扰通信 MC 协议模型为 : 图 认知无线电台天线配置. 信道分层将 30~88 MHz 的 58 MHz 频段分为两层 : 控制信道和业务信道 在控制信道上完成交会, 传输信息和控制信息 ; 在业务信道上进行话音 / 数据传输.. 控制信道将 30~88 MHz 的 58 MHz 频段按 0 MH

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1 203 年第 03 期, 第 46 卷通信技术 Vol.46,No.03,203 总第 255 期 Communications Technology No.255,Totally 基于阵列天线的认知抗干扰 MC 协议 孔得凯, 韩方景, 韩方剑, 刘伟 ( 国防科技大学电子科学与工程学院, 湖南长沙 40073) 摘要 应用认知无线电技术和阵列天线技术, 提出了一个军事通信中认知抗干扰通信的 MC 协议 把整个通信频段分为控制信道和业务信道两层信道, 并由控制信道支撑业务信道 每个通信终端装备一部感知天线和一部 4 元天线阵 4 元天线阵有两种工作方式 : 多天线独立方式和阵列天线方式 以多天线方式在控制信道完成交会, 以阵列天线方式定向发射或定向控制信息和业务信息 通过对交会算法研究和改进, 提出了多天线交会算法, 并验证了此算法性能非常优越 关键词 认知抗干扰 ; 分层信道 ; 频谱空穴 ; 定向天线 ; 自适应阵列天线 ; 交会 中图分类号 TN97 文献标识码 文章编号 (203) MC Protocol for Cognitive nti-jamming Communication with ntenna rray KONG De-kai, HN Fang-jing, HN Fang-jian, LIU Wei (College of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of National Defense Technology, Changsha Hunan 40073, China) bstract With the application of CR and antenna array techniques, a MC protocol for cognitive nti-jamming communication is proposed. In this protocol, the whole communication band is divided into two layers, namely the control channel layer and the traffic channel layer, and the traffic channel is supported by the control channel. Each communication terminal is equiped with a sensing antenna and a four-element antenna array. The four-element antenna array works in multi-antenna way or way at different stages of the communication. For the multi-antenna rendezvous, the array quorum-based system algorithm by K. ian and J. Park is studied, and thus multi-antenna rendezvous algorithm proposed. nalysis indicates that the proposed algorithm is of excellent performance. Key words cognitive anti-jamming; layered channel; spectrum hole; directional antenna; adaptive antenna array; Rendezvous 0 引言 整个 MC 协议以认知无线电的和交会技术为基础, 可以在敌方强干扰环境下, 发现频谱空穴, 然后在控制信道传输信息和控制信息, 由控制信息指定两个通信终端之间的业务信收稿日期 : 作者简介 : 孔得凯 (982-), 男, 工程师, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为军用无线电, 抗干扰通信, 