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1 英语写作篇一般写作科技论文写作 1

2 写作 1 遣词 2 造句 3 段落 4 篇章 5 常见文体写作 2

3 1 遣词 1.1 如何遣词 1.2 用词举例 3

4 1.1 如何遣词选择确切的词用词要符合习惯搭配用词要具体用词要简洁用词多样化 4

5 1.1( 一 ) 选择确切的词英语词汇有本义 (denotation) 和涵义 (connotation) 组成. 中英文许多词完全对等, 如 Sodium, Homer, cardiovascular 但中英文许多词差异很大, 如 black tea, green eye, give publicity to 和 propaganda, lover, intellectual 5

6 1.1( 一 ) 选择确切的词 (1) 注意词汇的正式程度, 重视学术性正式词汇 6

7 1.1( 一 ) 选择确切的词 (1) 注意词汇的正式程度, 重视学术性正式词汇 7

8 1.1( 一 ) 选择确切的词 (2) 注意书面语和口语 : 书面语常用非人称形式主语, 常被动, 重要信息常后置并借用修辞手法 ; 口语正相反 8

9 1.1( 一 ) 选择确切的词 (2) 注意书面语和口语 : 少用或不用口语词方言习语 9

10 1.1( 一 ) 选择确切的词 (2) 注意书面语和口语 : 少用动词短语 10

11 1.1( 一 ) 选择确切的词 (2) 注意书面语和口语 : 避免缩略形式, 如 they re, there s, won t, can t 等 (2) 注意书面语和口语 : 尽量不用阿拉伯数字, 如 2008/1/24 最好写成 January 24,

12 1.1( 一 ) 选择确切的词 (3) 注意词的情感色彩 : 根据上下文推论出褒贬还是中性词如 :inexpensive 和 cheap (4) 注意一词多义 : 根据上下文推论出褒贬还是中性词如 : raise 12

13 1.1( 二 ) 用词要符合习惯搭配有些词组的意义是单个词的意义之和, 有些则不是, 要通过上下文理解 One good turn deserves another. 13

14 1.1( 三 ) 用词要具体表示具体概念的词比表示抽象概念的词更使文章充实, 有说服力 14

15 1.1( 四 ) 用词要简洁简洁使文章通俗易懂 15

16 1.1( 五 ) 用词多样化用不同的词或词组替换 16

17 练习 17

18 练习 18

19 练习 19

20 2. 用词举例表示许多 : many->a moderate number of->a considerable number of much-> a moderate amount of->a considerable amount of a moderate proportion of->a considerable proportion of 举例 : 政府应该采取适当的对策解决交通拥挤问题 20

21 2. 用词举例举例 : 政府应该采取适当的对策解决交通拥挤问题 Our government should adopt a moderate number of counter measures to address the problem of the traffic congestion. 21

22 2. 用词举例表示越来越多 : more and more +n. an increasing number of+n. an increasing amount of+n. an increasing proportion of+n. increasingly 22

23 2. 用词举例表示导致 : lead to result in account for bring about attribute to put sth. down to result from arise from stern from 举例 :a:my carelessness b:the failure in the exam. 注意问题 ( 见下页 ) 23

24 注意问题 : lead to 2. 用词举例 lead to+n. lead to+doing sth. lead +pron.(n.) to+do sth. 举例 : 他的话使我误解了他 His words leads to my misunderstanding of him. His words leads me to misunderstand him. 24

25 注意问题 : result in the fact that 2. 用词举例 Eg. A considerable number of people bought private cars, which results the fact that the streets get increasingly crowded. arise from 一定不用被动 Eg. 改错 :Problems arisen from this phenomenon should be paid attention. 25

26 2. 用词举例 attribute to 一般不用主动, 而常用被动 can be attributed to 举例 :2008 年成功举办奥运会可以归于下面 3 个原因 : 中国人民的共同努力政府的正确领导繁荣的经济 The successful bidding of 2008 Olympic Games can be attributed to the following 3 reasons, concerted efforts of our Chinese people, proper guidance of our government, booming economy. 26

27 练习 : 2. 用词举例私家车越来越多导致了每天都有交通事故发生交通事故的频繁发生可以归咎于驾驶者的粗心核对交通事故的忽视 27

28 2. 用词举例 An increasing number of private cars result in traffic accidents every day.( ) There are an increasing number of private cars, which result in the fact that there are traffic accidents every day. The frequent occurrence of traffic accidents can be attribute to the carelessness of the driver and the indifference to the traffic accidents. 28

