(4) It + 过去分词 + 从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 It is said that 据说 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 : (1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首 (2)It is said /r

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1 目录 第 01 章名词性从句第 02 章 It 用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第 03 章高中英语语法中的省略现象 第 04 章主谓一致 第 05 章动词不定式 第 06 章倒装结构第 07 章定语从句 第 08 章被动语态 第 09 章祈使句 第 10 章疑问句 第 11 章名词 高中英语语法解析 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses) 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复 合句中能担任主语 宾语 表语 同位语 介词宾语等, 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能, 名词从句又可分别称为主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句 一. 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句, 通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替, 而本身放 在句子末尾 1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句, 主要是为了平衡句子结构, 主语从句的连接词没有变化 而 it 引导的强调句 则是对句子某一部分进行强调, 无论强调的是什么成分, 都可用连词 that 被强调部分指人时也可用 who/whom 如 : a) It is a pity that you didn t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜 b) It doesn t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的 ( 强调句型 ) d) It is John that broke the window. 是 John 打碎的窗户 ( 强调句型 ) 2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is + 名词 + 从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that It is common knowledge that (2) It is + 形容词 + 从句 是常识 非常荣幸 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) It is + 不及物动词 + 从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎

2 (4) It + 过去分词 + 从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 It is said that 据说 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 : (1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首 (2)It is said /reported 结构中的主语从句不可提前 如 : 正确表达 :It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达 :That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (3)It happens/occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前 如 : 正确表达 :It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达 :That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (4)It doesn t matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前 如 : 正确表达 :It doesn t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达 :Whether he is wrong or not doesn t matter. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时, 主语从句不可提前 如 : 正确表达 :Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 错误表达 :Is that will rain in the evening likely? 4. what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分, 如主语. 宾语. 表语, 而 that 则不然 如 : a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation 二. 宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句, 通常放在主句谓语动词 ( 及物动词 ) 或介词之后 1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由 that 引导的宾语从句 (that 通常可以省略 ), 如 : I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了 (2) 由 what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句, 如 : a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么 b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记 (3) 动词 + 间接宾语 + 宾语从句 如 : She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请 2. 作介词的宾语如 :Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们之间 的合作 3. 作形容词的宾语如 : I am afraid (that) I ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误 注意 :that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语 :anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content

3 等 也可以将此类词后的 that 从句的看作原因状语从句 4. it 可以作为形式宾语 it 不仅可以作为形式主语, 还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾, 特别是在带复合宾语的句子中 如 : We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了 5. 后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词这类动词有 allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等 这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语, 但不可以用 that 引导的宾语从句 如 : 正确表达 :I admire their winning the match. 错误表达 :I admire that they won the match. 6. 不可用 that 从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于 动词 + 间接宾语 +that 从句 结构中, 常见的有 envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate 等 如 : 正确表达 :He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达 :He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. 7. 否定的转移若主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine 等, 其后的宾语从句 若含有否定意义, 一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上, 从句谓语用肯定式 如 : I don t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿 三. 表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句, 放在系动词之后, 一般结构是 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语从句 可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等 引导表语从句的 that 常可省略 另外, 常用的还有 the reason is that 和 It is because 等结构 如 : 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can t get the support of the people. 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四. 同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句 1. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释, 说明名词的具体内容, 一般由 that 引导, 如 : 1) The king s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面, 而是被别的词隔开 如 : He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

4 (1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词, 同时以在从句中作某个成分 ( 主语或宾语 ), 而同位语从句中的 that 是连词, 只起连接主句与从句的作用, 不充当句中任何成分 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的, 其功能是修饰先行词, 对先行词加以限定, 描述定的性质或特征 ; 同位语从句 是名词性的, 其功能是对名词进行补充说明 如 : 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.( 他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国 )( 第 一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句,that 在从句中作宾语 ) 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.( 汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的 )( 同位语从句,that 在句 中不作任何成分 ) 英语名词性从句专项练习 1. he does has nothing to do with me. A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If 2. The manager came over and asked the customer how A. did the quarrel came about B.the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about 3. Energy is makes thing work.. A. what B. something C. anything D. that 4. Information has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as 5. This is the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C. where D. when 6. They have no idea at all. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone 7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient s fear he would die of the disease. A. that B. which C. of which D. of that 8. The order came the soldiers the small village the next morning. A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave 9. is no possibility Bob can win the first prize in the match. A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether 10. The question came up at the meeting we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 11. Is he said really true? A. that B. what C. why D. whether 12. the meeting should last two days or three days doesn t matter. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where 13. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray. A. while B. if C. that D. for 14. more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. A. Whether B. This C. who D. If 15. he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. A. What B. That C. Whether D. If 16. you don t like him is none of my business. A. What B. That C. Who D. How 17. all the inventions have in common is they have succeeded.

