 14 省論論參 Gutmann & Thompson, 不 adverse selection moral hazard 若不來行例車車不見了車 19 20

11 不論理論理論 obligation civil obedience 易見行來行論來 ICTs 路見 O Toole Jr., 1997 落參 ICTs 見不行落參 2003b 年論論 ICTs 落路論 2000 行北論落參行論論省 2003 了行率率靈丹 ICTs 理力理論復 16 度了不行了理易率行行劣行行樂兩索不論理不立行不行良了參見 Barzelay, 1992Bennis, 1993Osborne & Plastrik, 1997 行若不行連 Wildavsky, 1987 若行 Blacksburg Manifesto 行立數落切路行利路若不數落行利立不論數落降論參 2003a 21 22

12 86 若落 Lord Acton 力力 power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely 力不力行 check and balance 立度度了力度易行流度浪度了力流行力立力若力勒索里歷不論歷理論力不說力力理論不論行率理切立類類立理理行 Simon 類理不力了理 bounded rationality satisfied decisionsimon, 1997: 理論 ICTs 力力來拓來理易度行率降臨老 Margetts, 2003: 來不略略行力度更了惡利更什什 transparent belief trust 不說立了立暴力說落論力不立識立理說 idea speech situation 行 Habermas, 1984, 1987, Habermas Rawls 理不 Berlin Gray 來論識 overlapping concensus 理說 23 24

13 了不更易不不論 Dunn, 1994pp ; Fisher & Forester, 1993; Majone, 1989 良不論論降不 uncertainty 不降行不若降臨落行理識參不論行論來不 good government 不什論論論 21 切. 說福. 了數都弄不度便度論良不度不來度什理六更說來什力力力了便力什理論力便立便立理便理了理 18 切度不論略了力了力行落流裡流理論了度樂略不力行立 25 26

14 度度度了力了更行率更了論了理來陸了理異行說論說了論論論理念說行度論兩理立索不力度不論了度了理來索參李林劉隆 A. Heywood 1999 論北行年度北行 2001 理路北聯 2000 路行力量度落理論度 1990 行力量北行 2001 行北李 2001 省 21 WWW 行呂 2003 理路理理行北 2001 理論北聯 1996 理狀立論 1999 錄理論北 2003 省行行

15 2003 vs 行理行立路數省例路參北立 2001 行識論立行論 2000 WWW 行 a 數落 b 數錄 2003 數路論度行路行行林 1987 理北 2001 立理論行兩說理論數北立良 1998 行北 2003 路北理倫理北聯 2003 行論行 Allison, Jr., G. T Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects?, present in the Public Management Research Conference, Brookings Instution, Washington, D. C., November. Barnard, C. (1970).The Functions of the Executives. New York: The Free Press. Campbell, C. & G. Peters1988. The Politics/Administration Dichotomy: Death or Merely Change? Goverance, Vol.1, No.1, pp Chadwick, A Bring E-Democracy Back In. Social Science Computer Review. Vol.21, No.4(Winter 2003):pp Chan, Joseph2000. Legitimacy, Unanimity, and Perfectionism. Philosophy and Public Affairs,Vol.29, No.1,(Winter 2000): pp Coglianese, C Information Technology and Regulatory Policy: New Directions for Digital Government Research. Social Science Computer Review. Vol.22, No.1(Spring 2004):pp Collins, J Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap and Others Don t. New York: Curtis Brown Ltd. Dahl, R. A The Concept of Power, Behavioral Science, 1957, Vol.2, 29 30