29 2. 用词举例表示重要或不重要 : important->very important of great importance of vital importance of little importance play an important role/part play a role/part of importance in 举例 ( 打乱次序更接近英语习惯 ): 英语对我们很重要这是一件非常重要的事件 29

30 2. 用词举例举例 ( 打乱次序更接近英语习惯 ): 英语对我们很重要 English is of vital importance to us. 这是一件非常重要的事件 It is an important event. It is an event of vital importance to us. English plays a role/part ofvital importance in our daily life.( 表明重要并且希望句子较长 play a role/part of importance in ) 比较 :all sorts of books=books of all sorts an important person=a person of vital importance 30

31 2. 用词举例表示引起注意 : play high value on pay attention to attach importance to lay emphasis on 扩展 attach a considerable importance to attach an increasing amount of importance to attach sufficient importance to attach equal importance to 31

32 2. 用词举例举例 : 勤奋和机会同样重要 We should attach equal importance to chance and dilligence. 目前, 人们越来越重视物质文明 Physical civilization is laid an increasing amount of emphasis on at present. Physical civilization is attached an increasing amount of importance to at present. An increasing amount of importance is attached to physical civilization at present. 32

33 2. 用词举例表示最近 : recently now nowadays currently during the past few decades(years,months )+? 时态 for the time being+? 时态练习 : 33

34 2. 用词举例练习 : 目前, 越来越多的社会问题引起人们的关注, 其中之一是人们过度使用计算机, 使人们的社交能力下降目前, 越来越多的社会问题引起人们的关注, 其中之一是越来越多的家长愿意把他们的孩子送到私立学校 34

35 2. 用词举例 During the past few decades, an increasing number of problems has aroused the public, one of which is that computers are used unlimitedly, which reduces the people s intercourse ability. During the past few decades, an increasing number of problems has aroused the public, one of which is that an increasing number of parents are willing to send their children to private school. 35

36 2. 用词举例练习 : 计算机是 20 世纪最重要的发明之一, 在我们生活的各个方面都得以广泛使用大学一年级的学生, 在上学的头几个月会感到特别孤独失望, 这在一定程度上说明, 学生对大学生活的期望与实际情况之间有巨大差距 36

37 2. 用词举例练习 : The computer, which is one of the inventions of the greatest importance, is widely used in all walks of life. The freshman feels especially lonely, disappointed on the beginning months of his university life, which indicates, to some extend, that there is a great gap between the expect to the life of the university and reality. 37

38 2. 用词举例表示不遗余力 : do one s utmost spare no effort to do sth. go to all lengths to do sth. exert oneself to do sth. 38

39 2. 用词举例表示充分利用 : make good use of take full advantage of avail oneself of put on sth. to do sth. 举例 : 我们应该充分利用这个机会树立中国人民的国际形象我们应该充分利用这个事件在精神上和物质上发展自己 39

40 2. 用词举例 We should make good use of the chance so as to enhance the international image of our Chinese people. We should avail ourselves of this opportunity to enhance the international image of our Chinese people. We should play on this event to develop itself financially and spiritually. 40

41 2. 用词举例表示影响 : effect : 单数, 名词 Influence: 不能用于只有否定意义的场合 Affect: 动词, 表负面影响 Impact: 名词, 动词, 正反方面组成词组 : leave\put\impose\exert+profound\positive\negtive\dual \double+effect\impact 举例 : 举办 2008 奥运会对我们有正负面的影响体罚是个危险的信号, 公众需警觉其负面影响 41

42 2. 用词举例举例 : 举办 2008 奥运会对我们有正负面的影响 The hosting 2008 Olympic games will exert both positive and negative impact on us. 体罚是个危险的信号, 公众需警觉其负面影响 With physical punishment being a dangerous signal, the public should be alert of its negative impact arising from it.( stemming from it, brought about by it.) 42

43 2. 用词举例表示节约的经济的 : economical thrifty frugality fidelity 举例 : 在节能方面没有什么车可以和公交比拟 Nothing can compete with the public transportation systme in economy. 43

44 2. 用词举例表示对有好 / 坏处 : be good for be beneficial to=be of great benefit to be harmful to be conductive to=be detrimental to do a sea of benefit/harm to 44

45 句子结构 -1 部分倒装倒装句最突出最常见的修辞效果就是强调, 其表现形式如下 : (1)only + 状语或状语从句置于句首 / by doing sth./ in this way/ if+sentense, 句子用部分倒装例 1: 只有用这种方法, 你才可以解决这个问题 45