5 A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what 18. appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much. A. What B. It C. All that D. That 19. It is widely that smoking can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped 20. caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where Keys: 1 5 ABABC 6 10 AABAC BBCAB BCBAA 第二章 It 用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 "It" 用法及其句型和固定搭配, 是高中英语语法的重点 难点, 又是近几年高考的热点, 因此应给予充 分的重视, 现将 it 用法归纳如下 : 一 It 用作实词表达以下概念 : 指代前文提到的事物, 前文中的 this, that; 替代前文中的内容 ; 指代一位性别不明的小 孩或未知的人 ; 指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事 ; 指代时间 天气 气候 距离等自然现象 二 It 用作形式主语替代作主语的从句 动词不定式 动名词, 而把真正作主语的从句 动词不定式 动名词置于句尾 It 作形式主语的常见句型 : 1. 代作主语的动词不定式, 其句型为 (1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth. 此处 adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词 :easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license. (2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth. 此处 adj. 通常为描述人的形容词 :kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy. It's kind of you to help me with the problem. (3) It 替代作主语的动名词的常见句型 It's no good/use doing It's (well)worth doing It's (well)worth one's while doing/to do It's (well)worth while doing/ to do It's no use crying over spilt milk. 2. It 替代作主语的从句常见句型 (1) It is + noun + 从句 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office. (2) It is adj. +clause It's surprising that (should) 竟然 It's a pity/shame that (should) 竟然 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=it's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

6 know) (3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze /bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.) (4) It verb (to sb.) that = sb/sth verb to do (verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out, work out) It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.) (5) It is v-ed that =sb/sth is to do (verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=the couple are said to have gotten divorced.) (6) It is v-ed that (should) (verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend It is suggested that they should begin with the third question. 三 It 作主语的句型 1. It takes sb. to do (=sb takes to do ) 某人用多长时间做某事 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.) 2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do ( 不 ) 像某人做某事的风格 It was (just) like him to think of helping us. 3. It's (about/high) time that should /v-ed 是该做某事的时候了 It's(about/high) time that we should take action. 4. It's the x-th time (that) have v-ed 第几次做某事了 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test. 5. It is/has been since continuous v-ed( 延续性动词 ) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了 It's 10 years that he lived here 6. It was(not) before 过 ( 不 ) 了多长时间某动作发生了 It was not long before they arrived. 四 It 作形式宾语用来替代作宾语的从句 动词不定式 动名词, 而把真正作宾语的从句 动词不定式 动名词置于句尾 It 作形式宾语的常见句型 : 1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep ) I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./i think it hard that you'll do the task on your own. 2. verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep ) I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret. 3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that (should) verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that (should) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep ) I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference. 4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view) The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture. 5. v. +it + prep. + that owe it to sb. that 把 归功于 leave it to sb that 把 留给某人去做 take it for granted that 想当然

7 keep it in mind that Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out. 6. It 用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面, 尤其是表示好恶的动词后,enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟 it 之后 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't. 7. It 用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面, 宾语从句紧跟 it 之后 (except that 外 ) 五 强调句型 I'm for it that you will follow their advice. It is/was+ 被强调部分 + that(who) 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分 当被强调部分是人时也可以用 who 在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点 : 1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity? 2. 在强调原因状语从句时, 只能强调由 because 所引导的从句 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday. 3. 在强调 not until 结构时必须把 not 与 until 一起放到被强调的位置上 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother. 4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型 ) It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.( 定语从句 ) 六 It 常用的固定搭配 1. make it (1). 在口语当中相当于 succeed, 表示 : 成功 做到 说定 赶上 及时到达 It's hard to make it to the top in show business. (2). 在口语中相当于 fix the date for, 表示 约定好时间 Shall we meet next week? OK. We just make it next Saturday. 2. as it is (1). 相当于 in fact, in reality 表示 事实上, 实际情况是 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week. (2). 相当于方式状语从句, 表示 照原样 Leave the table as it is. 3. as it were 相当于 as one might say, that is to say, 表示 也就是说, 可以说, 换句话说 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes. 4. if it weren't for /if it hadn't been for 用来引导虚拟语气, 相当于 without, or but for, 表示 如果不 是, 要不是 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today. 5. that's it (1). 相当于 That's all. That's so much. 表示 至此为止, 没有别的了 You can have one more sweet, and that's it. (2). 相当于 That's right. 表示 对啦 I guess the key to the problem is thechoice A That's it. 6. catch it 在口语中, 相当于 be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示 因做错事而挨骂, 受责备, 受批评, 受惩罚 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.