16 pp Dawes, S. S., V. Gregg & P. Agouris2003. Digital Government Research: Investigations at the Crossroads of Social and Information Science. Social Science Computer Review. Vol.22, No.1(Spring 2004):pp Dunn, W. N Public Policy Analysis : An Introduction.2th ed Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall. Fischer, F. & J. Forester1993.The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. (eds.) London: UCL Press Limited. Freeman, S Deliberative Democracy: A Sympathetic Comment. Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol.29, No.4(Fall 2000):pp Goodin, Robert E Democratic Deliberation Within. Philosophy and Public Affairs,Vol.29, No.1,(Winter 2000): pp Goodnow, F. J Politics and Administration. NY: Macmillan. Gore, A From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government that Works Better & Costs Less. Washington, D. C.: USGPO. Gronlund, A Emerging Electronic Infrastructures. Social Science Computer Review, Vol.21, No.1(Spring 2003):55-72 Habermas, J The Theory of Communicative Action. Boston, Beacon Press Legitimation Crisis. Cambridge, UK, Polity Press The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere : an Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press. Henry, N Public Administration and Public Affairs(8 th ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-Hall, Inc Politics. London, Macmillan Press Ltd. Jun, J. S.1986.Public Administration: Design and Problem Solving. NY: Macmillan Publishing Company. Kakabadse, A., N. K. Kakabadse & A. Kouzmin Reinventing the Democratic Governance Project through Information Technology? A Growing Agenda for Debate. Public Administration Review. Vol.63, No.1(January/February 2003):pp Kampen, J. & K. Snijkers2003. E-Democracy: A Critical Evaluation of the Ultimate E-Dream. Social Science Computer Review. Vol.21, No.4(Winter 2003):pp Kettl, D. F. & J. J. DiIulio Jr.(ed.)1995.Inside the Reinvetion Machine: Appraising Governmental Reform. Washington,DC.: Brookings. Kettl, D. F Civil service reform : building a government that works. Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution Press The Global Pubic Management Revolution: A Report on the Transformation of Governance. Washington, DC.:Brookings. Kraemer, K. L.1989.Managing Information System: Change and Control in Organizational Computing. London: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Kraemer, K. L. & J. L. Perry1999. Innovation and Computing in the Public Sector: A Review of Research. Knowledge, technology, and Policy. Vol.12, No.1(Spring 1999):pp Macintosh, A., E. Robson, E. Smith & A. Whyte2003. Electronic Democracy and Young People. Social Science Computer Review, Vol.21, No.1(Spring 2003):

17 Margetts, H Electronic Government: A Revolution in Public Administratin? In B. G. Peter & J. Pierre (Ed.), Handbook of Public Administration.London:SAGE. Marini, F Toward a New Public Administration; the Minnowbrook Perspective. Scranton,, Chandler Pub. Co. Murray, M. A Comparing Public and Private Management: An Exploratory Essay, Public Administration Review, O Toole Jrl, L. J The Implications for Democracy in a Networked Bureaucratic World. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. Vol.7, No.3, pp O Looney, J. A.2002.Wiring Governments: Challenges and Possibilities for Public Managers. Lodon:Quorum Book. Perry, J. L. & K. L. Kraemer1983.Public Management: Public and Private Perspectives. California: Mayfield Publishing Company. Peter, B. G. & J. Pierre1998. Governance Without Government? Rethinking Public Administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. Vol.8, No.2, pp Quinn, R. E & K. Camern Organizational Life Cycles and Shifting Criteria of Effectiveness: Some Preliminary Evidence. Management Science. Vol.29, No.1, January, pp Rabin, J. & J. S. Bowman (Eds) 1984.Politics and Administration: Woodrow Wilson and American Public Administration. NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Rainey, H. G. & R. W. Backoff & C. H. Levine1976. Comparing Public and Roy, Jeffrey2003. Introduction: E-Government. Social Science Computer Review, Vol.21, No.1(Spring 2003):pp.3-5. Simon, H. A Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations(4 th ed). New York: The Free Press. Svara, J. H Dichotomy and Duality: Reconceptualizng the Relationship Between Policy and Administration in Council-Manager Cities, Public Administration Review, Vol.45, No.1, pp The Politics-Administration Dichotomy Models as Aberration. Public Administration Review, Vol.58, No.1, pp Complementarity of Politics and Administrtion as a Legitimate Alternative to the Dichotomy Model. Administration & Society, Vol.30, No.6: pp Yang, K Neoinstitutionalism and E-Government: Beyond Jane Fountain. Social Science Computer Review. Vol.21, No.4(Winter 2003):pp Wamsley, G. L. and J. F. Wolf 1996.Refounding Democratic Public Administration : Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges. Thousand Oaks, Calif., Sage Publications. Wilson, W The Study of Administration, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.2, June, pp Private Organizations, Public Administration Review, Rahm, D The Role of Information Technology in Building Public Administration Theory. Knowledge, technology, and Policy. Vol.12, No.1(Spring 1999):pp

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