/ 貳地盤下陷量推估模式 m mm 10 ( 一 ) 經驗模式 (NCB-SEH Empirical methods) NCB SEH S M w h S / M = f ( w / h ) NCB E S h E = f ( S / h ) 1 NCB 1/2 S max w Wc

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1 水準測量應用於廢棄煤礦之地盤下陷災害研究 - 以台北縣東運瓷土礦為例 Using Leveling Measurements to Investigate Mine Ground Subsidence: a case study of abandoned Tong-Yung mine area, Taipei County 1 2 C.S. Wei 1, C.M. Yen ~ ~2010 關鍵字 : Coal mining may cause hazardous ground subsidence. It is very important to be able to identify the underground spatial relationship between the overburden and the adits / inclined shafts for mining excavation. We used the GIS spatial analysis and 3D-simulation to characterize the adits / inclined shafts and ground subsidence of Tong- Yung mine. An analysis of leveling measurement data obtained during 2009~2010 showed that the ground deformation and collapse occurred in the shallow overburden area. The subsidence troughs and trends of 4 measured lines are correlated with multiple ground subsidence as described by the 3D-simulation. This study provided a technique to determine the subsidence pattern and the potential ground subsidence of abandoned mines. Key words: Leveling measurement, Ground subsidence, Abandoned mines 壹台灣的煤礦開採與環境現況問題 long-wall mining room-and-pillar * Paper presented at 2009 CIMME Annual Convention, October 23th, 2009, Taipei 1 Head of Department of Geology, Chinese Culture University 2 Assistant Professor, Taipei College of Maritime Technology 鑛冶 55/4-85-

2 / 貳地盤下陷量推估模式 m mm 10 ( 一 ) 經驗模式 (NCB-SEH Empirical methods) NCB SEH S M w h S / M = f ( w / h ) NCB E S h E = f ( S / h ) 1 NCB 1/2 S max w Wc = 2*h*tan NCB <15 Brady and Brown, 一年十二月

3 1 NCB NCB, ( ) NCB,1975 ( 二 ) 剖面函數 (Profile function methods) curve fitting 3 S x S B c S(x) = S f ( B, x, c ) 鑛冶 55/4-87-

4 3 Whittaker,1987 Hood, 1983 W h M ( 三 ) 影響函數 (Influence function methods) infinite element A1, A2 P 4 ƒ ( x 0, y 0, z 0, x, y, z ) complementary function Brady, 2004 Peng 1992 Lin et al NCB S = A ƒ ( x 0, y 0, z 0, x, y, z ) dxdy 4 P A1 A2 A3 Lin et al., 一年十二月

5 ( 四 ) 多下陷槽模式 - 綜合性之分析模式 Alejano 1999 Midlands FLAC2D NCB Alejano Torano et al. 2000a, 2000b multiple subsidence troughs superposition 5 asymmetrical trough z(x) D 1 e ( x x 01 ) 2 B D 2 e ( x x 02 ) 2 B 2 D 3 e ( x x 03 B 5 Torano et al. 2000a,2000b multiple subsidence troughs ) 2 ( 五 )GIS-3D 空間分析結合數學模式 Esaki 2003,2004 Djamaluddin 2005 GIS 6 3D tabular ore body Esaki Stochastic model Cx, Cy Cx, Cy Ct knothe time function a GIS-3D WP (x,y,t) 鑛冶 55/4-89-

6 6 GIS-3D Djamaluddin 2005 測線 A 岩層走向位態測線 B 測線 C 參考不動點 BM01 測線 D 坑道分布圖層參考不動點 BM 一年十二月

7 參水準測量結果 A, B, C, D 7 TWD BM ( 18 ) LeicaSprinter 150M 10mm K GIS (10mm ) 8 kriging C D 8 9 trend surface A~D A4 A5 C2 C3 D3 3 B2 B3 3 肆結論 10 90% GIS 2009/5~2010/ A4 A5 C2 C3 D3 3 B2 B 鑛冶 55/4-91-

8 1 ( ( ) ) -92- 一年十二月

9 5 測點位置 8 鑛冶 55/4-93-

10 測點位置測點位置 9 A~D -94- 一年十二月

11 沉陷量 (m) A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A8 A9 A10 測點名稱 10 A 沉陷量 (m) B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 測點名稱 B 0.01 沉陷量 (m) C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 測點名稱 C 沉陷量 (m) D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 測點名稱 D 鑛冶 55/4-95-