8 价值 住气 7. have it (1). 相当于 say, insist 表示 说, 主张, 表明, 硬说 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced. (2). 相当于 get to know something, 表示 了解, 知道, 获悉 I had it from John that she was going abroad. 8. have what it takes 在口语中, 相当于 be well qualified for, 表示 具有成功的条件 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star. 9. so it seems / appears. 10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!) 相当于 go on, 表示 继续做, 不放弃 My teacher asked me to keep at it. 11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞 12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.) 13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.) 14. As it happened, 在口语中, 相当于 it's a pity that, 表示 真不凑巧, 真遗憾 As it happened, they were out. 15. As it turned out, 在口语中, 相当于 it was found to be in the end, 表示 最后被证明是 As it turned out, his statement was false. 16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中, 相当于 although it may not be worth much, 表示 虽然没有多大 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is. 17. Take it/things easy. 相当于 Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人, 表示 不要慌, 别担心, 存 Take it easy! He will do it well. 18. Take it from me. 在口语中, 相当于 believe me what I say. 表示 请相信我的话, 我敢担保 You can take it from me that he will make it this time. 19. For what it is worth 在口语中, 相当于 although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示 不管其价值如何 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth. 20. Worth it 在口语中, 相当于 useful, 表示 有好处, 值得做 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it. 21. Believe it or not. 表示 信不信由你 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday. 22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it. 23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中, 相当于 it hasn't been decided yet, 表示 那得看情况, 还没有定下来 Are you going to the countryside for holiday? It/That all depends. 24. It's up to sb. 在口语中, 相当于 it's decided by sb. 表示 由 决定, 由 负责, 取决于 Shall we go out for dinner? It's up to you. It 用法及其句型和固定搭配专练 1. Was it during the Second World War he died? A.that B.while C.in which D.then 2. Is necessary to complete the design before National Day?

9 A.this B.that C.it D.he 3. I don't think possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A.this B.that C.its D.it 4.Does matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it 5. It was not she took off her glasses I realized she was a famous film star. A.when, that B.until, that C.until, that D.when, then 6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected to be much better. A.that B.this C.one D.it 7. It was not until 1920 regular radio broadcasts began. A.while B.which C.that D.since 8. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A.There B.This C.That D.It 9. It was only when I reread this poems recently I began to appreciate their beauty. A.until B.that C.then D.so 10. I hate when people talk with their mouths full. A.it B.that C.these D.them 11. It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are. A.one B.that C.what D.it 12.I like in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (2004) A. this B. that C. it D. one 13. Do you like here? Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.( 全国卷 ) A. this B. These C. That D. it 14. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made from some wood. ( 全国卷 ) A. it B. One C. Himself D. another 15. The foreign Minister said, " our hope that the two sides will work towards peace."(2004 北京 ) A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is 16. is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004 北京 ) A. It B. As C. That D. What 17. How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津 ), but usually once a week. A. Have no idea B. It depends C. As usual D. Generally speaking 18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite as planed. (2004 浙江卷 ) A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up 19. What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.. Whatever you want to do is fine with me. A. It just depends B. It's up to you C. All right D. Glad to hear that 20. It was back home after the experiment. A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn't go C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didn't go KEYS:

10 1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA ACDBD BBBBC 第三章高中英语语法中的省略现象 在英语语言中, 为了使语言简洁明了, 重点突出或上下文紧密相连, 可以省去某些句子成分而保持句 子愿意不变, 这种语言现象称之为省略 现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下 : 一 并列复合句中的省略在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分 如 : a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币 并把他交给了警察 b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry. 你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气 c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球, 玛丽一直在写作业 d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 高秀敏出生于 1959 年, 傅彪出生于 1963 年 二 主从复合句中的省略 1. 状语从句中的省略一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中 : 由 when,while,as,before, after, till, until, once 等引 导的时间状语从句 ; 由 whether,if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句 ; 由 though, although,even if,whatever 等 引导的让步状语从句 ; 由 as,than 等引导的比较状语从句 ; 由 as, as if, as though 等引导的方式状语从句 上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则 : 1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时, 可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词 be, 这时从句中可出现如下结构 :(1) 连词 (as, as if, once)+ 名词 ; (2) 连词 ( though, whether, when)+ 形容词 ;(3) 连词 (whether, as if,while )+ 介词短语 ; (4) 连词 (when, while, though )+ 现在分词 ; (5) 连词 (when,if,even if,unless,once,until, than, as ) + 过去分词 ; (6) 连词 (as if,as though ) + 不定式 如 : a) Once (he was)a worker,pang Long now becomes a famous singer. 庞龙曾经是个工人, 现在变成一位著名 的歌手 b) Work hard when (you are) young,or you'll regret. 趁年轻要努力学习, 要不然你会后悔的 c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something. 他到处看似乎在找什么东西 d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks. 美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时, 感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作 用 e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected. 这次展览比被预料的有趣的多 f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak 奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运 动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么 注意 : 1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时, 间或也有这样的省略, 如 : Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street. 当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心 2) 当从句的主语是 it, 谓语动词中又含有系动词 be 时, 可以把 it 和系动词 be 一起省略 此时构成连词 (if, unless,when, whenever)+ 形容词的结构 如 : Unless (it is) necessary,you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 如果没有必要, 你最好不要查字典 2. 定语从句中的省略 1) 一般说来, 在限制性定语从句中, 作宾语的关系代词 that,which, whom 可以省略 ; 如 :