认知无线电 ; 韩方景 (968-), 男, 副教授, 博士, 主要方向为军用无线通信, 通信抗干扰技术 ; 韩方剑 (978-), 男, 副教授, 博士, 主要方向为认知无线电, 通信抗干扰技术 ; 刘伟 (985-), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要方向为军用无线电, 抗干扰通信, 认知无线电 道, 实现频域的认知抗干扰 ; 并结合阵列天线的定向发射和定向技术, 利用定向通信能力实现抗干扰能力的提高 认知抗干扰通信的 MC 协议模型 设两个通信终端 和 的通信频段为 30~ 88 MHz, 敌方在这一频段实施了干扰 两端的认知无线电设备相同, 包括一部感知天线和一部 4 元的阵列天线 感知天线不间断地对频谱环境进行感知 [], 阵列天线用以交会和定向发射 / 接受控制信息和业务信息 天线的示意图如图 所示 以 两端的话音 / 数据通信为例, 认知抗干 9

2 扰通信 MC 协议模型为 : 图 认知无线电台天线配置. 信道分层将 30~88 MHz 的 58 MHz 频段分为两层 : 控制信道和业务信道 在控制信道上完成交会, 传输信息和控制信息 ; 在业务信道上进行话音 / 数据传输.. 控制信道将 30~88 MHz 的 58 MHz 频段按 0 MHz 划分为 6 个控制子信道 6 个子信道标号及对应频段如表 示 20 表 控制子信道标号与频段对应 标号 频段 /MHz 30~40 40~50 50~60 60~70 70~80 80~88 每个控制子信道的带宽都比较宽, 用以保证在干扰环境下持续 稳定 低速地传输控制信息..2 业务信道业务信道是将 30~88 MHz 的 58 MHz 频段按 25 khz 进行划分为 239 个业务子信道 天线技术对这 239 个业务子信道进行不间断感知, 感知的信息通过控制信道传输 等协商好利用那些业务子信道进行话音 / 数据传输后, 两端随即跳到相应的业务子信道上进行高速的话音 / 数据传输 控制信道和业务信道的模型如图 2 所示 认知无线 电台 话音 / 数据 3 0~8 8 M Hz 控制信道 频谱空穴 业务信道 ~8 8 M Hz 话音 / 数据认知无线 电台 图 2 控制信道和业务信道模型.2 信道接入方式设 端传输话音 / 数据业务要到 端, 记 端为主动方, 为被动方 通信过程可分为感知阶段 交会和协商阶段 数据阶段三个阶段 用流程图表示如图 3 () 感知阶段 两端的感知天线不间断地对 239 个业务子信道的频谱状况进行感知, 感知的频谱信息存入存储器 (2) 交会和协商阶段 两端进行话音 / 数据通信, 首先在控制信 道上完成交会 交会 : 在交会过程中 两端的每部天线阵均以单独的方式收 / 发控制信息 具体为 : 端为主动方, 每一部天线均以时隙 (slot) 为时间单位按照某一序列顺序在 6 个控制子信道上跳变并发送信标 (eacon), 直至交会完成 而在每一时隙,4 个天线同时在 4 个不同的控制子信道上发射信标 ; 端为被动方, 每一部天线以时隙 (slot) 为时间单位按照某一序列顺序在 6 个控制子信道上跳变并侦听信标, 直至交会完成 而在每一时隙,4 个天线同时在 4 个不同的控制子信道上侦听, 一旦在某个控制子信道上到信标且信标中的方 ID 是自己, 则在该控制子信道上发送回应 主动方 存储器 图 3 话音 / 数据通信流程协商 : 当 在某个控制子信道上到 的确认 (Confirm), 则调整其本地时钟与 端同步, 并在该控制子信道上发送其信息 (SI,Spectrum Information) 端到 端发射的信息后, 结合自己的信息进行决策, 然后发送控制信息 (CI,Control Information), 在控制信息中指定利用哪些业务子信道进行话音 / 数据传输 交会和协商阶段的示意图如图 4 所示 图中假设 两端在控制子信道 5 上完成交会 Channel 0 Channel Channel 5 在控制子信道发信标 eacon eacon eacon Confirm SID RID SP L T R P S I 侦听控制子信道 完成交会 与 端同步 感知信息 业务子信道 话音 / 数据 感知阶段 确认 控制信息 时间 C I 被动方 存储器 交会段和协商阶 数据阶段 注 : 两端在 Channel 5 上完成交会 图中右实线箭头表示信息从 到, 左实线箭头表示信息从 到 图 4 交会和协商示意图 (3) 数据阶段 两端完成协商以后, 两端跳到相应的业务

