英语语法

Transcription

1 英语语法 ( 一 ) 名词 名词是表示人 物和抽象概念名称的词 英语名词按其语法特征, 可将其分为可数名词 (Count/Countable Noun) 和不可数名词 (Non-count/Uncountable Noun) 1. 可数名词 规则表现形式 情况 构成方式 例词 大部分名词 词尾加 -s Books, boats, verbs, kings, roses,faces 以 -th 结尾的名词 词尾加 -s Months, baths, paths 以 -s, -x, -z, -sh,-ch 结尾 词尾加 -es Gases, boxes, buzzes, 的名词 flashes, churches 以 -y 以辅音 +y 结尾的名词变 -y 为 -i 再加 -es Parties, ladies, spies 结尾 以元音 +y 结尾的名词直接加 -s Rays, boys, days 的名 以 -quy 结尾的名词 变 -y 为 -i 再加 -es Soliloquies 词 以 -o 结尾的名词 大多数名词某些以辅音 +o 结尾的名词 词尾加 -s 词尾加 -es Radios, studios, bamboos, photos, solos Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes 以 -f, -fe 结尾的名词 大多数名词少数名词 词尾加 -s 变 -f, -fe 为 -ves Beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, roofs Lives, halves, shelves, knives 不规则表现形式 : 一部分名词是通过内部元音变换等方式构成的, 例如 :foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, man-men, child-children, ox-oxen. 另一 部分是外来词的复数构成方式, 例如 : stratum-strata, basis-bases, thesis-theses, crisis-crises, datum-data. 2. 不可数名词 2.1 常用的不可数名词归纳

2 Bread Beer Coffee Cream Dust Gold Homework Ice Importance Information Jewelry Jam Knowledge Laughter Leisure Luggage Machinery Milk Money Music Meat News Oil Peace Rain Recognition Research Scenery Soap Snow Traffic Violence Water Weather Wind Work 2.2 不可数名词的表现形式 这些不可数名词的常用单数形式是 : 一个可数名词 +of+ 不可数名词 例如 : a drop of water 一滴水 a piece of news 一则新闻 a loaf of bread 一块面包 这些不可数名词的常用复数形式是 : 一个可数名词的复数形式 +of+ 不可数名词 例如 : two buckets of milk 两桶牛奶 three cups of tea 三杯茶 four bottles of beer 四瓶啤酒 3. 既可作可数名词又可作不可数的名词, 例如 : 名词可数不可数 ice cream 一支支冰激凌冰激凌上的奶油 chicken 一只只小鸡鸡肉 orange 橘子橘子汁 water 水域水 4. 可数名词和不可数名词表示数量的区别

3 可数名词不可数名词 a/an,one. - another - few little a few a little fewer less a/the number of amount of many much several - a lot of a lot of some some any any no no each - every - all all other other 5. 名词的属格格 (Case) 是个语法范畴, 它表示名词或代词与句中其它词语 ( 主要是动词 ) 之间的语法关系和语义关系 现代英语中, 名词虽然没有主格 宾格之分, 却保留着古英语的一点格的残余, 这就是 属格 (Genitive Case), 又叫 所有格 (Possessive Case) 5.1 名词属格的构成 单数名词和不以 s 结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加 - s, 如 :Milton s poems, women s clothes 等 以 s 结尾的复数名词只加 -, 如 the girls dorm, the teachers college 专有名词也是如此 : Dickens 或 Dickens s novel 都可以 并列名词表示各自的所有关系时, 需要在各个名词后面加上 - s, 如 :Mary s and Bob s books 如果仅在第二个名词之后加 - s, 则指两人共有的东西, 如 :Mary and Bob s books 名词词组 + 同位语 构成属格时,- s 加在同位语名词之后, 如 :his roommate Johnson s, Basel the bookseller s 复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时, 在最后一个词的词尾加 - s, 如 my mother-in-law s death, an hour and a half s talk 5.2 名词属格的意义 表示所有关系, 如 :Mr. Brown s suitcase 表示主谓关系, 如 :the Prime Minister s arrival (The Prime Minister arrives) 表示动宾关系, 如 :the enemy s defeat (We defeated the enemy) 表示来源关系, 如 :Mary s letter(= a letter from Mary) 表示类别, 如 :a winter s day (= a day in winter) 表示时间 度量 价值等, 如 :an hour s work, a pound s weight, one dollar s worth of meat 5.3 名词属格的用法 作限定词和前置修饰语作限定词 :the boy s father=his father

4 作修饰语 :the children s book 名词属格和 of 词组两者既有相同之处又有区别 相同之处 : 都可以表示所有关系, 主谓关系, 动宾关系, 来源等 不同之处 : 当名词属格用来表示事物类别或属性的时候不可用 of 结构代替, 例如 儿童画报 是 children s pictorial, 而不是 pictorial of children 在某些固定习语中只能用名词的属格 在某些语境中, 比如名词带有较长的后置修饰语, 在这种情况下只能用 of- 词组, 而不能用名词的属格 如 : the opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago the suggestion of those present at the meeting 如果名词词组是 定冠词 + 形容词 构成, 只能用 of- 词组 : the income of the rich the struggle of the exploited 如果 of- 词组是表示同位语关系, 也不能用名词属格 : the city of Rome the town of Bremen 6. 独立属格和双重属格 6.1 独立属格名词的属格通常用在名词中心词之前, 作限定词或修饰语, 但有时名词的中心词可以省略, 而以名词属格独立充当一定的句子成分或词组成分 这种独立使用的名词属格叫做独立属格 a) 名词的中心词在上下文中出现过 : Her memory is like an elephant s. Mary s is the largest house. b) 被省略的名词中心词表示的是某人的住宅或家 : I am going to dine at the Johnson s. The doctor s is on the other side of the street. c) 被省略的名词中心词表示教堂 学校等公共场所 : Joe lives near St. Paul s (Cathedral) in London. He was educated at the Merchant Taylor s (School). d) 被省略的名词中心词表示店铺 公司等 Pickled vegetables are available at the grocer s. Chinese toys are sold both at the Smith s and at the Brown s. 6.2 双重属格 双重属格 (Double Genitive), 即 of+ 名词 s 结构 如 : a friend of my father s = one of my father s friends 双重属格可以带 a, any, some 等表示非确定特指的限定词, 如 : a daughter of Mrs. Green s 双重所有格可以和 this, that 等指示限定词连用, 表示爱憎褒贬等感情色彩, 如 : This brilliant idea of David s. 6.3 注意区分下面双重属格的意义 A portrait of Mr. Brown s

5 一张 Brown 先生画的或收藏的肖像 A portrait of Mr. Brown 一张 Brown 先生的肖像 A criticism of Mr. Hamilton s Hamilton 先生作的一次批评 A criticism of Mr. Hamilton 对 Hamilton 先生的一次批评练习 : 1. The house built of was once used as a warehouse. A. stone B. stones C. a stone D. some stone 2. Hainan Province has. A. too many summers B. too much summer C. long summer D. much summer 3. Please give to what he has to say. A. a ear B. ears C. your ears D. ear 4. There is on the menu today. A. a lamb B. lamb C. the lamb D. something of a lamb. 5. He was to tell the truth. A. too much of a coward B. too much coward C. a coward enough D. enough of coward 6. The soup tastes of. A. onions B. an onion C. the onion D. onion 7. There is on your nose. A. an egg B. the egg C. egg D. eggs 8. There are some for the dinner. A. chickens B. chicken C. potatos D. tomatos 9. They got much from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories 10. I have two and three bottles of there. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges 11. He gave us on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice 12. When we saw his face, we knew was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news 13. What lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 14. Would you like tea? No, thanks. I have drunk two. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges 15. He is hungry. Give him to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( 二 ) 代词