11 Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? 这就是他在会上解释他工作中 粗心的原因吗?(2002 上海春季 ) 而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which, whom 不可以省略 试比较 : Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom 可以省 ) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了 Tom, whom you saw yesterday,fell ill. ( whom 不可以省 ) 汤姆病倒了, 你昨天见到他了 2) 在口语和非正式用语中, 关系副词 when,where, 和 why 经常用 that 来代替, 甚至还可省略 如 : a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss. 这是他第一次麻烦老板 b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the golden week holiday. 他想找 一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方 c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗? 3) 当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时, 从句不能用 how 来引导, 应该用 that 或 in which, 或将它们 全部省略 如 : I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为 3. 宾语从句中的省略 1) 在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中, 连词 that 一般可以省略 ; 但如果及物动词后面是由 that 引导的两个 或两个以上的并列的宾语从句, 那么只有第一个 that 可以省略 如 : a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的 b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说 反分裂国家法 已被通过, 而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令 2) 由 which, when,where, how, 和 why 引导的宾语从句, 可以全部或部分省略 如 : a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don t know when (he will come to our city). 我知道 NBA 明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来 b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad) 他想搬迁到国外但他的父母 想知道为什么 4. 在与 suggest,request,order,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中, 须用虚拟语气形式 should + 动词原形, should 可以省略 如 : Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms. 法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续 5. 主句省略多用于句首 如 :(It is a ) Pity that I didn t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday. 很遗憾, 我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚 会 6. 在答语中, 主句可全部省略 如 : Why were you absent from school last Friday? (I was absent from school)because my mother was ill. 上周五你为什么没有上学? 因为我妈妈病了 三 简单句中的省略 1. 省略主语 1) 祈使句中的主语通常被省略如 : (You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门 2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法如 : a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助 b) (It)Doesn t matter. 没关系 2. 省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分如 : a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽烟 b) (Is there)anything else? 还有其他事吗? c) (You come)this way please. 请这边走

12 d) (Will you) Have a smoke? 抽烟吗? 3. 省略宾语如 : Do you know Mr. Li? 你认识李先生吗? I don t know (him.) 我不认识他 4. 省略表语如 : Are you thirsty? 你 30 岁了吗? Yes, I am (thirsty). 是的, 我是 5. 同时省略几个成分如 :a) Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗? (I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了 b) (I wish) Good luck (to you). 祝你好运 / 祝你顺利 四 动词不定式省略, 只保留 to 的场合 1. 不定式作某些动词的宾语时, 这些动词常见的有 :love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, try, manage 等 如 : a) You should have thanked her before you left. I meant to,but when I was leaving I couldn t find her anywhere. 你本该在离开前谢谢她 我本打算这么做, 但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了 (2000 上海春 ) b) You can do it this way if you like to. 如果你想做, 你可以这么做 2. 不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时, 这些动词常见的有 :ask, tell,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit, forbid,expect, order,warn 等 如 : a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车, 但他母亲不让 (NMET1995) b) She wants to come but her parents won t allow her to (come). 她想来, 可是她父母不让 3. 不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时, 常见的形容词有 :happy, glad,eager, anxious, willing, ready 等 如 : I will be away on a business trip.could you mind looking after my cat? Not at all.i would be happy to (look after your cat). 我要出差, 你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗? 没关系, 我很愿意 4. 不定式作某些复合谓语时, 常见结构如 :be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等 如 : He doesn t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼, 但过去喜欢 五 动词不定式 to 的省略 1. 主语部分有 to do, 系动词 is 或 was 时, 作表语的不定式通常省去 to 如 : The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮 2. 作介词 but,expect,besides 的宾语, 前面又有实意动词 do 时, 不定式通常省去 to. 如 : He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro- independence timetable. 他说陈水扁除了推 进支持 独立 的时间表外, 什么也没有做 3. 主语部分暗含 to do, 表语中的不定式通常省去 to 如 : All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard. 我想要 ( 做 ) 的就是上学, 努力学习 4. 当两个或多个不定式并列时, 其后的不定式符号可以省略, 但有对比关系时不可省略 如 : It is easier to say than to do. 说起来容易, 做起来难 5. 在 would rather than 等结构中, 不定式符号常常要省略. 如 : I would rather stay at home than go to see a film. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影 6. 在 see,watch,notice,hear, listen to,look at,feel,have, make, let,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式 符号 to;why (not) do 结构中, 不定式不带 to 如 : a) I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间 b) Why not join us? 为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢? 六. 其他一些省略结构