46 1 部分倒装例 2: 只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误例 3: 只有我们每个人都作出自己的努力, 我们才能成功地主办 2008 年奥运会 46

47 句子结构 -1 部分倒装 1.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 2. Only after he had spoken out the word, did he realize he had made a big mistake. 3. Only by doing our best, can we successfully host the 2008 Olympic Games. 或 : 3:Only if everyone of us does his best, can we succeed in hosting the 2008 Olympic Games. 47

48 1 部分倒装 (2) not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首, 句子用部分倒装例 1: 我刚到家就下起了雨例 2: 我很少乘公共汽车上班 48

49 (2) 1 部分倒装例 1: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 例 2: Seldom do I go to work by bus. 49

50 1 部分倒装 (3)so / such...that 结构中的 so 或 such 位于句首可以构成部分倒装句, 表示强调 so /such 和 that 之间的部分例 1: 他的要价太离谱, 令每个人都瞠目结舌例 2: 她的彩排进行得那么长, 以致于那两个演员都走出去了 50

51 1 部分倒装例 1:So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 例 2:To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分, 其语气较自然语序强烈, 因而具有极佳的修辞效果 51

52 句子结构 -2. 虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式, 用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实, 而是一种假设愿望怀疑或推测 (1) it is +necessary 等形容词后,that 主语从句中虚拟形式使用, 这类形容词包括 necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable 等, 52

53 2. 虚拟语气例 1: 仔细听老师讲课是必要的. 例 2: 每一个单词都正确发音是非常必要的例 3: 真到了我们提高节能意识, 创建节约型社会的时候了 53

54 2. 虚拟语气例 1: It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully. 例 2: It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly. 例 3:It is of vital importance that we (should)enhance the awareness of being energy-efficient in order to establish an environmental-friendly society. 或 : 54

55 2. 虚拟语气或 : It is of vital importance that the awareness of being energy-efficient (should) be enhanced so as establish an environmental-friendly society.. 55

56 2. 虚拟语气 (⒉) 在 It s (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式例如 : 到你上学的时间了再如上面例 : 真到了我们提高节能意识, 创建节约型社会的时候了 56

57 2. 虚拟语气 1.It is high time that you went to school 2.It is high time that we enhanced/improved/promoted the awareness of being energy-efficient so as establish an environmental-friendly society. 57

58 句子结构 -3. 非限定定语从句英语中的定语从句有限制性和非限制性之分二者在形式上的区别是 : 限制性定语人句的关系词和先行词之间不用逗号隔开, 而非限制性定语从句则有逗号隔开其他主要区别如下 : 58

59 3. 非限定定语从句区别 1: 限制性定语从句的作用是用来提供必要的信息, 以说明定语从句所修饰的先行词的身分或性质, 或用来限制先行词所指的范围若去掉限制性定语从句, 则主句部分的含义不明确或意义不完整如 : I don t like people. 这句话意思不明确, 因此其后边必须加一个限制性定语从句, 才能使句义完整如 : I don t like people who are never on time. 59

60 3. 非限定定语从句非限制性定语从句的作用是用来提供附加的而非必要的信息, 只是对先行词或前面的句子作进一步的解释补充或说明若去掉此定语从句, 整个主句意义很明确, 不会引起误解和歧义如 : My mother, who is 50 this year, lives with me now. 60

61 3. 非限定定语从句以上句中的定语从句是对它前面的先行名词进行补充说明的, 向读者提供附加的信息, 不能变为限制性定语从句如 : My mother who is 50 years now lives with me now. 这句话会让人误解为我有好几个母亲, 目前和我在一起的是今年 50 岁的那位母亲 61

62 3. 非限定定语从句区别 2: 在非限制性定语从句中, 有一个关系代词不能用, 即 that, 它在限制性定语从句中既可以指人也可以指物, 但在非限制性定语从句中, 指人要用 who, 指物要用 which, 就是不能用 that. 其他关系代词的用法相同如 : The food, which wasn t in the fridge, all went off. 62

63 3. 非限定定语从句区别 3: 限定性定语从句 : 只能修饰先行词 ; 非限定性定语从句 : 可以修饰先行词, 也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分, 如 : 太阳给予大地热, 这就使植物的生长成为可能 The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.( 此句中, 非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充说明, 将全句表达的意思看成一件事情 ) 63