3 子信道上进行话音 / 数据传输 在数据阶段, 端的 4 元天线阵定向发射, 发射波束增益最大方向指向 的方向 ; 端的 4 元天线阵实现自适应定向, 自适应波束形成方向指向 的方向 2 多天线交会算法 在 建立通信链路之前, 首先必须建立交会 (Rendezvous), 即在同一时间 同一信道上彼此发现对方 文献 [2] 阐明了交会发生的两个条件 : 两端选择了相同的信道 ;2 有一方发送信标而另一方在侦听 任何交会算法都需要解决问题有 : 交会时间 TTR(Time-To-Rendezvous): 即 两端成功建立交会所用的时间, 具体可分为 Maximum TTR 和 Expected TTR 两个指标 ;2 交会概率 P R : 两端在给定时间内成功建立交会的概率 现在已研究的异步交会算法可以分为两大类 [] :Random lgorithm [3-5] ;2Sequence-based lgorithm [2,6] 尽管 Random lgorithm 在 Expected TTR 和 P R 方面的性能是很优秀的, 但 Random lgorithm 不能保证 Maximum TTR 的界限值 [4] 对于文献 [7] 提出的基于 rray Quorum-based System 的异步交会算法进行了研究, 结合文献 [8] 及所提 MC 协议对算法做了改进, 提出多天线交会算法 2. 交会问题及模型 两端的交会模型的特点为 : ) 两端的时钟是异步的 2) 两端在控制子信道上交会 3) 两端以多天线方式交会 在每个时隙, 端的 4 个天线同时在 4 个不同的控制子信道上发 射信标 ; 端的 4 个天线则同时在 4 个不同的控制子 信道上侦听 一旦 之间有一对天线满足前文提 的交会两个条件, 则 之间就可以建立交会 2.2 多天线交会算法 6 个控制子信道的标号为 对于 两端的任何一部天线, 均按照预先设定的信道跳频序列顺序地在 6 个控制子信道上周期循环地跳, 直到成功建立交会 信道跳频序列由基于矩阵的特征代表系统 rray Quorum-based System 生成 其中, 端的每部天线的信道跳频序列采用 rray Quorum-based System 中的发射序列矩阵生成 ; 而 端每部天线的信道跳频序列采用 rray Quorum-based System lgorithm 中的序列矩阵生成 为更详细描述, 在不混淆情况下, 记 端的 4 个天线及相应 4 个信道跳频序列为 T T 2 T 3 T 4, 而 端的 4 个天线及相应 4 个信道跳频序列为 R R R R 以 端的信道跳频序列 T 与 端的信道跳频 序列 R 为例, 说明两个序列的构成和 T R 的交 会情况 端 T 信道跳频序列生成矩阵及相应的信道跳 频序列为如图 5 所示 T 图 5 端信道跳频序列 T 及生成矩阵 而对应的, 端 R 的信道跳频序列生成矩阵及 相应的信道跳频序列如图 6 所示 矩阵中第 i 行 j 列元素位置表示第 (i 6+j) 个时隙, 元素值表示控制子信道标号 表格形式表示 的 6 6 生成矩阵 信道跳频序列 R : 0,5,2,4,3,,4,0,,5,2,3,,5,3,4,0,,2 图 6 端信道跳频序列 R 及生成矩阵 时间 则当 之间的时钟差异为 t Z +t δ 个 slot 时 ( 其 中,t Z Z, t δ [0,0.5]), 端的 T 天线与 端的 天线交会的示意图如图 7 所示 T R 图 7 端 T 天线与 端 R 天线信道跳频序列交会情况 R 图中虚线箭头表示, 在该时隙位置 端 T 天线 与 端 R 天线在控制子信道 上交会 通过对发射序列生成矩阵和序列生成矩阵的特点进行研究可以发现, 不论两端的时钟差异是多少, 在一个时钟周期 (36 个时隙 ) 内, 两端至少可有 6 次交会机会 同样, 端的 4 个天线的信道跳频序列的形式 如 T 所示, 而 端的 4 个天线的信道跳频序列的形 式如 R 所示 2.3 多天线交会算法的性能在单天线收 / 发的情况下, 对于一对周期长度为 L=N 2 =36 的发射序列和序列, 无论两端时钟差异是多少, 在一个周期内均有 6 次交会的机会 [7] 2