13 1. 名词所有格修饰的名词, 若表示住宅 店铺 教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时, 常常可以省 略 如 : We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我们在玛丽家过的周末 2.What 和 how 引导的感叹句中, 常可省略主语 it 和 be 动词如 : a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom! 这对 Tom 来说是个多么大的胜利呀! b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一 件事呀 第四章主谓一致 主谓一致 (Subject- Verb Agreement), 指 人称 和 数方面的一致关系. 如 : He is going abroad. They are playing football. 可分为 : 语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致. ( 一 ) 语法一致原则 : 即主语为单数, 谓语用单数, 主语为复数, 谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项 : 1. 单数主语即使后面带有 with, along with, together with, like( 象 ), but ( 除了 ),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than( 而不是 ), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数. 如 : Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质. No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐 2. 用 and 连接的并列主语, 如果主语是同一个人, 同一事, 同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如 : The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.( 一个人 ) A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. ( 两样物 ) 用 and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如 :bread and butter( 黄油抹面包 ), knife and fork( 刀叉 ) 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数 3. 不定式 ( 短语 ), 动名词 ( 短语 ), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如 : Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福. When we ll go out for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了 4. 用连接的并列主语被 each, every 或 no 修饰时, 谓语动词用单数. Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙 5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词 +each, 谓语动词用单数. 如 : Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说 6. 若主语中有 more than one 或 many a/an, 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数 但 more+ 复数名词 +than one 做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如 : Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们 7. none 做主语时, 谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数 ; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数, 因而谓语动词

14 要用单数. 如 : None of us are (is) perfect. None of this worries me. 人无完人 这事一点不使我着急 8. 名词如 : trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如 : His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of, 谓语一般用单数. 如 : A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜 9. 形复意单名词如 :news ; 以 ics 结尾的学科名称如 : physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如 : the United States; 报纸名如 : the New Times; 书名如 : Arabian Night < 天方夜谈 >; 以及 The United Nations< 联合国 > 等 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数 10. a + 名词 +and a half, one and a half + 名词, the number of + 名词 等作主语时, 谓语动词要 用单数. 如 : Only one and a half apples is left on the table. 注意 : one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如 : One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点 ( 二 ) 内容一致原则 : 1. 主语中有 all, half, most, the rest 等, 以及 分数或百分数 + 名词 做主语时, 谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名 词. 如 : The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. Most of the apples were rotten. Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 剩下的自行车, 今天出售 这个苹果的 60% 都被这个小男孩吃了 大部分的苹果都是烂的 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了 2. 不定数量的词组, 如 :part of, a lot of, lots of, one of, a number of, plenty of 等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数. 如 : A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到 A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了 3. 加减乘除用单数. 如 : Fifteen minus five is ten. 15 减去 5 等于 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语 动词用单数. 如 : Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离 5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括 police, people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数. 如 : The British police have only very limited powers. (2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括 equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等. (3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等. 如 : The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他 6. the + 形容词 / 过去分词形式 表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数. 如 :

15 The injured were saved after the fire. ( 三 ) 就近原则 1. 由 here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, ( 有时主语不止一个时 ) 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致. 如 : Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了. Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢? 给你一支钢笔和几张纸 2. 用连词 or, either... or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数 上一致 如 : Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事. He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔 注意 : one of + 复数名词 +who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数 如 : Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一 The only one of + 复数名词 + who/that./which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词应为单数 Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人 主谓一致练习 1. About 60 percent of the students from the south, the rest of them from the north and foreign countries. A. are/is B. are/are C. is/are D. are 2. Half of the workers here under 30. A. is/years B. are/year old C. is/years old D. are/years of age 3. Now Tom with his classmates football on the playground. A. play B. are playing C. plays D. is playing 4. The number of pages in this dictionary about two thousand. A. are B. has C. have D. is 5. Thirty dollars too expensive. A. are B. is C. were D. be 6. The audience so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall. A. is B. are C. was D. has 7. The secretary and principal at the meeting now. A. are speaking B. is speaking C. were making a speech D. have a speech 8. "If anybody, please put down name," said the teacher to the monitor. A. wants to buy the book/his B. want to buy the book/their C. will buy the book/one's D. wants to have the book bought/her 9. Nothing but one desk and six chairs in the room. A. are B. is stayed C. is D. are left 10. Having arrived at the station,. A. it was found that the train had left &nb, sp; B. th, e trai, n had left C. the train was found left D. he found that the train had left 11. Between the two roads a TV tower called "Skyscraper Tower". A. stands B. standing C. which stands D. stand 12. Either of you going there tonight. A. will B. was C. is D. are

16 13. You as well right. A. I are B. I am C. as I am D. as I are 14. All but Dick in Class Three this term. A. are B. is C. were D. was Shall I wait here for three hours? --Yes. Three hours, t,,,,, o wait for such a doctor. A. are not very long for you B. is not long enough fo,,,,, r you C. was not long enough for you D. will be too long for you 16. Where to get the materials and how to get them at the meeting. A. have not discussed B. have not been discussed C. has not discussed D. has not been discussed 17. I took mathematics and physics because I think that very important for me to make further research in this field. A. what is B. they are C. this D. which are 18. Every student and every teacher. A. are going to attend the meeting B. have attended the meeting C. has attended the meeting D. is attended the meeting 19. Three fourths of the bread by Bob, and the rest of the bread left on the table. A. was eaten/were B. were eaten/was C. were eaten/were D. was eaten/was 20. This pair of shoes. A. is her B. is hers C. are hers D. are her 21.There no life on the moon. A. is said to have B. are said to have C. is said to be D. are said to be 22.A group of are eating and at the foot of the hill A. sheep; grass; leaves B. sheeps grasses leaves C. sheep; grass leaf D. sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of, including two. A. cattles cows B. cows cattle C. cattle cows D. cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does. A. does not agree B. do not agree C. does not agree with D. not agree 25.The boy and the girl each toys. A. have their own B. has their own C. have her own D. has her own 26.She is the only one among the writers who stories for children. A. woman, writes B. women write C. women writes D. woman write 27.The railway station is from our school. A. two hour`s drive B. two hours` drive C. two hour drive D. two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s. A. father is a teacher B. fathers are teachers C. father are teachers D. fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless. A. is occurred B. are occurred C. occurs D. occur 30. the classroom needs to be cleaned. A. Either the offices or B. The offices and C. Both the office and D. The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework today. A. has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world s radio programmes in England.