64 3. 非限定定语从句例 : 这位老人有一个儿子, 他在部队工作 The old man has a son, who is in the army.( 此句中, 非限定性定语从句是对先行词 son 进行补充说明本句所传达的信息是 : 这位老人只有一个儿子如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句 : The old man has a son who is in the army. 那么, 限定性定语从句就要对先行词 son 进行限定修饰这样一来, 句子所传达的信息就变成了 :" 这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作, 还有其他的儿子在干别的工作 " ) 64

65 三种形式 : 3. 非限定定语从句 (1)n.,+which/who,+sentense 例 1: 教我们写作的老师 40 来岁例 2: 随地吐痰这种极其不文明的行为在很普遍例 3: 计算机是 20 世纪最重要的发明之一, 在我们生活的各个方面都得以广泛使用 65

66 3. 非限定定语从句例 1:She, who teaches us composition, is in her forties. 例 2: Spitting, which is an extremely uncivilized behavior, is common in china. 例 3: The computer, which is one of the inventions of the greatest importance, is widely used in every area of our life/in all walks of our life. 66

67 三种形式 : 3. 非限定定语从句 (2)sentense,+which+makes/results in/enables 前面句子表示原因例 1: 他又迟到了, 这是我非常生气例 2: 他英语说的非常好, 这让他找到一份好工作例 3: 大学一年级的学生, 在上学的头几个月会感到特别孤独失望, 这在一定程度上说明, 学生对大学生活的期望与实际情况之间有巨大差距. 例 4: 道路加宽使居民的私人空间越来越小 67

68 3. 非限定定语从句例 1:He is late again, which makes me angry. 例 2: He speaks English very well, which makes him to find a decent job. 例 3: The freshman feels especially lonely, disappointed on the beginning months of his university life, which indicates, to some extend, that there is a great gap between the expect to the life of the university and reality. 68

69 3. 非限定定语从句例 4:The roads have been broaden, which makes the inhabitable space of individual citizen shrink gradually. The government has been broadening roads continuously, which makes the inhabitable space of individual citizen shrink gradually. 69

70 三种形式 : 3. 非限定定语从句 (3)sentense,+part of which/part of whom 例 1: 目前, 越来越多的社会问题引起人们的关注, 其中之一是人们过度使用计算机, 使人们的社交能力下降例 2: 目前, 越来越多的社会问题引起人们的关注, 其中之一是越来越多的家长愿意把他们的孩子送到私立学校 70

71 3. 非限定定语从句例 1: During the past few decades, an increasin g number of problems have aroused/stimulate d the public, one of which is that computers ar e used unlimitedly, which reduces the people s intercourse ability. 例 2:During the past few decades, an increasing number of problems have aroused/stimulated the public, one of which is that more and more parents are willing to. 71

72 句子结构 -4. 独立主格 ( 一 ): 独立主格的概念独立主格结构是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语, 加上分词形容词副词动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系, 通常称为独立主格结构 72

73 4. 独立主格 ( 二 ): 独立主格的功能独立主格结构实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语, 从而依附于主句其实, 虽然叫做独立主格结构, 并不是真正的独立, 它还是一种从属分句, 在句中有多种作用如 : 表原因表条件表方式表伴随表时间等, 在句中通常起状语作用 73

74 4. 独立主格独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句, 常用来表示时间原因条件行为方式或伴随情况等例如 : 1) 表示时间开完会后我们都回家了 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 她干完了活, 坐下来喝茶 Her work do ne, she sat down for a cup of tea. 2) 表示条件若条件有利, 他或许能成功 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 74

75 4. 独立主格 3) 表示原因没有出租车, 我们只好步行 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 夜又黑又冷, 所以他把她裹得严严实实的 He wra pped her up with great care, the night being dark a nd frosty. 4) 表示伴随情况几乎所有的金属都是良导体, 而银则是最好的导体 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. (=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 75

76 4. 独立主格 ( 三 ): 独立主格结构的构成 : 名词 ( 代词 )+ 现在分词过去分词 ; 名词 ( 代词 )+ 形容词 ; 名词 ( 代词 )+ 副词 ; 名词 ( 代词 )+ 名词名词 ( 代词 )+ 不定式 ; 名词 ( 代词 ) + 介词短语构成 76

77 4. 独立主格 ( 四 ) 独立主格结构的特点 : 1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同, 它独立存在 2) 名词或代词与后面的分词, 形容词, 副词, 不定式, 介词等是主谓关系 3) 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开 77

78 4. 独立主格举例 1) 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open. 2) 名词 / 代词 + 现在分词冬天来了, 天气越来越冷了 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 雨停了, 他出去散步 The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 问题解决之后, 我们结束了会议 The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 78

