Bulletin of Educational Research December, 2014, Vol. 60 No. 4 pp The Occupational Mobility Analysis for Elementary and Junior High School Teac

Transcription

1 臺灣中小學教師職業流動表分析 摘要

2 Bulletin of Educational Research December, 2014, Vol. 60 No. 4 pp The Occupational Mobility Analysis for Elementary and Junior High School Teachers in Taiwan Yih-Jyh Hwang Abstract The more closed occupational mobility the elementary and junior high school teachers in Taiwan are, more helpful to develop class consciousness it is. This study explores the closed pattern of teachers mobility and the possible development of class consciousness. According to loglinear and multiplicative analysis, in the mobility process from father s occupation to the first occupation, and then to the current occupation, and from father s occupation to the current occupation, the uniform association parameter mainly presenting the larger the gap of socioeconomic status between occupations is, the smaller the opportunity of relative mobility is, and the six parameters on the diagonal mobility tables presenting the immobile closed pattern, make the mobility tables fitted the data. The findings indicate that the teachers closed mobility in the process from the first occupation to the current occupation is the highest. The teachers closed motilities in the process from father s occupation to the first occupation and to the current occupation are the second high. Finally, above three Yih-Jyh Hwang, Professor, Department of Education, National Taitung University hungeg@nttu.edu.tw Manuscript received: May 30, 2014; Modified: Sep. 02, 2014; Accepted: Oct. 13, 2014.

3 35 mobility tables, the larger the gap of socioeconomic status between teachers and other occupations is, the smaller the opportunity of relative mobility is. Keywords: elementary and junior high school teachers, occupational mobility, class consciousness

4 Blau, 1977; Giddens, 1973; Goldthorpe, Llewellyn, & Payne, 1980; Parkin, N = 5, 壹 文獻探討

5 37 一 社會流動與階級意識的關聯 Marx 1989 Elster, 1986 Marx Goldthorpe et al., 1980 Marx Dahrendorf, 1959; Giddens, 1973; Lenski, 1966; Parkin, 1979 Giddens 1973 Parkin 1979 pattern Goldthorpe et al., 1980; Parkin, 1979 Parkin, 1979 Parkin Giddens Parkin Goldthorpe 1980 Goldthorpe 1980

6 二 職業流動表分析的意義 2000 Bearman & Deane, 1992; Emily, 2009; Florencia, 2005; Guest, Landale, & Mccann, 1989; Hiroshi, Walter, & John, 1995; Hout, 1983, 1984, 1988; Kim & David, 2012; Tak & Vikki, 2013 Goldthorpe et al., Bearman & Deane, 1992; Jan, David, Matthew, Reinhard, & Mary, 2009; Michael, Mark, & Susan, 1998 三 國內社會學研究的社會流動表對數線性與對數相乘分析 Featherman & Hauser, 1978; Goldthorpe et al., 1980; Hout, 1988; Western & Wright,

7

8 Wright 6 6

9 一 資料來源 貳 研究方法 2005 N = 5,

10 二 變項測量 ( 職業 ) 三 分析方法 : 職業流動表 Goodman 1984 association model Marsden 1988 Hout, 1983

11 43 ln R ij R ij ln R ij = B(U i - u)(v j - v) + d ij 1 ln F ij = µ + λ xi + λ yj + B(U i - u)(v j - v) + d ij 2 µ λ xi λ yj i j F 33 2 Goodman 1984 B d ij Marsden, 1988 ln R ij R ij Featherman & Hauser, 1978 ln R ij R ij Giddens, 1973; Goldthorpe et al., 1980; Parkin, 1979 U i Hout, 1984, 1988; Kalmijn, 1994; Marsden, 1988 V j u v B u v 3 Duncan 1979 Uniform

12 Goodman, 1984; Hout, 1983; Marsden, B(U i - u)(v j - v) Goodman Goodman, 1984; Marsden, 1988 d ij Marsden 1988 B B d ij B B d ij BIC G 2 G 2 BIC BIC = G 2 - df log(n) BIC Mare, 1991; Raftery, 1986 G 2 df BIC 參 研究結果與討論 1 u v ( )/5 = 3 u v B(U i - u)(v j - v) 5 1 B(5-3)(1-3) = -4B