17 A. is B. was C. are D. be 33. work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of B.A great many C.A large number of D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines within half an hour. A.is sold out B.are sold out C.was sold out D.were sold out 35.There a lot of sugar in the jar. A. has B.have C.is D.are 36. All present and all going on well, our monitor said. A.is is B.are, are C.are is D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor asked to make a speech at the meeting. A.is B.was C.are D.were. 38.Mary as well as her sisters Chinese in China. A.are studying B.have studied C.studies D.study 39.The rich not always happy. A.are B.is C.will D.may 40. can be done done. A.All, have been B.All that,have been C.All has D.All that,has been 41.Either of the plans equally dangerous. A.are B.is C.has D.have 42.The police the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre. A.is searching C.are searching B.were searching for D.was searching for 43.Your trousers dirty, you must have washed. A.is it B.are it C.are them D.is them 44.The Olympic games held every four. A.is years B.are years C.is year D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who elected. A.are B.have C.has D.is 46. a good enough price for this book A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are C.Two yuans is D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast in the lonely island A.are seen B.is seen C.see D.sees 48.Every means prevent the water from A.are used to polluting C.is used to, polluted 49.Each of the in the ship. A.passenger has his own room C.passenger have their own room B. get used to polluting D.is used to,being polluted 50.What we need good textbooks. A.is B.are C.have D.has B. passengers have their own room D.sengers has his own room 51.What you said just now to do with the matter we are discussing. A.have something B.has something C.had something D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother to attend the meeting tomorrow. A.is B.are C.are going D.have 53.Neither of the novels which popular with us been translated into Chinese. A.are has B.are have C.is have D.is has

18 54.Every boy and every girl to attend the evening party. A.wish B.wishes C.hope D.are hoping 55. has been done. A.nety nine percents of the work B. Half of what he promised C. Two-fifths of the articles D. Three quarter of the business 答案 : 1-5 BDDDB 6-10 ABACD ACDAB DBCDB CACBA 26-30CBACA CCADC 36-40CBCAD BBCBD DBDDB BAABB 第五章 动词不定式 1. 不定式作宾语 1) 动词 + 不定式 afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案 2) 动词 + 不定式 ; 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话 3) 动词 + 疑问词 + to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机, 我都拿不定主意买哪一种 注意疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时, 谓语动词用单数 如 :The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎 样把它付诸实施 2. 不定式作补语 1) 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式 (to do) advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit,

19 persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn a.father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍 b.we believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的 Find 的特殊用法 Find 后可用分词做宾补, 或先加形式宾语, 再加形容词, 最后加带 to 的动词不定式 find 后也可带一个从 句 此类动词还有 get,have I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型题 The next morning she found the man in bed,dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案 :A.find 的宾语后面, 用分词或分词短语, 起宾语补足语作用 现在分词表达主动, 也表达正在进行, 过去分词表达被动 2) to + be 的不定式结构, 作补语的动词 acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare( 声称 ), discover, fancy( 设想 ), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see( 理解 ), show, suppose, take( 以为 ), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一 典型题 Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案 :A. 由 consider to do sth. 排除 B D. 此句只说明发明这一个事实, 不定式后用原形即可 而 C 为 现在完成时, 发明为点动词一般不用完成时, 且此处也不强调对现在的影响, 因此不选 C 3) to be + 形容词 seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思 4) there be+ 不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里 注意有些动词需用 as 短语做补语, 如 regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师 Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲 3. 不定式作主语 1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了

20 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候, 锁车是有必要的 2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们, 他真好 kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate( 考虑周到的 ), silly, selfish( 自私 的 ) It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢, 竟然相信了他 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西, 这显得太自私了 注意 1) 其他系动词如,look,appear 等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时, 动词用单数形式 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时, 不能用 It is to 的句型 ( 对 )To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见 ( 错 )It is to believe to see. It's for sb. 和 It's of sb. 1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点, 表示客观形式的形容词, 如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等 : It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的 2) of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格, 品德, 表示主观感情或态度的形容词, 如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我, 你真是太好了 for 与 of 的辨别方法 用介词后面的代词作主语, 用介词前边的形容词作表语, 造个句子 如果道理上通顺用 of, 不通则用 for 如 :You are nice. ( 通顺, 所以应用 of) He is hard. ( 人是困难的, 不通, 因此应用 for ) 4. 不定式作表语不定式可放在 be 动词后面, 形成表语 如 : My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 5. 不定式作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后 如 : I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light. 6. 不定式作状语 1) 目的状语 To only to ( 仅仅为了 ), in order to, so as to, so(such) as to ( 如此 以便 ) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别