6 代词就是代替名词以及其名词作用的短语 分句和句子的词 英语代词可分为人称代词 (personal pronoun) 物主代词(possessive pronoun) 反身代词(reflexive pronoun) 指示代词 (demonstrative pronoun) 相互代词(reciprocal pronoun) 不定代词(indefinite pronoun) 疑问代词 (interrogative pronoun) 关系代词(relative pronoun). 归纳如列表 : 代词类型单数复数 第一人称 第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称 人称代 主格宾格 I me you you he/she/it him/her/it we us you you they them 词 物主代词 形容词性名词性 my mine your yours his/her/its his/hers our ours your yours their theirs 反身代词 myself yourself himself/herself/itself ourselves yourselves themselves 指示代词 this/that these/those 相互代词 each other one another 不定代词 some, someone, anything, nothing, one, all, something, anyone, nobody, everything, any, one another, anybody, somebody, everybody, such, another, few, little, a few, a little, much, either, many, neither 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 关系代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, as, that 重要语法点 1. one...the other" 与 one...another' 的区别 : one the other 所修饰的数是两个,the other 指两者中的另一个 ; 而 one another" 所修饰的数是三个或三个以上,another 指不定数目 ( 至少三个 ) 中的另一个 2. both 与 all 的区别 : both 用于指两个人或事物 ;all 用于指两者以上的人或物 both 与 all 作同位语用, 放在名词或代词后, 如 :We both like China. 若谓语是系动词时, 则需将其放在系动词后 若谓语是行为动词, 前面又有助动词时, 应放在助动词之后 如 :They have both gone to Chengdu for study. both 与 a11 都可用 of 结构 若其后是名词, of 可省略 ; 若是人称代词时 of 不可省略 3. whole 与 all" 的区别 : whole 表示 全部, 所有 之意时, 后面不能接复数, 而且采用 the+whole+ 名词 的词序 当 all 表示 全部, 所有 时, 后面既可跟不可数名词, 也可跟复数可数名词, 并采用 all+the+ 名词 的词序, 如 all the students,all the morning 但 all day,all night 中不用 the 4. none 与 no one 的区别 :

7 None 表示 之中没有一个, 一般是对两者以上的人或物进行否定 none 可以代替单数或复数名词, 谓语动词也有单数或复数变化形式, 而且它既可指人, 也可指物 no one 表示 一个也没有, 即 not a single one 只代表单数名词, 只能指人, 谓语动词用单数形式 5. each 与 every 的区别 : 表示两个事物中的每一个, 必须用 each, 不可用 every 当 each 在句中作主语 同位语, 或副词状语时, 也不可用 every 替换 练习 1. 用 little, a little, few, a few 填空 : 1)I often stay at home because I have friends here. 2).Jim, don t go and get some water. There is water in the glass. 3).Though he learned French only weeks, he can speak very well. 4).Lily had bread because she was hungry yesterday. 2. 选词填空 1) The cast is giving(its, their) best performance tonight. 2) Somebody left (his, their) raincoat on his rack ;( he, they) will have to come and get it. 3) Most mystery stories don t end the way you expect (it, them) to. 4) Because Japan uses more oil than (it, they) can produce, (it has to, they have to) import great quantities from other countries. 5) The committee will insist on(its, their) rights. 3. 填空题 1) After weighed anchor, the ship slipped out of the harbor. 2) A tall figure was moving stealthily about the room. was the burglar. 3) Getting out of the car, he said to the man in overall, Fill up, please. 4) Francine was so kind to me that I shall never forget. 5) One must not lose temper when is being criticized for conduct. ( 三 ) 形容词和副词 1. 形容词 1.1 形容词是表示人或事物性质或特征的词类, 在句中可作定语 状语 补语 表语 主

8 语或宾语 (the+ 形容词表示一类人或物 ) 形容词作定语时的位置非常重要 一般来说, 形容词在作定语时, 位于被修饰词前 形容词的另一重要用法是构成原级 比较级和最高级等形式 1.2 多个形容词同时出现时的顺序 : 品质 ( 一般描写性 )----- 大小 / 新旧或年龄 / 形状 颜色 起源 材料 用途 名词 例如 :a funny,little,red insect 但是, 当被修饰词是 nothing,something,everything,anything 等不定代词时, 或者作定语的形容词是以 a- 为前缀的形容词 ( 如 ablaze,alert,alike,alive,asleep, awake,afloat,ashamed) 及一些以 -able, -ible 为后缀构成的形容词 ( 如 sensible, acceptable,visible,imaginable) 时, 通常将形容词放于被修饰词后面作后置定语, 形容词短语也作后置定语 2. 副词 2.1 副词和形容词一样, 也是在句中主要作修饰成分, 所不同的是, 副词是用来修饰形容词 副词 动词及介词等的词类 根据其意义和用法, 可分为频度副词 (always,generally, usually,often,frequently,sometimes,occasionally,seldom) 程度副词(perfectly, roughly,probably,possibly,fairly,rather) 地点副词(here,there,anywhere) 时间副词 (then,yet,still,now,soon) 方式副词(carefully,badly,quickly) 疑问副词 (how,why) 连接副词(therefore,however) 关系副词(when,where) 和语气副词 (certainly) 2.2 兼有两种形式的副词有些副词有两种形式, 一是与形容词同形, 二是由该形容词加 -ly 构成 这两种不同的形式, 有些含义相同, 有些略有不同, 而还有一些完全不相同 如下 : clean/cleanly 副词 clean 作 径直地, 完全地 解 : The bullet went clean through( 整个儿地穿过 )his arm I clean forgot( 完全忘掉 )about it 副词 cleanly 常作 干净利落地 解 : This knife does not cut cleanly( 切起来不利落 ) 作 清洁地 解, 较少使用 关于 clear/clearly 副词 clear 作 完全地 径直地 解 : You can see clear( 一直望到 )to the mountains today The prisoner got clear away( 逃得无影无踪 ) Clear 这一用法与 clean 相同 ; 有时可以交替使用 Clear 还能作 隔开, 不接触 解 例如 : Stand clear of the gates( 离开门 )! You should keep clear of that fellow( 不要与那家伙来往 ) 作其他解释时则用 clearly, 不用 clear 例如: Can you see clearly( 清楚地 )from here? He is clearly( 显然 )wrong 但在下列结构中用 clear 或 clearly 均可 : The moon shone clear(ly)( 明亮的 ) He spoke loud(ly) and clear(ly)( 清晰地 ) 关于 close/closely

9 副词 close 作 近 解 : He lives close to the school He was following close behind 作其他解释时用 closely: Watch what I do closely( 细心地 ) The prisoners were closely( 严密地 )guarded 关于 dead/deadly 副词 dead 作 突然地, 完全地 解 : She stopped dead 在非正式语体中作 完全地, 直接地 解 : He was dead tired( 极为疲倦 ) The wind was dead against us( 正对着我们 ) Deadly 作 死一般地 或 非常 接市, 例如 deadly pale( 死人似的苍白 ),deadly serious ( 极端严重 ),deadly dull( 极为枯燥乏味 ) 等 关于 direct/directly 副词 direct 作 直线地, 不绕圈子地 解 : The train goes there direct. The next flight does not go direct to Rome( 不直飞罗马 );it goes by way of Paris ( 绕道巴黎 ) He came direct to London Send them direct to me 作 直接地 ( 即 间接地 的反义词 ) 解时用 directly: He was looking directly at me She answered me very directly and openly Directly 也可作 立即 或 马上 解 : Answer me directly Let us meet directly after lunch I will be there directly He should be there directly if you do not mind waiting 关于 slow/slowly Slow 作副词仅用于 go slow(=work slowly) 这样的搭配 : The workers decided to go slow 其他场合通常用 slowly: Speak slowly,please Drive slowly onto the ferry How slowly/slow the time passes! Go slow(ly),we are coming to a crossroads 关于 loud/loudly 副词 loud/loudly 均作 大声地 解, 用哪一种形式与音韵有关, 并无绝对规定 : Do not talk so loud/loudly She complained loudly of having been kept waiting 但用比较形式时通常用 louder 与 loudest: Speak louder,i can not hear you Who laughed loudest?