12 伍參考文獻坽夌奅 2007 妵妺 Alejano L.R., Ramirez-Oyanguren P. and Taboada J., 1999., FDM Predictive Methodology for Subsidence due to Flat and Inclined Coal Seam Mining", International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 36, p. 姏 Ameudo and Ivey, 1975, Coal Mine Subsidence and Land Use in the Boulder-Weld Coalfield, Boulder and Weld Counties,Colorado,Colorado Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, Denver, Colorado, 88p. 姎 Bell, F.G.and Stacey, T.R.and Genske, D.D., 2000, Mining Subsidence and Its Effect on the Environment: some differing examples, Environmental Geology No.40(1-2). 妲 Betournay M. C., 2002, Underground Mining and Its Surface Effect,DOT,U.S. Report, MMSL, TR. 姌 Brady, B.H.G.and Brown, E.T., 2004, Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining, Kluwer Academic Pub., 628p. 姁 Chekan, G. and Listak, J., 1993, "Design Practices for Multiple-Seam Longwall Mines," Information Circular 9360, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 35 p. 妶 Colorado Geologic Survey, 2002, Best Practices in Abandoned Mines Land Reclamation, Department of Natural Resources, Denver, Colorado 57p. 妼 Djamaluddin, I., Esaki, T., Mitani Y.and Ikemi H., 2005, Development of GIS-based Analytical Method for Predicting Mining Subsidence, PhD Thesis, Kyushu Univ., Japan 姃 DOT, Ohio State, 1998, Manual for Abandoned Underground Mine Inventory and Risk Assessment, U.S. 姖 Esaki, T., Djamaluddin, I.and Mitani, Y., 2003, Development of GIS-based rigorous subsidence prediction system for protecting surface environment. Proc. Of 1st Kyoto Int. Symp. On Underground environment, p. 妱 Esaki, T.et al., 2004, Synthesis Subsidence Prediction Method due to Underground Mining Integrated with GIS. Proc. of 3rd Kyoto Int. Symp. On Underground environment, p. 妽 Gil, H., 1991, The Theory of Strata Mechanics, Development in Geotechnical Enginering: vol.63, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York, Elsevier 姀 Haycocks, C., Karmis, M. and Ehgartner, B., 1982, Multiple Seam Mine Design, Paper in State-of-the-Art of Ground Control in Longwall Mining and Mine Subsidence, SME, AIME, p. 姈 Hood, M., Ewy, R.T. and Riddle, L.R.,1983, Empirical Methods of Subsidence Prediction- a case study from Illinois. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min Sci. and Geomech., Abstr., 20(4), p 妴 Jeremic, M.L., Strata Mechanics in Coal Mining, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Boston: A.A. Balkemia, 400p. 姇 Lin S., Reddish D.J. and Whittaker B.N., 1992, An integrated analytical model of subsidence induced by level seam extractions, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 10, p. 孢 Mark C, Application of coal mine roof rating(cmrr) to extended cuts. Min Eng vol.51(4):52-56p. 孥 Michael, S.R. and Turner, A.K., 2003, New Paradigms in Sub-surface Prediction, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 397p. 宓 National Coal Board, , "Subsidence Engineers Handbook, London, U.K. 111p. 宕 Peng S.S., 1992, Surface Subsidence Engineering, Littleton, Colo. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, 161 p. 屄 Peng, S. and Chiang, H., 1984, "Longwall Mining", John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 708 p. 屇 Perze, W., 1948, Observation of Subsidence over underground workings in Austrian Tertiary Coal Basin., Proc. European Congress on Ground Movement, 92-98p. 岮 Ruegsegger, L.R., 1998, Manual for Abandoned Underground Mine Inventory and Risk Assessment, ODOT, USA. 岤 Thorn, C.E., 1988, An Introduction to Theoretical Geomorphology, Boston, Unwin Hyman 岠 Torano, J.A., Rodrigetz, R.and Ramirez-Oyanguren, P., 2000a, Probabilistic analysis of subsidence-induced strains at the surface above steep seam mining, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 37 (2000), Pergamon, p. 岵 Torano, J.A.and Rodrigetz, R.D., 2000b, Hypothesis of the multiple subsidence trough related to very steep and vertical coal seams and its prediction through profile functions. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 18: p. 岯 Whittaker, B.N.and Reddish, D.J., 1989, Subsidence Occurrence, Prediction and Control, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 528p 一年十二月

( ) ( ) 15 ( ) ( ) ( ) 320101 ( ) ( ) 2010 4 13 台灣煤礦防止出水災害之重要安全措施如下 : ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) 5 三台灣煤礦的保安 ( 一 ) 台煤保安特性 1. 45 10

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/ 貳 地盤下陷量推估模式 m mm 10 ( 一 ) 經驗模式 (NCB-SEH Empirical methods) NCB SEH S M w h S / M = f ( w / h ) NCB E S h E = f ( S / h ) 1 NCB 1/2 S max w Wc

/ 貳地盤下陷量推估模式 m mm 10 ( 一 ) 經驗模式 (NCB-SEH Empirical methods) NCB SEH S M w h S / M = f ( w / h ) NCB E S h E = f ( S / h ) 1 NCB 1/2 S max w Wc