4 因此, 一个 slot 内的平均交会概率为 /6, 相应可以计算出 TTR 的期望值为 6,TTR 的最大值为 3 在 4 元天线交会算法下, 可以得出其各项性能指标为 : 交汇概率 P R :P R 98.76% 交汇时间期 TTR 的期望值 : E(TTR).0 (slot), (TTR) Max =N (N-)+=3(slot) 可以看出, 多天线交会算法可以保证在至多 3 个时隙内, 肯定可以交会 TTR 的期望值 E(TTR) 很小, 而平均交会概率 P R 的值很高 3 结语 针对军事通信中的一个具体应用环境, 提出了认知抗干扰通信的一个 MC 协议, 对所提出的 MC 协议进行了整体性的描述 并针对并从 MC 协议中的交会算法进行了详细分析, 论证了所提 MC 协议及交会算法上已具有很好的优越性 参考文献 [] 王金刚, 程云鹏, 张弦. 认知无线电多信道下的感知时间 优化 [J]. 通信技术,202,45(0): [2] THEIS N,THOMS R,DSILV L.Rendezvous for Cognitive Radios[J].IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,20,0(02): [3] 蔡浩, 刘勃, 归琳. 定向天线的 d hoc 网络邻居发现 [J]. 信息安全与通信保密,20(09): [4] POPPER C,STRSSER M,CPKUN S.nti-jamming roadcast Communication using Uncoordinated Spread Spectrum Techniques[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected reas in Communications, 200,28(05): [5] SILVIUS M D,GE F,YOUNG,et al.smart Radio: Spectrum ccess for First Responders[J].Wireless Sensing and Processing III,2008(6980): [6] IN K,PRK J,CHEN R. Quorum-based Framework for Establishing Control Channels in Dynamic Spectrum ccess Networks[M].US: CM,2009: [7] ian K,Park J M.synchronous Channel Hopping for Establishing Rendezvous in Cognitive Radio Networks[C].US:IEEE,20: [8] 蔡卓, 刘波, 张小琼. 两种短波跳频网络信道接入协议仿真 [J]. 通信技术,202,45(07): ( 上接第 8 页 ) 第 路第 2 路第 3 路分集合并 目前实际使用的单载波调制方式相比, 可提高抗频率选择性衰落能力 同时如果使用更多组载波或者将此技术与纠错编码相结合, 能更充分发挥其功能上的潜在优势, 有效提高系统性能 ER 误码率 结语 (E b /N o )/d 图 5 多频点频率分集 PLC 通信系统误码率曲线图 文章探讨了用频率分集方法在电力线频率选择性衰落信道下降低通信系统误码率的方法, 详细介绍了 PLC 信道特性和分集合并技术的原理和实现方法, 同时利用 Matlab 仿真验证了多频点频率分集 PLC 通信系统对于提高系统误码率的方法 从实际仿真结果可以看出, 在频率选择性衰落信道中, 通过多个载波 ( 两个及两个以上载波 ) 传输信号, 在解调的时候通过使用分集合并技术能够有效提高系统的误码率, 相应地提高了系统的抗衰落能力 与 参考文献 [] 赖征田. 电力线载波信道特性研究及仿真 [J]. 电力系统通信,200(0): [2] 盛惠兴, 方志远, 霍冠英.OFDM 技术及在认知无线电中的应用 [J]. 信息安全与通信保密,2007(05):5-7. [3] 王季立, 贾振红, 覃锡忠, 等. 基于电力线信道的一类 OFDM 盲同步算法的改进 [J]. 通信技术,20,44(03):5-53. [4] 林虹, 林东. PLC 信道噪声建模及噪声发生器的设计 [J]. 电力系统通信,20(07):6-64. [5] 范哲源. 分集技术端三种合并方式的比较及仿真研究 [J]. 科技资讯,200() [6] 陈忠辉, 林海斌, 陈新. 基于 DSTFT 的 FSK 信号的解调 [J]. 现代电子技术,2008(23): [7] 邹冰, 张礼勇. 低压电力线载波通信模拟平台的设计 [J]. 哈尔滨理工大学学报,2007(02):0-3. [8] 杨桂林. 电力线载波通信接口电路的设计 [J]. 通信技术, 200,43(05):77-78,8. [9] 顾文珊, 张会生, 李立欣, 等. 基于协作通信的最佳中继选择方案 [J]. 信息安全与通信保密,200(02):

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