10 3. 形容词 副词比较级和最高级 大多数形容词和副词的比较等级有三 : 原级 (Positive/Absolute Degree) 比较级 (Comparative Degree) 和最高级 (Superlative Degree) 比较级和最高级又可分为 规 则形式和不规则形式 大多数形容词和副词的比较级和最高级都是规则的, 只有少数几个是 不规则的 如下 : 3.1 变形形式 形容词比较级和最高级的规则形式 形容词比较级和最高级的规则形式有两种表示方法 : 一是由原级加后缀 -er 和 -est 构成 ; 二是在原级之前加 more 和 most 构成 一般说来, 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级多采用加 -er 和 -est 的形式 例如 : Kind kinder kindest Clear clearer clearest 三音节或多于三音节的形容词, 其比较级和最高级通常采用在原级之前加 more 和 most 的形 式 例如 : Instructive more instructive most instructive Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 双音节形容词的比较级和最高级通常可采用以上提到的两种形式 例如 : Tender tenderer/more tender tenderest/most tender Clever cleverer/more clever cleverest/most clever 双音节形容词的比较级和最高级通常既可采用两种形式, 但以 -y 结尾和以 -ow 结尾的双音节 形容词多半采取加 -er 和 -est 形式 例如 : Happy happier happiest Pretty prettier prettiest Narrow narrower narrowest Shallow shallower shallowest 副词比较级和最高级的规则形式 副词比较级和最高级规则形式的构成与形容词比较级和最高级基本相似 单音节副词通常采 用加 -er 和 -est 形式 例如 : Fast faster fastest Hard harder hardest 而以 -ly 结尾的副词以及某些频度副词则多半采用加 more 和 most 的形式 例如 : Clearly more clearly most clearly Wisely more wisely most wisely 形容词 副词比较级和最高级的不规则形式 有少数几个形容词和副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的, 它们是 : Bad worse worst Good/well better best Old older/elder oldest/eldest Far further/farther furthest/farthest Much more most Badly worse worst Well better best 3.2 比较结构 形容词和副词比较等级用于句子当中便形成比较结构 英语比较结构主要的有三种 :as```as 结构,more```than 结构和 the most 结构 在讲比较结构的时候, 还要把由某些限定词和

11 代词的比较等级构成的比较结构包括进去 英语中有几个不定限定词和不定代词也有原级 比较级和最高级 它们是 many/much,more,most;few,fewer,fewest;little,less, least 它们在句中也能形成比较结构 as```as 结构这种结构的基本模式是 :as+ 形容词或副词原级 +as- 分句 例如 : John is as bright as Bob John behaves as politely as Bob(does) 这种比较结构的否定形式是 : John is not as/so bright as Bob John does not behave as/so politely as Bob 以上否定意义还可以用 less```than 结构来表示 : John is less bright than Bob John behaves less politely than Bob 但是,less```than 结构在实际使用上不如 not so/as```as 结构普遍 由以上诸例可以看出, 在带有 as```as 结构的句子中, 通常是主句主语和 as- 分句的主语不同, 而比较项目相同, 比如是 John 和 Bob 就两人的举止是否有礼貌进行比较 这是 as```as 结构最基本的用法 此外, 带有 as```as 结构的句子也可能主语相同, 而比较项目不同 例如 : The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful ( 这姑娘既漂亮又聪明 ) This swimming pool is as wide as it is long ( 这个游泳池宽度和长度相等 ) He is not wise as he is witty ( 他为人风趣, 但有欠明智 ) as```as 结构的另一种模式是 :as much/many+ 名词 +as- 分句, 例如 : he took as much butter as he needed She has written as many essays as her brother(has) 这种结构的否定形式是 : He did not take so/as much butter as he needed She has not written so/as many essays as her brother(has) as```as 结构还有一个变体形式, 这就是 as+ 形容词原级 + 名词词组 +as- 分句 例如 : George is as efficient a worker as Jack I do not want as expensive a car as this more````than 结构这种结构的基本模式是 : 形容词或副词比较级 +than- 分句 例如 : This parcel is heavier than that one This car runs faster than that one 这种比较结构的否定形式是用 less```than 表示 : This parcel is less heavy than that one This car runs less fast than that one 也可用 not so/as```as 表示 : This parcel is not so/as heavy as that one This car does not run so/as fast as that one more````than 结构也有其变体形式, 其中之一是 : 形容词比较级 + 名词 +than- 分句 例如 :

12 my brother has a larger house than mine John is a more efficient worker than Jack The slaves were given worse food than that for their master s dogs 以上诸例都可转换为名词词组 +more````than 结构做后置修饰语 例如 : There are men more intelligent than John John is a worker more efficient than Jack more````than 结构的另一种变体形式是 定冠词 + 形容词或副词比较级 +of- 词组 例如: John is the brighter of the two boys Of the two boys John behaves(the)more politely 由上述两例可以看出, 用这种变体形式进行比较都只用于两者之间的比较 ; 在第一例中比较级前的定冠词不可省, 而在第二例中比较级前的定冠词可省 这两句分别相当于 : John behaves more politely than the other boy (the)+ 形容词副词最高级 + 比较范围 结构如果是三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较, 就要使用形容词和副词的最高级 例如 : The Sahara is the biggest desert all over the world John is the brightest of the four boys Of the four boys John behaves(the)most politely She works(the)hardest of all 由上述诸例可以看出, 表示 最高级 的意义, 通常都要有一个 比较范围, 表示比较范围可以用介词词组, 如 all over the world,of the four boys, 也可以用关系分句或非限定分句, 如 I have ever read,ever known 比较范围在一定上下文中可以不表示出来 例如 : A:Six juicy watermelon,please B:These are our juiciest 有些最高级结构并不是和其他事物相比, 因而也不须把比较范围表示出来 : Please accept my deepest gratitude I shall do it with the greatest pleasure A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:Not in the slightest ( 一点也不 ) 表示最高级的相反意义可用 the least``` 结构 例如 : This is the least difficult book I have ever read He behaved the least politely of the three the least``` 结构在实际使用上常为原句中形容词或副词的反义词的最高级所取代 : this is the easiest book I have ever read He behaved the most rudely of the three 在一定上下文中, 最高级含义也有用其他结构来表示, 比如用 more```than 结构表示 : George did more work this morning than anyone else (=George did the most work ) This car runs faster than any other car in the garage (=This car runs the fastest of all the cars in the garage ) 也可用 as``as 结构来表示 : Nothing in my life shook me so deeply as my first visit to China (=My first visit to China shook me the most deeply ) 还可用 否定词 + 比较级 来表示 :

13 I like nothing better (=it is the best thing I like.) It can not be worse (=it is the worse thing I have ever known ) 练习 1. 写出下列形容词或副词的比较级与最高级 tall big beautiful long short fast happy kind instructive pretty narrow clearly good far much complicated slow soon 2. 请使用适当的比较结构填空 1) Xiao Ming looked a brick wall. ( nervous ) 2) Drive you can. ( fast ) 3) The bus is running less it used to. (smoothly) 4) They should probably drive a bit we do, so they ll get there first to make everything ready. ( fast ) 5) Xiaomei is far I am. (tolerant) 6) Is your sister any? (relaxed) 7) Could you come you usually do? (early) 8) Honey is just about sugar. (sweet) 9) Is this kind of pencil very much the other kind? (dark) 10) Which occupation is, a police s or a fireman s? (dangerous) 3. 选词填空 1) I cannot see without my glasses. ( clear, clearly )\ 2) I am afraid I forgot. (clean, cleanly) 3) Come! I want to tell you a secret. 4) Mary s related to the Duke of Halifax.(close,closely) ( 四 ) 虚拟语气英语中的语气分为陈述语气 祈使语气 虚拟语气三类 虚拟语气 (subjunctive Mood) 用来表示说话人的愿望 请求 意图 建议 怀疑 设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况, 以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况 由于虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊表现形式, 因而动词的变化形式体现出虚拟语气所包含的不同含义 虚拟语气用于非真实条件句时的构成如下表 :