79 4. 独立主格举例 2) 名词 / 代词 + 现在分词如果天气允许, 我们明天去看你 Weather perm itting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 3) 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词 The test finished, we began our holiday. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 工作完成后, 我们才回家 This done, we went home. 会议结束后, 每个人都想早点回家 The meetin g gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 79

80 4. 独立主格举例 3) 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词 Marquis, said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. 4) 名词 / 代词 ( 主格 )+ 不定式我们十点四十五分集合, 队伍十一点准时出发 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 这是前两卷, 第三卷将于下月问世 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 我们进行了分工, 他擦窗户, 我扫地 We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 80

81 4. 独立主格举例两个男孩彼此道了别, 一个回了家, 另一个去了他朋友家 The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend s. 5) 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语 I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林 The huntsma n entered the forest, gun in hand. He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. 81

82 6) 名词 / 代词 + 副词 4. 独立主格举例 Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. 7) 名词 / 代词 + 名词他和狼搏斗着, 唯一的武器是一根棍棒 He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 82

83 4. 独立主格 With 的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时, 既可用分词的独立结构, 也可用 with 的复合结构 with + 名词 ( 代词 )+ 现在分词 / 过去分词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 不定式 / 介词短语举例 : He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised raising 亦可. 83

84 4. 独立主格 With 的复合结构作独立主格 with +doing/done/being done/having done 举例 : 在过去几十年中, 物质文明被过分重视, 而忽略了精神文明 with people attaching excessive importance to physical civilization, spiritual civilization has been ignored to some extend. 还有另外 2 种写法 84

85 4. 独立主格 with physical civilization attached excessive importance to, spiritual civilization has been ignored to some extend. with excessive importance attached to physical civilization, spiritual civilization has been ignored to some extend. 85

86 4. 独立主格再举例 : 中国成功加入 WTO 和成功申办 2008 年奥运会, 我们有更多机会与外国人打交道再举例 : 妈妈正高兴, 这正是我提要求的时候在文章的最后一段常写 : 上面原因都阐述完了, 我们可以得到这样的结论, 只有减少私家车数量和拓宽道路才能解决问题 86

87 4. 独立主格再举例 :With China having entered WTO and having succeeded in bidding 2008 Olympic Games, we have a great number of opportunities to compete with the foreigners. 再举例 : With my mother being happy, it is the appropriate time for us to render our demands. 87

88 4. 独立主格在文章的最后一段常写 : With all the reasons stated, we can safely draw the conclusion that only by controlling the number of private cars and broadening the road, can we succeed in solving the problems. 88

89 5 种句式总结 : 表示原因的句型 (1)sentence, which makes/leads to / enables+ (2)With +n.+doing/done, sentence (3) sentence, thus/hence/therefore+doing sth. (4) sentence,for + sentence (5) 介词词组 :because of/due to/owing to/thanks to/on account of/in view of 89

90 练习大量的钱投资在太空探索上, 让人们禁不住去想我们到底可以从中获得什么 ( 用前 3 种方法 ) 机动车释放大量尾气, 使得建立健康的生活环境成为不可实现的梦想 ( 用前 3 种方法 ) 体育竞赛能为人们提供公平竞争的机会, 因此各国人们都踊跃参加 ( 用前 3 种方法 ) 90

91 练习中国一定能成功举办 2008 奥运会, 因为中国人民一直在积极地从物质和精神两方面做准备 ( 用第 4 种方法 ) 中国政府一定能在短期内解决交通阻塞问题, 因为许多有效措施已经在实施 ( 用第 4 种方法 ) 91

92 练习多亏你的帮助, 我才能通过考试 ( 用第 5 种方法 ) 多亏改革开放政策的实施, 中国在过去的 10 年里一直稳步迅速的发展 ( 用第 5 种方法 ) 鉴于问题的严重性, 政府必须采取有效措施并会应公众的疑惑 ( 用第 5 种方法 ) 老师站在旁边, 我感到紧张. 社会迅速发展, 人们越来越意识到教育的重要性体罚是个危险信号, 公众需警觉其负面影响国民经济迅速发展, 生活水平逐步提高, 私家车越来越多 92

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<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D203130305FBAEEA658B4FAC5E7A15DB5AAAED7A15E> 國立中山大學 100 學年度師資培育中心招生考試科目名稱 : 綜合測驗注意事項 : 本測驗包括四種科目 : 中文英文邏輯分析與教育時事可以在試卷的空白處, 建構出邏輯架構圖, 以方便作答答案請填入專用答案卷表格內, 違者不計分四