13 45 一 流動表百分比交叉分析 ( 一 ) 從父職到初職流動 % 39.4% 24.2% 1, % 5.5% 4.2% 1 8.9% 29.0% 23.4% 16.9% 12.1% 9.7% 1 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人

14 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人 , , , , , Cramer V =.223* 2. * p <.05. ( 二 ) 從初職到現職流動 % 2.0% 1.0% 0% 9.9% % 20.7% 6% 2 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人

15 47 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人 , , , , , Cramer V =.554* 2. * p <.05. ( 三 ) 從父職到現職流動 % 35.2% 31.5% 320 1, % 35.0% 20.4% 13.6%

16 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人 , , , , Cramer V =.199* 2. * p <.05. 二 流動表對數線性與相乘分析 ( 一 ) 從父職到初職流動 4 1 G p =.00 BIC = G p =.00 BIC = G p =.00 BIC = 283 4

17 49 4 模型適合度最適模型之參數估計 : 模型 4 G 2 df p BIC B S.E. 根據模型 4 父職與初職相同的相對機會 1. 1, * * * * * * B p >.05.

18 G 2 99 p =.00 BIC = B =.25 ( 二 ) 從初職到現職流動 5 1 G p =.00 BIC = G p =.00 BIC = G p =.00 BIC = G 2 53 p =.00 BIC = B =.39 ( 三 ) 從父職到現職流動 6 1 G p =.00 BIC = G p =.00 BIC =

19 51 5 模型適合度最適模型之參數估計 : 模型 4 G 2 df p BIC B S.E. 根據模型 4 初職與現職相同的相對機會 1. 3, , * 0.025* * * * * * 0.18* * B p >.05.

20 模型適合度最適模型之參數估計 : 模型 4 G 2 df p BIC B S.E. 根據模型 4 父職與現職相同的相對機會 * * * * * * * * B p >.05.

21 53 G p =.00 BIC = 88 4 G 2 45 p =.00 BIC = B =.21 ( 四 ) 討論 Goldthorpe 1980

22 肆 結論與建議 一 結論 ( 一 ) 從父職到初職流動 16.7% 8.9% ( 二 ) 從初職到現職流動 77.2% 70.3% ( 三 ) 從父職到現職流動 18.5% 9.7%

23 二 建議 ( 一 ) 對實務建議 ( 二 ) 對未來研究建議 N =

24 , Goldthorpe et al., 1980; Parkin, Dahrendorf, 1959; Elster, 1986; Giddens, 1973; Lenski, 1966; Parkin, 1979 Goldthorpe 1980 Goldthorpe 1996

25 Blau Duncan 1967 Blau Duncan Blau Duncan DOI: / 參考文獻 1989 E. P. Thompson [Wang, J.-H. (1989). Analysis of working-class formation: E. P. Thompson & newly Marxism. Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies, 2(3), ] [Lin, Y.-C. (2000). The social mobility and status attainment of the high school, elementary school teachers in Taiwan. Education Research & Information, 8(4), ] [Sun, C.-S., & Hwang, Y.-J. (1997). Class structure in Taiwan: Analysis of mobility table and network tables. In L.-Y. Chang, Y.-X. Lu, & F.-C. Wang (Eds.), The society in Taiwan

26 in 1990s: The series study of Taiwan social change survey (pp ). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica.] [Sheu, J.-Y., & Hwang, Y.-J. (2002). Crossing class boundaries? A discussion of research on class mobility from workers to bosses and some comparisons with western society. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 27, 1-59.] [Guo, D.-Y. (1997). The study on social mobility of teachers college. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China, Part C: Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(2), ] [Hwang, Y.-J. (1996). Social mobility, social network, and working class consciousness. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 20, ] [Hwang, Y.-J. (1998). Establishment and evaluation on new occupation classification in Taiwan. Survey Research, 5, 5-32.] [Hwang, Y.-J. (2001). Exploring Taiwan s labor market segmentation: The analysis of the mobility tables. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 25, ] [Hwang, Y.-J. (2003). The construction and assessment of the new occupational prestige and socioeconomic scores for Taiwan : The indigenization of the social science and sociology of education research. Bulletin of Educational Research, 49(4), 1-31.] [Hwang, Y.-J. (2005). An analysis of the reliability and validity of the close-ended questionnaire of the occupational survey in the educational research. Bulletin of Educational Research, 51(4), ]