14 1. 在非真实条件句中, 有时从句的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并没有同时发生, 在这样的条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式 其构成视具体情况而定 例如 : If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning,i would not be wet now If I were you,i wouldn't have missed the film last night 2. 引导非真实条件从句的连词 if 在正式文体中有时可以省去,were,had,should 等非行为动词这时应提到从句句首 例如 : If I were you.i wouldn't feel sorry. Were I you.i wouldn't feel sorry. 3. 有些句子从表层结构上看是无 if 引导的非真实条件句, 但从深层意思上看是存在的 这种情况下主句动词仍需用虚拟式 这类句子中常出现 without( 如果没有 ),but for( 要不是 ), otherwise( 否则 ),but that( 若不, 后接一从句 ) 等词或词组 例如 : But for your help,they couldn't have succeeded. 要不是你帮忙, 他们是不可能取得成功的 She wasn't feeling well.otherwise,she wouldn't have left the meeting so early. 她感到不舒服 不然她不会那么早就离开会场的 4. 在 It is+ 形容词 +that 从句的句型中,that 引导的主语从句中的谓语动词采用 should+ 动词原形形式 (should 可省略 ) 可用于此句型的形容词还有:absurd,advisable,better, best,desirable, (un)fair,fortunate,good,imperative,important,incredible, just,natural,(un)necessary,odd,pleasant,possible,preferable,right,ridiculous, sad,silly,unusual,urgent,vital,wrong 等, 表示必要 应该 建议 要求 惊讶 不相信等意思 例如 : It's necessary that we(should)set out at once. It's proposed that a committee(should)be set up to look into the matter. 5. 意为 提议 建议 请求 命令 等意思的动词所带的从句 ( 包括宾语从句和主语从句 ) 中, 谓语部分用 should+ 动词原形形式,should 可以省略 有相同用法的动词还有 ask, advise,agree,arrange,beg,command,decide,demand,desire,determine,direct, instruct,insist,intend,maintain,move,order,persuade,pray,propose,recommend, request,require,stipulate,suggest,tell,urge 例如: I suggest that he(should)go camping tomorrow. He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiment was done. 应当注意的是, 当 suggest,insist 等词不表示 建议 " 或 坚持要求 的含义时, 其后的从句不再用虚拟语气 例如 : His look suggested that he wasn't telling the truth. 他的神色表明他没讲实话 He insisted that he was right. 他坚持认为他是对的 6. 虚拟式可用于 wish 后的宾语从句中, 表示与事实相反的愿望 其表达形式一般是将谓语动词提前一个时态 例如 : 1 wish I had been to the concert last night. 1 wish he would forgive me. 7. It's(high,about)time that 的句型要求用虚拟式, 表示应该做还没有做的事 其表达形式一般是谓语动词使用过去时态 例如 : It's high time that he stopped smoking.

15 It's about time that we took our leave. 8. 在 I would(had)rather 后的句子中, 动词也要求用虚拟式, 表示某人的愿望 其表达形式一般是将谓语动词提前一个时态 例如 : I'd rather you left tomorrow instead of today. I'd rather he hadn't done anything like that. 9. 在由 as if,as though 引导的方式状语从句中, 表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑, 或表示与主句谓语动词同时或其后的假设情况时, 从句中谓语动词用过去时 表示过去想象中的动作或情况或表示在主句谓语动词所表示时间之前的假设情况, 从句用过去完成时 如果表示的情况很可能发生或是事实, 则用陈述语气 例如 : She looks as if she knew all about it. They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years. 10. 在 if only 引导的感叹句中, 用谓语动词的一般过去时表示与现在的事实相反的情况, 用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况 例如 : If only he knew our telephone number! 他要是知道我们的电话号码该有多好啊! 11. 在 lest,for fear that,in case 等词引导的从句中, 谓语部分用 should+ 动词原形表示虚拟 should 也可以省略 例如 : Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children,lest they(should)set them a bad example. 练习 : 1. 请用动词的适当形式填空 1) If I (be) you, I shouldn t do it. 2) He behaves as though he (be) better than us. 3) It is essential that he (have) all the facts. 4) She treats me as if I (be) a stranger. 5) They suggested that Smith (drop) from the team. 6) If it (rain) tomorrow, the match would be postponed. 7) The judge ordered that the witness (tell) the truth. 8) It is necessary that every member (inform) himself o f these rules. 9) I wish I (be) a bird. 10) I require that they (come) by ten. 2. 翻译 1) 要是我来做这事, 我会采取不同的方法 2) 我一定要她在上海再多呆一天 3) 我多么希望我们厂的装备好一些 4) 我宁愿我的秘书陪我去北京 5) 如果你不听我的忠告, 那就算了 ( 五 ) 情态动词情态动词本身有一定词义, 且要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用, 给谓语动词增添情态色彩, 表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法 一般表示 可能 应该 必要 等 情态动词后面跟动词原形 1. 英语情态动词列表 ( 其中包括一些过去式形式 ), 如下 : 现在时形式过去时形式

16 can could may might will would shall should must / need / dare / / ought to / used to 同时, 我们在认识情态动词时可分为四类 :1) 只做情态动词 ( 如 must, can, may, etc.) 2) 可做情态动词又可做实义动词 ( 如 need, dare)3) 具有情态动词特征 ( 如 used to) 4) 情态动词表推测 2. 表示 能力 和 可能 2.1 表示 能力 (ability), 可用 can, could, be able to, can 既能表示现在的 能力, 也能表示将来的 能力 Look! I can do it. I can t do it now, but I can do it later. 2.2 表示 可能 (possibility), 可用 may, might, can, could. May/might 表示 可能, 往往可以交替使用, 并无时间上差异, 只是用 might 在语气上比用 may 更加不甚肯定, 从而比较委婉 May/might 可表示现在的 可能 : It may/might be true. He may/might be still waiting at the door. May/might 可表示将来的 可能 : He may/might leave tomorrow. He may not /might not leave next week. 在疑问句中表示 可能, 须用 can 而不是用 may Where can he be? ---He may be in the office. 3. 表示 许可 和 不许 3.1 请求对方 许可 可用 can, could, may, might, may/might 与 can/could 相比, 前者较为正式, 后者较为婉转, 更为礼貌 在口语中特别常用通常用 can 表示 许可 Can/could I smoke in here? May/might I smoke in here? 表示给予 许可 通常用 can/may, 而不用 could/might Might I trouble you for a light? ---You may indeed. 3.2 表示 不许 可用 may not 或者 cannot Can I go out for a moment? ---No, you can t.

17 May I use your car for a few days? ---No, you may not. 4. 表示 义务 和 必然 4.1 所谓表示 义务, 即表示 必须 应该 做某事, 表示这些意义, 可用 should, ought to, must. 用这三个情态助动词表示 义务, 其口气强弱略有差别 4.2 所谓表示 必然 就是根据说话人的判断和推测认为 必然 会有某种情况 表示这种意义, 可用 should, ought to 和 must, 其中以用 must 口气最为肯定 5. 表示 预见 和 推测 5.1 表示 预见, 即表示 单纯将来, 可用 will/shall+ 不定式 I/we shall You/He/It/They will 5.2 表示 推测, 除用 should, ought to 和 must 外, 还可以用 will/would. 用 will 表 推测, 其口气的肯定程度仅次于 must, 若用 would, 则口气的肯定程度又次于 will. They should/ought to be home by now. ( 他们现在该到家了 ) They would be home by now. ( 他们现在大概到家了 ) 6. 表示 意愿 意图 和 决心 6.1 表示 意愿, 即愿意做某事, 可用 will, would, shall. 用 will 表示 意愿, 可用于一切人称的主语, 并可使用缩略形 ll Who will/who ll go with me? 6.2 表示 意图, 即打算做某事, 也可用 will, would, shall. 用 will 表示 意图, 可用缩略形式 ll, 并可用于一切人称主语 6.3 表示 决心, 即坚持要做某事, 也可用 will, would, shall, 且不能用缩略形式 用 will 表示 决心 或 坚持, 可用于一切人称主语 7. 其他情态含义 7.1should 可在某些语境中表示惋惜 忧虑 欢欣 惊讶等感情色彩 It s a pity that he should leave so soon. How should I know?( 我怎么会知道?) 此外,should 还可以和 say, think 搭配表示婉转口气 I should say he is just the right man for the job. 7.2would 可用于委婉的陈述, 客气的请求, 委婉的建议 I don t think he would be so careless. Would you like to stay here for the night? 练习 : 1. 翻译

