DB GDP 1 1 DB DC DC %GDP %GDP %GDP 33.1% 117.0% 55.7% 32.0% 87.3% 55.6% 25.0% 74.7% 15.2% 16.9% 61.0% 12.1% 13.1% 45.0% 9.4% 11.2% 23.9% 6.6% 1

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1 DC GDP 50% 45% 55% 24% 76% 1 DB 2 DC 1/3 3 DC DC Palacios, R. and M. Pallares-Miralles (April 2000), International Patterns of Pension Provision, Human Development Network, Social Protection Discussion Working Paper Series, No World Bank, Washington D.C. Figure 3.5, p a,g,k e,g,k (2003 ) 4 DC DB 2003 e, f, g, h 1

2 DB GDP 1 1 DB DC DC %GDP %GDP %GDP 33.1% 117.0% 55.7% 32.0% 87.3% 55.6% 25.0% 74.7% 15.2% 16.9% 61.0% 12.1% 13.1% 45.0% 9.4% 11.2% 23.9% 6.6% 11.1% 3.0% 4.5% 11.0% 2.9% 4.0% 10.5% 2.1% 2.8% 9.4% 1.1% 2.4% 8.7% 1.0% 0.7% 7.1% 1.0% 0.6% 7.0% 0.5% Na 6.9% 0.5% 6.6% 0.4% 5.7% 0.3% 5.4% 0.0% 5.0% 0.0% 4.0% 0.0% 3.5% 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% Na Palacios, R. and M. Pallares-Miralles (April 2000), International Patterns of Pension Provision, Human Development Network, Social Protection Discussion Working Paper Series, No World Bank, Washington D.C. Table 3.1, p

3 % 1 DC TSP 6 Provident DC a 6 DC TSP k 3

4 EPF 1951 GDP GDP 56% 11%% 12% DC 2 EPF % % 5% 10% % 7% 13% % 11 20% % 12% 22% % 12% 23% Thillainathan, R.(May 3-6, 2003), Table 2. p % 60 4% % % % na na na na na na Thillainathan, R.(May 3-6, 2003), Table 1. p % 4

5 90 90% MGS 90% 4% DC 2 DC DB % 10% 5% 15% 12% 90% 10% 50% 25% 10% 15% 30% 10% 7 30% 25% 1/ Thillainathan, R.(May 3-6, 2003), p.7. 5

6 6 NDB DB DC Government Pension Fund (Armed Forces Provident Fund) SRS % 16% 36% % % Mukul G. Asher (May 5-7, 2003), Table 1, p c 6

7 % 3.35% 7.42% IMF SGIC 90 10% 3.35% % DC NDB 10 5 DC % % % % % 9 10 Mukul G. Asher (May 5-7, 2003), p.18. Mukul G. Asher (May 5-7, 2003), p.17. 7

8 30% % % % % % % % % 10-15% GDP 61.9% EPFO EPFO 4 EPF 2/3 3 EPS EDL EDLI GDP 5.84% GDP 20% DC DB 23% % % Mukul G. Asher (May 5-7, 2003), Table 5. p Mukul G. Asher (May 5-7, 2003), Table 5. p.27. Augusto Iglesias and Robert J. Palacios (January 2000), p.12. 8

9 5 EPF 1 25% a / 2 b 3 15% a 3 IDFC / b 40% 4 20% % 2 Mukul G. Asher (May 5-7, 2003), Table 8. p % 9.0% 2.8% GDP 2.8% 2.8% DC 4 CSSPS NSSF (ORSBS) 18 GDP 20% 0% 38% 61% 14 Mukul G. Asher (May 5-7, 2003), Table 8. p

10 1% 4 15% 22% 67% 11% 15 NSSF 5% 55 RBA 5% 30% 70% 5% 100% 5% Edward Odundo (May 5-7, 2003), p % % 7.42% 0.25% % % % 6% 5% 9% 1% 72% 30% 5% 17 RBA 1/3 15 Edward Odundo (May 5-7,2003). 16 Edward Odundo (May 5-7, 2003), p Edward Odundo (May 5-7, 2003), p

11 % MPF % 2 / 4000 / DC

12 30% 9 90% 7% 3% 97% 3% 90% 7% 3% 70% 25% 5% 50% 45% 5% 60% 30% 10% 90% 10% 90% 10% 100% 18 DC TSP 19 TSP TSP 5 DC DC DC % % TSP k a, c, g, k 12

13 13 OECD OECD DC DC a b c DC NDB NDC

14 1 24 DC i, j, k (2003 ) 2003 (2003 ) a 26 11% 8% 2003 h i, j, k 28 (2003 ) 2003 (2003 ) % GDP 300% 1/2 2% 2003 d,e,g 14

15 DC TSP a DB b c d e f g h i j k 15

16 (2003 ) (2003 ) Augusto Iglesias and Robert J. Palacios (January 2000), Managing Public Pension Reserves Part I: Evidence from the International Experience, Social Protection Discussion Paper Series No. 0003, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, The World Bank, Washington D.C. Edward Odundo (May 5-7,2003), Supervision of A Public Pension Fund: Experience And Challenges In Kenya, a paper presented at the 2 nd World Bank Conference on Public Pension Fund Management, World Bank, Washington, DC. Palacios, R. and M. Pallares-Miralles (April 2000), International Patterns of Pension Provision, Human Development Network, Social Protection Discussion Working Paper Series, No World Bank, Washington D.C. Thillainathan, R.(May 3-6, 2003), The Employees Provident Fund of Malaysia: Allocation, Investment Strategy and Governance Issues Revisited a paper presented at the 2 nd World Bank Conference on Public Pension Fund Management, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Mukul G. Asher (May 5-7, 2003), Governance and Investment of Provident and Pension Fund: The Case of Singapore and India, a paper presented at the 2 nd World Bank Conference on Public Pension Fund Management, World Bank, Washington, DC. 16

中国党和政府在严格控制人口数量的过快增长的同时，还十分重视提高整个中华民族人口质量的工作

中国党和政府在严格控制人口数量的过快增长的同时，还十分重视提高整个中华民族人口质量的工作 Working Paper Series No. 4 200 30 20 50 60 962 2 8 20 60 970 97 [962]698 962 2 8 974 2 3 2 978 0 26 23 25 3 3 980 9 25 4 988 8 3 5 99 6 20 90 30 2000 3 [97]5 97 7 8 2 [974]32 974 2 3 3 4 997 4 6~7 5 8