21 2) 作结果状语, 表事先没有预料到的, 要放在句子后面 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you. 典型题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案 :B. 如果不定式为不及物动词, 其后应有必要的介词 当动词与介词连用时, 常位于 " 形容词 + 动词不 定式 " 结构的末尾 用作介词的 to to 有两种用法 : 一为不定式 + 动词原形 ; 一为介词 + 名词 / 动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种, 即 to+ 名 词 / 动名词 :admit to 承认,confess to 承认,be accustomed to 习惯于,be used to 习惯于,stick to 坚持,turn to 开始, 着手于,devote oneself to 献身于,be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意省 to 的动词不定式 1) 情态动词 ( 除 ought 外,ought to): 2) 使役动词 let, have, make: 3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补, 省略 to 注意 在被动语态中则 to 不能省掉 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.=they were made to work the whole night. 4) would rather,had better: 5) Why / why not : 6) help 可带 to, 也可不带 to, help sb (to) do sth: 7) but 和 except:but 前是动词 do 时, 后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式 8) 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式, 第二个 to 可以省去 : 9) 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后, 可以省去 to be:he is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人 举 :He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比较 : He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 典型题 1) ---- I usually go there by train Why not by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案 :D. why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式, 因此选 D 2) Paul doesn't have to be made. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案 :B. make 后接不带 to 的动词不定式, 当其用于被动时,to 不可省略 动词不定式的否定式

22 Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候, 她假装没看见 典型题 1) Tell him the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案 :B tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为 tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案 :A pretend 后应接不定式 其否定形式为 pretend not to do sth. 3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案 :A warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词 never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案 :A not to 为 not to do it 的省略形式 可以只用 to 这个词, 而不必重复整个不定式词组 及物动词 do 后应有名词 代词等, 否则不对, 因此 B,D 不对 5) The patient was warned oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案 :C warn 一词要求后用不定式, 此处为不定式的被动, 否定形式为 be warned not to do 不定式的特殊句型 too to 1) too to 太 以至于 He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了, 说不出话来 ---- Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗? ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了 这箱子太重, 恐 怕你搬不动 谢谢您 2) 如在 too 前有否定词, 则整个句子用否定词表达肯定, too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义, 意为 " 不太 " It's never too late to mend. ( 谚语 ) 改过不嫌晚 3) 当 too 前面有 only, all, but 时, 意思是 : 非常 等于 very I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家 不定式的特殊句型 so as to 1) 表示目的 ; 它的否定式是 so as not to do Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 2) so kind as to --- 劳驾 轻点进去, 别惊醒了婴儿 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾, 现在几点了 不定式的特殊句型 Why not "Why not + 动词原形 " 表达向某人提出建议, 翻译为 :" 为什么不?" " 干吗不?" 如 :Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 不定式的时态和语态 时态 \ 语态主动被动

23 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing 1) 现在时 : 一般现在时表示的动词, 有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生, 有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你 2) 完成时 : 表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 进行时 : 表示动作正在进行, 与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成进行时 : She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 动名词与不定式 1) 动名词与不定式的区别 : 动名词表达的是 : 状态, 性质, 心境, 抽象, 经常性, 已发生的 不定式表达的是 : 目的, 结果, 原因, 具体, 一次性, 将发生的 2) 接不定式或动名词, 意义相同 3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有 11 组 : stop to do forget to do remember to do cease to do stop doing forget doing remember doing cease doing try to do try doing go on to do go on doing afraid to do interested to do mean to do afraid doing interested doing mean doing regret to do regret doing begin/start to do begin/start doing 特殊词精讲 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止, 中断做某事后去做另一件事 stop doing 停止做某事 They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来, 抽了根烟 I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了 典型题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 答案 :C 由题意可知, 她到了山顶, 停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息 因此, 应选择 "stop to do sth. 停

24 下来去做另一件事 " 而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止, 所以 stop doing sth. 不正确 stop doing/to do forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事 ( 未做 ) forget doing 忘记做过某事 ( 已做 ) The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着, 它忘记关了 ( 没有做关灯的动作 ) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了 ( 已做过关灯的动作 ) Don't forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来 (to come 动作未做 ) 典型题 ---- The light in the office is still on Oh, I forgot. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案 :C 由 the light is still on 可知灯亮着, 即关灯的动作没有发生, 因此用 forget to do sth. 而 forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了, 而自己忘记了这一事实 此处不符合题意 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事 ( 未做 ) remember doing 记得做过某事 ( 已做 ) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局 Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾 ( 未做 ) regret doing 对做过的事遗憾 后悔 ( 已做 ) I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做, 我实在没有办法 I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔 典型题 ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 答案 :D regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾 regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾 本题为 对已说的话感到后悔, 因此选 D cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间, 甚至永远停做某事 cease doing 短时停止做某事, 以后还会接着做 That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时, 停了会聊天 try doing/to do try to do 努力, 企图做某事 try doing 试验, 试着做某事 You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心 I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉, 但未成功