18 1) 他也许在做家庭作业 (may) 2) 今晚也许会下雨 (might) 3) 我跟你一起去好吗?(shall) 4) 你本来不必给她写信 (need) 5) 你怎么竟敢在校长面前说那样的话?(dare) 2. 选择题 1)You all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of thing A) needn't have washed B) shouldn't have washed C) must not have washed D) can not have washed 2) John's score on the test is the highest in the class; he last night. A) should study B) should have studied C) must have studied D) must have to study 3) The room is in a terrible mess; it cleaned. (CET-4, 1996,6) A) can't have been B) shouldn't have been C) mustn't have been D) wouldn't have been 4) Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They from South America on rafts. A) must have sailed B) can sail C) might have sailed D) should have sailed 5) Mary was not in her bedroom yesterday afternoon. She in her classroom. A) should have been B) must have been C) must be D) should be 6) Bob said he was going to join our club but he didn't. He his mind. A) can't have changed B) wouldn't have changed C) must have changed D) shouldn't have changed 7) You to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight. A) needn't go B) had better not go C) should not go D) needn't have gone 8) We the letter yesterday, but it didn't arrive. A) must receive B) ought to receive C) must have received D) ought to have received 9) With all the work on hand, he to the cinema last night. A) mustn't go B) shouldn't have gone C) could not go D) couldn't have gone 10) Eve was late for class again. She earlier. A) should get up B) must get up C) need to get up D) should have got up ( 六 ) 倒装英语句子中的倒装 (Inversion) 分为部分倒装 (Partial Inversion) 和全部倒装 (Full Inversion) 所谓部分倒装, 是指将句子谓语部分的助动词或情态助动词置于主语之前, 全部倒装是指将整个谓语动词置于主语之前 1. 倒装语序常出现在下列情况中 1.1 当句首状语为方位词或是拟声词, 谓语动词为 go, come 等表示位置转移的动态动词时, 通常用全部倒装 例如 : Here comes the bus! There was a wind and away went his gloves. 如果主语是代词, 那就不用倒装, 例如 Lower and lower he bent. 1.2 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时, 也会引起全部倒装 例如 In this chapter will be found this answer. From this valley came out a terrible sound. 1.3 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起局部倒装 例如 : Never have I found him in such a good mood.

19 Not for one minute do I think I have any hope of getting promoted. Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains. 1.4 句首状语若由 only+ 副词 only+ 介词词组 only+ 状语分句 构成, 也可引起局部倒装, 例如 : Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets. 以关联词 not only(but also) 开头的分句, 往往引起局部倒装 例如 Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. 1.5 在以关联词 so( that) 开头的句子结构中, so+ 形容词 是主语补语的前置, so+ 副词 是状语的前置, 前者引起全部倒装, 后者引起局部倒装 例如 : So dangerous were the avalanches( 雪崩 ) that skiing had to be stopped. So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. So quickly did the workman finish their work that they were given a bonus. 1.6 当方式状语 频度状语等移至句首时, 有时也引起局部倒装 例如 : Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so. Many a times has Mike given me good advice. 如果主语较长, 也可用全部倒装 例如 : Thus began an intricate minuet( 小步舞 ) between us and the Chinese. 当方式状语移至句首, 也可以不用倒装 例如 : Slowly and impressively ho rose from his seat. 1.7 为避免句子部分内容重复, 英语中常用倒装句, 即 so(neither,nor)+be 动词 ( 助动词, 情态动词 )+ 主语 例如 : My father is an engineer:so is my husband. 2. 要点注意 :as 或 though 引导的让步状语从句常用倒装 一般将一些形容词 副词等置于句首 例如 : Prominent as he is in his field,he remains easy-going. 尽管他在自己的领域很出色, 但他还是很随和 Wealthy as he is.i don't envy him. 尽管他很富有, 但我不嫉妒他 练习 : 1. Not until I began to work how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realized 2. Only by practising a few hours every day be able to master the language. A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you 3. If you don't go, neither. A. shall I B. do I C. I do D. I shall 4. No sooner to the station the train left. A. had I got, when B. I had got, than C. had I got, than D. did I get, when 5. Your father is very strict with you.. He never lets off a single mistake of ours. A. So he is B. So is he C. He is so D. So does he

20 6. today, he would get there by Sunday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave 7. Never in my life such a thing. A. I have heard or have seen B. have I heard or seen C. I have heard or seen D. did I hear or see 8. Here! Where is Xiao Liu? There. A. comes the bus,is he B. comes the bus,he is C. the bus comes,is he D. the bus comes, he is 9., I will not buy it. A. Much as do I like it B. As much I like it C. Much as I like it D. As I like it much 10. I like football. I don't like volleyball.. A. So do I B. Neither do I C. So it is with me D. So is it with me 11. the expense, I to Italy. A. If it were not, go B. Were it not for, would go C. Weren't it for, will go D. If it hadn't been, would have gone 12. So in the darkness that he didn't dare to move an inch. A. he was frightened B. was he frightened C. frightened he was D. frightened was he 13. In modem times, girls like beautiful clothes. Yes, and. After all, our life has greatly improved. A. so do they, so do you B. so they do, so you do C. so do they, so you do D. so they do, so do you 14. You have an English class every day except Sunday.. A. So we have B. So we do C. So have we D. So do we 15. I wonder if your wife will go to the ball. If your wife, so mine. A. does, will B. will, does C. will, would D. does, do 16. Only after I read the text over again its main idea. A. that I knew B. did I knew C. 1 could know D. I did know 17. You seem to have learned all the English words by heart.. A. So l do B. So do l C. So I have D. So have I 18. I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot.. A. So do I B. Neither do I C. I m the same D. So it is with me 19. So excited that he couldn't say a word. A. he seemed B. did he seem C. was he seeming D. he did look 20. Jimmy was so nervous not a single word down in the dictation. A. he wrote B. he was written C. did he write D. was he written

21 ( 七 ) 主谓一致主谓一致指谓语动词须在人称和数方面与主语保持一致 主语和谓语动词在人称方面的一致比较简单, 首先, 基本上只涉及现在时 ; 其次, 除了动词 be 和 have 有不同的人称形式外, 其他动词只有单数第三人称在其词尾加 s/-es, 其余的人称在动词上并无特殊标记 主语和谓语动词之间的数的一致比较复杂, 是一致关系中的难点, 也是考试中的侧重点 1. 三个指导原则 : 1.1 语法一致原则主单, 谓单 ; 主复, 谓复 Both boys have their own merits. Few students are really lazy. 1.2 概念一致原则谓语动词的单数或复数的形式取决于主语所表示的概念而不是主语的语法形式 The government have asked the country to decide by a vote. 1.3 就近原则谓语动词在人称和数的形式上和主语中最靠近的词取得一致 Either my brothers or my father is coming. Neither Julia nor I am going. Only one out of five were present. No one except his own supporters agree with him. 2. 以 -s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题有些以 -s 结尾的名词并不是可数名词, 它们当中有的作单数用, 有的做复数用, 有的既可作单数也可以作复数 2.1 以 -s 结尾的一些疾病名称, 如 : arthritis( 关节炎 ), bronchitis( 支气管炎 ), rickets ( 软骨病 ), mumps( 腮腺炎 ), diabetes( 糖尿病 ) 等 Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.( 传染病 ) 但也有一些疾病既可作单数也可作复数 例如 : Generally, measles( 麻疹 )occurs in children. Measles are sometime caused by a tapeworm( 绦虫 ). 表示游戏名称的名词通常作单数用 例如 : Darts( 投镖游戏 ) is essentially a free and easy game. 但也有个别表示游戏的名词作复数用 例如 : Cards( 打纸牌 ) are not allowed here. 当 darts, marbles 表示做这些游戏所用的镖或弹子等意义时, 其复数形式仍作复数用 例如 : Three darts are thrown at each other. Marbles vary in kind and quality. 2.2 一些以 -ics 结尾的学科名称, 如 :physics( 物理学 ), mathematics( 数学 ), mechanics ( 机械学 ), optics( 光学 ), acoustics( 声学 ), politics( 政治学 ), statistics, ( 统计学 ) economics( 经济学 ), linguistics( 语言学 ), athletics( 体育学 ), 等, 通常作单数用 例如 : Physics is an important subject in middle schools. Acoustics is the science of sound. 但若这这类名词表示 学科 以外的其他意义, 便可作复数用 :

