μl50% 3 CarlZeissAx- ioscopea1 DIC PVS DIC Axiocam 400 Zeis- Axiocam saxiovisionv x 200x 500x polishreticularpattern po

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侵奈施
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1 KEY WORDS Grinding Stones Use-wear analysis Starch ABSTRACT A set of grinding stones a slab and an elongate handstone dating to the Cishan culture were unearthed at Niubiziwan Wuxiang county Shanxi province. We conducted use-wear and starch analyses on these tools in order to understand the subsistence economy of the Cishan culture in this region. The results show that these tools were used for processing several plants includingquercus sp. acorn Triticeae grasses Paniceae likely millet beans and snakegourd root. Of these plants millet may belong to domesticated forms while acorn and Triticeae grasses are wild. If these plant residues to some extent reflect ancient diet the Cishan culture people in the western side of the Taihang Mountains appear to have heavily relied on wild plants as staple food striation pitting PVS Polyvinylsiloxane

2 μl50% 3 CarlZeissAx- ioscopea1 DIC PVS DIC Axiocam 400 Zeis- Axiocam saxiovisionv x 200x 500x polishreticularpattern polishtopography striations V U pitting surfacemicro - topography ~ ml V

3 μm μm 1 2 R1 - P2 P3 U 3 4 R1 - P1 2. GS1 - P1 P2

4 GS1 - P1 P R1 - P2 P R1 - P

5 113 DIC 1 ~ 4. I 5 ~ 8. II 9 ~ 12. III IV V

6 μm 5 ~ 8 Agropyron III Paniceae 1. I Quercus I 32 35% + 9 ~ ~ μm 1 ~ ~ μm I Setaria sp. Panicum sp. Echinochloa sp. 1 Quercusviriabilis Q. liaotungensis 9 ~ ~ 4 2. II Triticeae II 25 27% 20-30μm X III 16 17% III

7 115 WXGS1-1 I II III IV V WXGS WXGS WXR WXR % 27% 17% 4% 2% 14% 100% 10% III 4. IV Trichosanthes kirilowii IV 4 4% ~ μm Trichosanthes kirilowii Isatis indigotica Stephania tetrandra IV V Vigna sp. 2 2% ~ μm

8 Quercus liaotungesis 5. Agropyron cristatum Setaria italica Panicum meliaceum 2 3. Quercus variabilis 6. Agropyron desertorum Setaria viridis Trichosanthes kirilowii Setaria fabri Vigna sp 9 ~ um 20 um 16. Echinochloa colonum 21 22

9 Agropyron Elymus Roegneria Vigna sp Vigna angularis ~ Liu Li Judith Field Richard Fullagar Sheahan Bestel Xiaolin Ma and Xingcan Chen. What did grinding stones grind New light on Early Neolithic subsistence economy in the Middle Yellow River Valley China J. Antiquity Liu Li Judith Field Richard Fullagar Chaohong Zhao Xing- can Chen and Jincheng Yu. stones from Donghulin north China J Scientce Dioscorea sp. 30 A functional analysis of grinding. Journal of Archaeological 3 Liu Li Judith Field Alison Weisskopf John Webb Leping Jiang Haiming Wang and Xingcan Chen. The exploitation of a- corn and rice in early Holocene Lower Yangzi River China J. Acta Anthropologica Sinica Tao Dawei Yan Wu Zhizhong Guo David V. Hill and Changsui Wang Starch grain analysis for groundstone tools from Neo-

10 118 lithic Baiyinchanghan site implications for their function in Northeast China J. Journal of Archaeological Science Zhang Xiaoyan Yang Licheng Shen Deke Xu and Quan Li J. Earliest domestication of common millet Panicum miliaceum in East Asia extended to years ago. Proceedings of the Na- 5 tional Academy of Sciences of the United States of America J. D J C Dubreuil Laure. Long - term trends in Natufian subsistence a use - wear analysis of ground stone tools J. Journal of Archaeological Sceince Fullagar Richard Residues and usewear C Archaeology in Practice A Student Guide to Archaeological Analyses edited by J. Balme and A. Paterson. Malden Blackwell Publishing p Hamon C.. Functional analysis of stone grinding and polishing tools from the earliest Neolithic of north - western Europe the earliest Neolithic of north - western Europe J. Journal of Archaeological Science Fullagar Richard. The role of silica in polish formation J. Journal of Archaeological Science Cane Scott. Australian Aboriginal seed grinding and its archaeological record a case study from the Western Desert C. Foraging and Farming The Evolution of Plant Exploitation edited by D. R. Harris and G. C. Hillman. London Unwin Hyman p Smith M. A. Seed gathering in inland Australia current evidence from seed - grinders on the antiquity of the ethnohistorical pattern of exploitation C. Foraging and Farming The Evolution of Plant Exploitation edited by D. R. Harris and G. C. Hillman. London Unwin Hyman p Field Judith Richard Cosgrove Richard Fullagar and Braddon Lance. Starch residues on grinding stones in private collections a study of morahs from the tropical rainforests of NE Queensland C. Archaeological science under a microscope studies in residue and ancient DNA analysis in honour of Thomas H. Loy edited by M. halam et al. Canberra ANU Press p Lu Houyuan Jianping Zhang Kam-biu Liu Naiqin Wu Yumei Li Kunshu Zhou Maolin Ye Tianyu Zhang Haijiang C M M Liu Li Wei Ge Sheahan Bestel Duncan Jones Jinming Shi Yanhua Song and Xingcan Chen. Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China evidence from grinding stones J. Journal of Archaeological Science Liu Li Wei Ge Sheahan Bestel Duncan Jones Jinming Shi Yanhua Song and Xingcan Chen. Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China evidence from grinding stones J. Journal of Archaeological Science Crawford Gary W. Anne Underhill Gyoung - Ah Lee Gary Feinman Linda Nicholas. J Summerhayes G. R. M. Leavesley A. Fairbairn H. Mandui J. Field A. Ford and R. Fullagar. Human adaptation and plant use in Highland New Guinea to years ago J. Science Loy Thomas H. Matthew Spriggs and Stephen Wickler. Direct evidence for human use of plants years ago starch residues on stone artefacts from the northern Solomon Islands J. Antiquity

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