27 [Hwang, Y.-J. (2011). The educational tracking, labor market structure and status attainment in Taiwan. Taipei, Taiwan: Psychology.] [Hwang, Y.-J., & Chang, Y.-H. (2005). Changes in friendship boundaries across ethnic groups in Taiwan between 1970 and Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 35, ] 2011 [Su, C.-L. (2011). A study on teachers class consciousness in Taitung county (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan.] [Su, C.-L., & Hwang, Y.-J. (2012). The associations between teachers consciousness of resistance, professional autonomy, and their inclination to participate in teachers organization: A study of Taitung. Journal of Educational Practice and Research, 25(2), ] Bearman, P. S., & Deane, G. (1992). The structure of opportunity: Middle-class mobility in England. American Journal of Sociology, 98(1), Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity. New York, NY: The Free Press. Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O. D. (1967). The American occupation structure. New York, NY: Wiley. Dahrendorf, R. (1959). Class and class-conflict in industrial society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Duncan, O. D. (1979). How destination depends on origin in the occupational mobility table. American Journal of Sociology, 84(4), Elster, J. (1986). Karl Marx: A reader. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Emily, B. (2009). Bringing intergenerational social mobility research into the twenty-first century: Why mothers matter. American Sociological Review, 74, Featherman, D. L., & Hauser, R. M. (1978). Opportunity and change. New York, NY: Academic Press. Florencia, T. (2005). Unequal but fluid: Social mobility in child in comparative perspective. American Sociological Review, 70,

28 Giddens, A. (1973). The class structure of the advanced societies. New York, NY: Harper & Row. Goldthorpe, J. H., Llewellyn, C., & Payne, C. (1980). Social mobility and class structure in modern Britain. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Goodman, L. A. (1984). The analysis of cross-classified data having ordered categories. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press. Guest, A. M., Landale, N. S., & Mccann, J. C. (1989). Intergenerational occupational mobility in the late 19th century United States. Social Forces, 68(2), Hiroshi, I., Walter, M., & John, M. R. (1995). Class origin, class destination, and education: A cross-national study of ten industrial nations. American Journal of Sociology, 101(1), Hout, M. (1983). Mobility tables. Madison, WI: Sage University Press. Hout, M. (1984). Status, autonomy, and training in occupational mobility. American Journal of Sociology, 89(6), Hout, M. (1988). More universalism, less structural mobility: The American occupation structure in the 1980s. American Journal of Sociology, 89(6), Jan, O. J., David, B. G., Matthew, D. C., Reinhard, P., & Mary, C. B. (2009). Microclass mobility: Social reproduction in four countries. American Journal of Sociology, 114(4), Kalmijn, M. (1994). Assortative mating by cultural and economic occupational status. American Journal of Sociology, 100(2), Kim, A. W., & David, B. G. (2012). The three worlds of inequality. American Journal of Sociology, 117(6), Lenski, G. E. (1966). Power and privilege. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Mare, R. D. (1991). Five decades of educational assortative mating. American Sociological Review, 56, Marsden, P. V. (1988). Homogeneity in confiding relations. Social Network, 10, Michael, E. S., Mark, P. B., & Susan, M. M. (1998). Origins, destinations, & association in occupational mobility. American Journal of Sociology, 104(3), Parkin, F. (1979). Marxism and class theory: A bourgeois critique. New York, NY: Columbia. Raftery, A. E. (1986). Choosing modeling for cross-classifications. American Sociological Review, 51,

29 61 Tak, W. C., & Vikki, B. (2013). The grandparents effect in social mobility: Evidence from British birth cohort studies. American Sociological Review, 78(4), doi: / Western, M., & Wright, E. O. (1994). The permeability of class boundaries to international mobility among men in the United States, Canada, Norway and Sweden. American Sociological Review, 59,

30