22 My mathematics( 运算能力 ) is/are rather shaky. 2.3 一些以 -s 结尾的地理名称, 如国名, 像 the United Sates( 美国 ), the United Nations ( 联合国 ), the Netherlands( 荷兰 ), 尽管是复数形式, 但系单一政治实体, 故用单数 例如 : The United States is a country of people with varied origins. 但如果不是国名, 而是群岛, 山脉, 海峡, 瀑布等地理名称, 则通常用复数 例如 : the West Indies( 西印度群岛 ), apart from the Bahamas( 巴哈马群岛 ), are commonly divided into two parts. 2.4 英语中有一些由两个部分组成的物体名称通常是以 -s 结尾, 如 scissors( 剪刀 ), pincers( 钳子 ), glasses( 眼镜 ), shorts( 短裤 ) 等 这类名词如果不带 一把 一幅 一条 等单位词而单独使用, 通常作复数 例如 : The sugar-tongs are not in the sugar bowl. One pair of scissors isn t enough.( 有单位词时, 则由单位词的单复数形式决定动词的单复数形式 ) 2.5 由 -ings 结尾的名词, 如 clippings( 剪下来的东西 ),diggings( 掘出的东西 ), earnings( 收入 ) 等, 通常作复数用 例如 : The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt. 3. 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 3.1 通常作复数的集体名词, 如 police, cattle, militia( 自卫队 ), poultry( 家禽 ), vermin( 害虫 ) 等, 通常作复数, 随后的动词用复数 例如 : Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides( 兽皮 ). 3.2 通常作不可数名词的集体名词, 如 machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise, 随后的动词用单数 例如 : The merchandise has arrived undamaged. 3.3 既可做单数, 也可作复数的集体名词, 如 audience, committee, class, family, government 等, 如将各该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体, 则动词用单数 例如 : The anti-crime committee is to make its report tomorrow. 如果将重点放在组成集体的成员上, 则动词用复数 例如 : That group of soldiers is a top-notch( 一流的 ) fighting unit 3.4 a committee of,a panel of, a board of 等 + 复数名词, 随后的动词通常用单数 例如 : A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. 4. 单复数同形的名词作主语时, 主语与谓语动词的一致 单复数同形的名词作主语时, 要根据句子意思来确定谓语动词的单复数形式, 单复数同形的名词包括 :aircraft,deer,fish, sheep,means,species,series,works,crossroads,headquarters 等 例如 : Various means of transport are introduced in this article. There are already 137 species of butterflies known in the world today. 5. 表示时间 距离 度量 价值的复数名词作主语时, 主语与谓语动词的一致这些复数名词, 如表示抽象概念, 被视作一整体时, 谓语动词用单数形式 ; 如表示具体的多少 强调复数意义时, 谓语动词用复数形式 例如 : Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you. Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her. The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours. 6. 由 with,as well as 等词或词组修饰的单数名词作主语时, 主语与谓语动词的一致

23 如作主语的单数名词后有下列词或词组修饰时, 谓语动词仍用单数形式 :with,along with,together with,besides,as well as,in addition to,accompanied by,rather than,but 等 例如 : The teacher as well as the students likes this novel. A scientist,together with some assistants,was sent to help solve that problem. The boss,rather than his employees,is to blame. 7. and 连接的两个名词作主语时, 主语与谓语动词的一致一般情况下,and 连接的两个名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数形式 但有些情况下,and 连接的两个名词意指同一人物 同一事物 同一概念时, 谓语动词要用单数形式 通常, 如果两个名词只有一个限定词或无限定词修饰时, 它们常常表示一个概念, 如果两个名词分别有两个限定词修饰时, 它们往往表示两个不同的概念 另外, 如果 and 连接的两个单数名词均有 each,every,many a,no 等词修饰时, 谓语动词用单数形式 例如 : War and peace is a constant theme in history. The wear and tear on the machine is obvious. The secretary and manager was present at the meeting Every hour and every minute is vital to me now. 8.Or, either or, neither nor, not only but also 连接两个名词或是代词作主语时, 谓语动词必须和靠近它的一个名词或代词取得一致, 这就是就近原则 例如 : Either I or they are responsible for it. Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress. 9. none 本身作主语时或它修饰的名词或代词作主语时, 如代表不可数名词, 谓语动词用单数形式, 如代表可数名词, 谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式 10. one and a half 后接的名词应该是复数形式, 但谓语动词用单数形式 例如 : One and a half years has passed. 11. more than one 后接单数可数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 但如果 more than one 本身作主语, 谓语动词则用复数形式 12. either, neither 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式 13. one or two 后接复数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数形式 14. one of 后接复数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式 15. 动词不定式, 动名词短语, 名词性从句等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式 例如 : Seeing is believing. To hesitate means failure. 练习 : 1. 选词填空 1) That family(is, are) a very happy one. 2) The football team (is, are) being reorganized. 3) The football team (is, are) having baths and (is, are) then coming back here for tea. 4) The government (has, have) discussed the matter for a long time but they have shown no signs of reaching an agreement. 5) The class (is are) taking notes, (its, their) pens scribbling quickly over (its, their) exercise books. 6) The poultry (is, are) kept in the backyard.

24 7) Neither Lucy nor Carol (has, have) any money left. 8) Fish and chips (is, are) getting very expensive. 9) War and peace (is, are) a constant theme in history. 10) The vessel, with its entire crew and cargo, (was, were) lost. 11) American and Dutch beer (is, are) both much lighter than British. 12) Neither sleet nor snow (stops, stop) him from driving his new Mercedes-Benz. 13) The Stars and Stripes (is, are)their national emblem. 14) Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, (produces, produce) some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains. 15) Hugh, as well as, his two sisters, (is, are) vacationing in Wyoming this summer. ( 八 ) 强调句在说话或写文章时, 我们有时候要突出或强调某个词 词组或从句, 这时就要用强调结构 1. 强调句型的表达法 1.1 当句子的主语 宾语 状语需要强调时, 强调句型为 :it is(was)+ 被强调部分 +that(who)+ 句中其他部分 它可以用来强调句中的某些成分, 如主语 ( 从句 ) 宾语( 从句 ) 状语( 从句 ) 等 如强调主语或宾语, 则 that 可用 who( 指人 ),whom 或 which( 指物 ) 来代替 ; 如强调的是状语, 则不能用 when,where 等代替, 只能用 that 注意, 强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语 例如 : It was my uncle that(who)sent me the parcel. It is the article that(which)they discussed last week. It was because he was too careless that he broke all the glasses. It is in this room that I was born 30 years ago. 值得注意的是, 在这种结构中, 如果将 It is(was) that 拿走, 句子仍将是一句完整的话, 这是与其他从句区别的地方 1.2 it is(was)not until that 也为强调句的一种, 意思是 直到 才 1.3 do 在句中可用来强调谓语动词, 用于一般过去时或一般现在时 (do, does, did) 在肯定句中, 可以用 do 强调谓语部分, 可译为 : 务必 一定 真的 确实 等 这时动词要用原形 例如 : He does like to eat noodles. She did send me a postcard as I expected. 1.4 如果强调特殊疑问句, 可用 特殊疑问词 +is(was)+it+that+ 句子 结构 该结构也起强调作用, 表示 究竟在哪里 到底是谁 等 例如 : Where was it (that) you saw the man? 你到底在哪里看见那个人的? How is it(that)your answer differs from his? 你的答案怎么与他的不同? 练习 1. My bike is missing. I can't find anywhere. A. one B. ones C. it D. that