25 go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后, 接着做另一件事 go on doing 继续做原来做的事 After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后, 他接着去做物理 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后, 接着做其他的练习 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢, 胆怯去做某事, 是主观上的原因不去做, 意为 " 怕 "; be afraid of doing 担心出现 doing 的状况 结果 doing 是客观上造成的, 意为 " 生怕, 恐怕 " She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着, 而不敢 在草丛中再走一步 She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫 be interested doing/to do interested to do 对做某事感兴趣, 想了解某事 interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法 I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事 ( 想了解 ) I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣 你想过这事吗? ( 一种想法 ) mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算 想 mean doing 意味着 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去, 但是我父亲不肯让我去 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力 begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth. 1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时, 使用 doing. How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴? 2) begin, start 用进行时时, 后面动词用不定式 to do I was beginning to get angry. 我开始生起气来 3) 在 attempt, intend, begin, start 后接 know, understand, realize 这类动词时, 常用不定式 to do I begin to understand the truth. 我开始明白真相 4) 物作主语时 It began to melt. 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 性 ;+doing 表示动作的连续性, 进行性 表示动作的完整性, 真实 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了 ( 强调 " 我看见了 " 这个事实 ) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. ( 强调 " 我见他正干活 " 这个动作 ) 昨天我见他正在花园里干活 典型题 1) They knew her very well. They had seen her up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow

26 答案 :A. 因题意为, 他们看着她长大, 因此强调的是成长的过程, 而非正在长的动作, 因此用 see sb do sth 的句型 2) The missing boy was last seen near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 答案 :A. 本题强调其动作, 正在河边玩, 应此用 see sb. doing sth 句型 第六章倒装结构 一全部倒装 全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前 此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时 常 见的结构有 : 1. here, there, now, then, thus 等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用 be, come, go, lie, run 如 : 1) There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了 2) Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了 3) Here is your letter. 这是你的信 2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首, 谓语表示运动的动词 如 : 1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹 2) Ahead sat an old woman. 注意 : 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词, 如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装 如 : 1) Here he comes. 他来了 2) Away they went. 他们走了 二部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前 如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动 词, 则需添加助动词 do, does 或 did, 并将其置于主语之前 1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语, 如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等 如 : 1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演 2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案 3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间 注意 : 当 Not until 引出主从复合句, 主句倒装, 从句不倒装 注意 : 如否定词不在句首不倒装 如 : 1) I have never seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演 2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间 2. 带有否定意义的词放在句首, 语序需要部分倒装 常见的词语有 :not, never, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, at no time, not only, not once, under on condition, hardly when, no sooner than 等 如 : 1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely critic ized the sender. 他不仅拒收了礼品, 还狠狠批评了 送礼的人 2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她 3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚要走时一个学生来看她 注意 : 只有当 Not only but also 连接两个分句时, 才在第一个分句用倒装结构 如果置于句首的 Not

27 only but also 仅连接两个并列词语, 不可用倒装结构 如 : Not only you but also I am fond of music. 我和你都喜欢音乐 3. 表示 " 也 " " 也不 " 的 so, neither, nor 放在句首时, 句子作部分倒装 如 : 1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom 能说法语, 我也能 2) If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去, 我也不去 注意 : 当 so 引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时, 不可用倒装结构 意为 " 的确如此 " 如 : 1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom 让我去踢足球, 我去了 2) ---It's raining hard. ---So it is. --- 雨下得很大 --- 的确很大 4. only 放在句首, 强调状语 ( 副词, 介词短语或状语从句等 ), 全句语序要部分倒装 如 : Only in this way, can you learn English well. 你只有用这种方法才能学好英语 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 他被请了三次才来开会 注意 : 如果句子为主从复合句, 则主句倒装, 从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息 三 as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 ( 形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前 ) 此时应注意 : 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词 ;2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后 如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前 如 : Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 尽管他愿意努力工作, 但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意 注意 : 让步状语从句中, 有 though,although 时, 后面的主句不能有 but, 但是 though 和 yet 可连用 四其他部分倒装 1. so that 句型中的 so 位于句首时, 需倒装 如 : So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得动都不敢动 2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中, 如 : May you all be happy. 望大家开心愉快 3. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有 were, had, should 等词, 可将 if 省略, 把 were, had, should 移到 主语之前, 采取部分倒装 如 : Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你, 我就再试一次 第七章定语从句 定语从句 (Attributive Clauses) 在句中做定语, 修饰一个名词或代词, 有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子 被修饰的名词, 词组或代词即先行词 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后, 由关系词 ( 关系代词或关系副词 ) 引出 关系代词有 :who, whom, whose, that, which, as