25 2. Who's that? Professor Li. A. That's B. It's C. He's D. This's 3. was Jane that I saw in the library this morning. A. It B. He C. She D. That 4. Have you ever seen a whale alive? Yes, I've seen. A. that B. it C. such D. one 5. The color of my coat is different from of yours. A. this B. that C. it D. one 6. will do you good to do some exercise every morning. A. It B. There C. Those D. You 7. We think our duty to pay taxes to our government. A. that B. this C. its D. it 8. The climate of Shanghai is better than of Nanjing. A. that B. it C. which D. what 9. four years since I joined the Army. A. There was B. There is C. It was D. It is 10. How long to finish the work? A. you'll take B. you'll take it C. will it take you D. will take you 11. It was through Xiao Li I got to know Xiao Wang. A. who B. whom C. how D. that 12. It was in the rice fields we had our league meeting. A. where B. that C. in which D. on which 13. It was on October 1st new China was founded. A. which B. when C. as D. that 14. Was it because he was ill he asked for leave? A. and B. that C. that's D. so 15. Mary speaks in a low voice; is difficult to know what she is saying. A. it B. that C. so D. she ( 九 ) 复合从句根据从句在句中担任的不同成分, 我们可以将其分为名词性从句 形容词性从句和副词性从句 所谓从句, 就是 从属 于句子的一个组成单位 名词性从句就是在句子中充当名词作用的从句, 形容词性从句就是在句中充当形容词作用的从句, 而副词性从句就是在句中充当副词作用的从句 一般而言, 名词在句子中可以充当主语 宾语 表语和同位语, 所以名词性从句也就可以分为主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句 引导名词性从句的关联词有 : 单纯连接词 :that, whether, if( 此类连接词在从句中不充当任何成分 ) 疑问代词 :who, whoever. whichever, what, whatever 疑问副词 :when, where, why, how 1. 名词性从句 1.1 主语从句

26 1.1.1 that 连接例如 : That he survived the earthquake is a miracle. 他在地震中幸免于难, 这是个奇迹 That he will go abroad to take advanced study seems unlikely. 他将要出国深造似乎不大可能 Whether he likes it or not makes no difference. 不论他是否喜欢结果都一样 值得注意的是此处的连接词 that/ whether 没有词义, 在句中不作任何语法成分, 只起引导主语从句的作用, 且不能省略 wh- 连接例如 What he said on that occasion greatly shocked me. 他在那种场合说的话, 吓了我一跳 Whatever is good for your health should be eaten by you. 任何对你身体有好处的食物, 你都应该吃 How she came out from the locked room is unknown. 她怎样从被锁的屋中出来, 这事无人知道 When we should submit our homework is very important. 我们何时教作业十分重要 主语从句后置名词性从句做主语时, 在结构形式上会给人一种头重脚轻的感觉, 为避免这种句式结构的不平衡, 常常借用代词 it 来代替此名词性从句, 而将此从句进行后置, 这时的 it 就是形式主语, 真正的主语是后置的主语从句 例如 : It is a miracle that he made it. 他成功了, 这是个奇迹 It makes no difference that he likes it or not. 他喜不喜欢都不会有任何改变 常见的 it 作形式主语的结构有以下几种 : It + be+ 形容词 +that 从句, 例如 : It is necessary that It is important that It is likely that it + be + -ed 分词 +that 从句, 例如 : it is believed that it is said that it is known that it + be + 名词 + that 从句, 例如 : it is common knowledge that it is surprise that it is a pity that it + 不及物动词 + that 从句, 例如 : it happens that it occurred to me that

27 it turns out that 1.2 宾语从句 that 连接例如 : Marry said that she was to be promoted to small grants manager next month. 玛丽说下个月她将被提拔为小额拨款经理 He was wondering whether I would bring my boyfriend to his birthday party. 他还在想我是否会将我男朋友带到他的生日聚会 值得注意的是此处的连接词 that/whether 没有词义, 在从句中不作语法成分, 只起到引导宾语从句的作用, 通常也可以省略 wh- 连接例如 : I wonder who he is talking about. 我在想他是在谈论谁 It will depend on where he chooses to go. 这将取决于他选择去哪儿 1.3 表语从句 that 连接例如 : The fact is that he dislikes you. 事实就是他不喜欢你 His idea is that we should go to Central Park directly. 他的意思就是我们应该直接到中央公园 wh- 连接例如 : The mom s concern is that who will take care of her baby. 这妈妈关心的是谁将照管她的宝贝 What disturbs him most is how his family will go through this difficult time. 让他烦心的是他的家人怎么可以度过这段艰难时期 1.4 同位语从句 that 连接 ( 一般都用 that 连接 ) 例如 : I lent him my car on condition that he would treat me to dinner. 我把车借给了他, 条件是他要请我吃晚饭 I heard the news that Eason would leave for Beijing. 我听说 Eason 将会离开这里去北京 wh- 连接例如 : There is a question when we could arrive at our destination. 有一个问题是我们什么时候可以到达目的地 I have no idea how you can understand this situation. 我不知道你怎么可以了解这种状况 常用于同位语从句的结构 On condition that 以 为条件 On the supposition that 以 为假设 On the ground that 原因是 With the exception that 除了

28 In spite of the fact that 尽管事实是 On the understanding that 条件是 On the assumption that 基于 的假设 2. 定语从句 引导定语从句的关联词包括 :1 关系代词 :that,which,whose,who,whom,as: 2 关系副词 :when,where,why 关系代词和关系副词在定语中都充当一定的句法成分, 关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时, 一般可省去 关系代词的选用比较复杂, 它受下列条件的制约 :1 先行词是指人还是指物 ;2 关系 代词在从句中的句法功能 ;3 定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的 关系代词的选用情况请 见下表 : 先行词在从句中的句法功能 用于限定性或非限定性定语从句 只用于限定性定语从句 指人 指物 指人或是指物 主语 who Which That 宾语 Whom which that 定语 Whose Whose(of which) 例如 : I know that he is a man who(that)loves football. The gentleman whom(that)she met offered his seat to her. The watch which(that)was lost was mine. Here is the books which(that)you need. You're the only one whose mother is Spanish. 关系副词的选用相对来说较简单 如先行词为表示时间的名词, 如 time,day 等, 则用 when; 如先行词为表示地点的名词, 如 place,house,area 等, 则用 where; 如先行词为 reason, 则用 why 例如: I'll never forget the museum where(in which)ross worked for a year. I don't know the reason why(for which)you did that to your mother. 2.1 当先行词是 a11,something,nothing 等不定代词时 ; 或先行词前有 first,last,only, few, much, some,any,no 等词修饰时 ; 或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时, 一般只用 that 而不用 which 来引导定语从句 例如 : I've explained everything(that)you asked. This is the most beautiful hotel(that)i've ever seen 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句, 限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密, 为句中不可缺少部分, 如去掉, 主句意思不完整 非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散, 若去掉, 主句内容仍完整 在书面语中, 非限定性定语从句一般被逗号隔开 非限定性定语从句一般不用 that 引导 引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略 例如 :

29 His speech, which bored everyone,went on and on. The general's daughter, whose name is Ann,gave me a sweet smile. 2.3 先行词也可以是整个句子 这时, 一般用 which 或 as 来引导定语从句 which 在从句中可充当主语 宾语等,as 在从句中一般只充当主语 which 与 as 引导此类定语从句的区别在于 :which 只能置于句中或句末, 而 as 的位置比较灵活, 可置于句中 句末, 又可置于句首 例如 : Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen,which(as)is known to a11. He was awarded a gold medal,which the whole family considered a great honor. As had been expected, he finished all the work we gave him. 2.4 关系代词在定语从句中有时也作介词的宾语 如果介词被置于关系代词前, 一般只用介词 +which 或介词 +whom, 而不用介词 +that 来引导定语从句 如果介词被置于从句句末, 则可用 that 代替 which 或 whom, 且 that 这时可省去 例如 : This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars. One of my colleagues whom(that)you are familiar with came today. 3. 状语从句在复合句中, 起状语作用的从句称作状语从句 状语从句分为 : 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 条件状语从句 原因状语从句 让步状语从句 比较状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 方式状语从句 3.1 时间状语从句例如 : When you cross a road,you should be very careful. Until we learn the facts, we can do little about it when,as,while 引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生, 即同时性 它们的区别在于 :when 和 as 引导的状语从句中的动作既可以是延续性的, 也可以是非延续性的, 即瞬时性 ;while 引导的状语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态 当主句和从句中的动作均为延续性动作时, 一般用 while, 而不用 when 或 as 当表示两个动作同时发展 变化的情况下, 一般用 as, 作 随着 解 例如 : When she comes,i shall tell her to wait for you. As she got older,she got wiser. While Peter was reading,his wife was sleeping 有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词, 引导时间状语从句, 如 instantly,immediately,directly,the day,every time,the minute,the second, the moment. Immediately he arrived,he started describing us what had happened. The day he returned home,his wife had gone. 3.2 条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有 :if,unless,as(so),only if( 只要 ) 例如: If you don't come on time,we'll start out without you. As(so)long as you keep on trying,you'll succeed. 除了以上提到的从属连词外, 还有其他一些词或词组可以引导条件状语从句 例如 : providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case 等 例如 :

30 Provide that he have the support of the majority, he will be the chairman of this organization. 3.3 原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 :because, since, now that, in that, considering that 等 例如 : Since the speaker can't come,we'll have to cancel the meeting. in that 和 now(that) 的用法 : in that 引导的从句对主句进行解释说明, 意思是 : 在 方面, 在于 ; 因为 Now (that) 表示既然 例如 : Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice. 理论之所以有价值, 就在于它能给实践指出方向 Now(that)the weather has improved,let's go out for a picnic. 既然天气已转好, 我们就出去野餐吧 3.4 让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的从属连词有 :though,although,even if(even though),as, no matter despite the fact that,in spite of the fact that,while 例如: I am always enjoys swimming,even though the weather is rough. Despite the fact that there exist national differences,certain funny situations have a universal appeal. 一些疑问词在词尾加上 ever 后, 也可引导让步状语从句相当于 no matter+ 疑问词 这些词包括 :whatever,wherever,whenever,whoever,however 例如: Whatever happens, I will be on your side. Whenever you come home, I will wait you. 3.5 目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有 :so that, in order that, in case, lest, for fear that. 例如 : We hurried back to school lest/ for fear that it should rain. Take an umbrella in case it rains. So that 和 in order that 的区别 : In order to 较 so that 来说更正式 So that 一般置于句中引导从句, 而 in order that 既可以置于句首也可以置于句中引导从句 例如 : In order that he can get higher score in college, he will study very hard. She got up early so that she would not miss the school bus. 3.6 结果状语从句结果状语从句一般由以下连接词引导 :so that, so that, such that 等 例如 : I overslept, so that I missed the first train to France. He is so brave that adversity will not defeat him. so that 和 such that 的区别 :

31 So 后接形容词或副词,such 后接名词 例如 : The rain was heavy that we had to cancel the football game. She is such a good girl that every one likes her. 练习 : 1. 根据句子意思, 填上适当的连词 1) He said it didn t matter we stayed or went. 2) he did, no one paid any attention to him. 3) Tall he was, he could not reach the apples. 4) the weather is bad tomorrow, John will want to go out. 5) Don t ask me to explain you really don t understand. 2. 翻译 1) 我永远也不会忘记我们相遇的那天 2) 我正在洗澡的时候电话铃响了 3) 我男朋友喜欢足球, 而我喜欢逛街 4) 我待在那儿和他们聊天, 直到看见山姆离开大楼 5) 她有一本父亲送她的书, 她相信是父亲花了大价钱专门买来送她的 6) 他把信给了我 信装在一个蓝色的信封里面 7) 笑到最后的人笑得最好 8) 他通过考试的消息令人鼓舞 9) 他在地震中活了下来, 这真是个奇迹 10) 只有在下雨的情况下, 野餐才会取消 ( 十 ) 独立主格结构 1. 独立主格结构的构成 : 名词 ( 代词 )+ 现在分词 过去分词 ; 名词 ( 代词 )+ 不定式 ; 名词 ( 代词 )+ 形容词 ; 名词 ( 代词 )+ 副词 ; 名词 ( 代词 )+ 名词名词 ( 代词 ) + 介词短语构成 名词 ( 代词 )+ 现在分词 There being no taxi, we had to walk home. 由于没有出租车, 我们只好走回家 名词 ( 代词 )+ 过去分词 He was concentrated on what the teacher said, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他全神贯注地听着老师讲, 眼睛紧盯着黑板 名词 ( 代词 )+ 不定式在 名词 / 代词 + 动词不定式 结构中, 动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系, 动词不定式则用主动的形式 ; 如果是动宾关系, 则用被动形式 All agreed on the division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 所有人同意此分工, 每人翻译全书的四分之一 Different flowers to be planted, our newly-built house will look even more beautiful. 种上不同的花后, 我们新建的房子将看上去将更美 名词 ( 代词 )+ 形容词

32 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小, 我们却能广泛地利用它们 名词 ( 代词 )+ 副词 The class over, our teacher soon left the classroom. 下课了, 我们老师很快就离开教室了 名词 ( 代词 )+ 名词 His first shot failure,he fired again. 他第一枪没击中, 又打了一枪 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故, 其中有许多儿童 名词 ( 代词 ) + 介词短语 Every afternoon a very old woman passed by our school gate, a bottle of water in her hand. 每天下午, 手里拿着一瓶水的老妇人都会从我们学校经过 2. 独立主格结构的特点 : 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同, 它独立存在 名词或代词与后面的分词, 形容词, 副词, 不定式, 介词等是主谓关系, 即逻辑主语为动作执行者 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开 3. with 和 without 引导的独立主格结构 with ( without)+ 宾语 ( 名词 / 代词 )+ 宾语补足语, 宾语通常由名词或代词充当, 但代词一定要用宾格 上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来, 没有人知道它在哪里 (without + 名词 / 代词 + 动词的 -ing 形式 ) Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室 (without+ 名词 / 代词 + 动词的 -ed 形式 ) The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观, 小孩很激动 (with+ 名词 / 代词 + 动词不定式 ) The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前, 小孩在后走着 (with+ 名词 / 代词 + 副词 ) He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 他站在门口, 手里拿着一部电脑 (with+ 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语 ) With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望, 老人感到很不快乐 (with+ 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 ) 在 with (without) 的复合结构中, 多数情况下 with 能省略, 但 without 不能省略, 因为它表达的意思是否定的 4. 独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构在句中一般作状语, 表示时间 条件 原因 伴随状况等, 还可以作定语 作时间状语 My shoes removed,i entered a low-ceilinged room. 我脱掉鞋子后, 走进一间屋顶很低的房间 The governor pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考问题时, 更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上

33 作条件状语 Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话, 他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游 Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him. 如果情况如此的话, 你没有理由解聘他 作原因状语 The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路, 我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞 There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论, 我们都回家了 作伴随状语或补充说明 I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform, the people falling back respectfully on either side. 我拿着车票, 雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台 人们似乎很尊敬我, 纷纷向两边退去 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛, 年纪最小的是个 12 岁的男孩 作定语, 独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句 He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. 他是个有许多问题要解决的人 He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides. 他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上 Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时, 我看见几个深池塘, 池水碧似蓝天 练习 : 1. no bus, they had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were 2., I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Weather permits B. If weather permitted C. Weather permitting D. Weather's permitting 3., we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4., we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5., the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. The thief stood before the policeman, admitting what he had done. A.with his drooping head B.drooping his head C.raising his head D.with his head down

34 7.,he can't go out for a walk as usual. A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do 8.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth and his eyes. A.closed;open B.closed;opened C.closing;open D.closing;opening 9.All things,the plan trip will have to be called off. A.be considered B.considered C.considering D.having considering 10.,we have to get down to business right away. A.As there was no time left B.There is no time left C.There being no time left D.There to be no time left 11. yesterday,we went out for a walk. A.As a fine day B.It was a fine day C.It being a fine day D.For it was a fine day 12.The old man stood there,. A.with back against the wall B.with his back against the wall C.with back against wall D.his back against wall 13. She stood there, from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 14., the leaves are turning green. A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on 15., I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost ( 十一 ) 五种基本句型结构 1. 主语 (Subject)+ 谓语 (Verb) 应该注意的是这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词, 所谓不及物动词, 就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语 常见的动词如 :work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen 等 如 : Li Ming works. 李明在工作 The accident happened yesterday. 事故是昨天发生的 We have lived in Chengdu for ten years. 我已经在成都生活了十年 2. 主语 (Subject) + 系动词 (Link. V) + 表语 (Predicative) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点 身份等