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1 163 (2009.3): H The Conversion of Chieftain-territorial Gods, Chieftain Lineages and the Retention of Indigenous Identity in Border Areas

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3 C.P. Fitzgerald 2 1. Francis L. K. Hsu Under the Ancestors Shadow: Kinship, Personality, and Social Mobility in China C. P. Fitzgerald, The Tower of Five Glories: A Study of the Min Chia of Ta Li, Yunnan.

4 James Lee, Food Supply and Population Growth in Southwest China, , Journal of Asian Studies 41.4:

5 James Watson, Standardizing the Gods: The Promotion of T ien Hou ( Empress of Heaven ) along the South China Coast, , Popular Culture in Late Imperial China, pp ; Valerie Hansen, Changing Gods in Medieval China, ; Kenneth Dean, Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China. 7. Glen Dudbridge, Tang Sources for the Study of Religious Culture: Problems

6 22 8 Richard von Glahn and Procedures, Cahiers d Extrême-Asie 12:141 54; Valerie Hansen, Gods on Walls: A Case of Indian Influence on Chinese Lay Religion? Religion and Society in T ang and Sung China, pp Richard von Glahn, The Enchantment of Wealth: The God Wutong in the So cial History of Jiangnan, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 51.2: Yü Chün-fang, Kuan-yin : The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara. 11. Meir Shahar, Crazy Ji: Chinese Religion and Popular Literature; Meir Shahar and Robert P. Weller, eds., Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China; Glen Dudbridge, The Legend of Miao-shan; Stephen Teiser, The Ghost Festival in Medieval China.

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13 Charles Backus, The Nan-chao Kingdom and T ang China s Southwestern Frontier

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21 Helen B. Chapin, Yünanese Images of Avalokiteśvara, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 8.2:

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32 :1 36

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34 no a 89. no c 09291c 90. no b

36 奣奣 3: 奣 6 229

37 奣奣

38 Upananda

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45 61 [1283] 1986 [1915] [ ] [1462] [ ] 1996 [1706] no no.1493 [1739] 1987 [1081] 1983 no.663 [1265] 1981 [1549] [1455] [1625] 1991

46 62 [ 1620] [ ] 1998 [1434] 1986 [1919] 1996 [1838] 1974 [1854] 1968 [1458] 1968 [1702] 2005 奣 :

47 [1967] : : : Hsu, Francis L. K (1948) : : 1 36

48 Backus, Charles The Nan-chao Kingdom and T ang China s Southwestern Frontier. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapin, Helen B Yünanese Images of Avalokiteśvara. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studie 8.2: Dean, Kenneth Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Dudbridge, Glen Tang Sources for the Study of Religious Culture: Problems and Procedures. Cahiers d Extrême-Asie 12: The Legend of Miao-shan. Revised edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

49 65 Fitzgerald, C. P The Tower of Five Glories: A Study of the Min Chia of Ta Li, Yunnan. London: The Cresset Press. Hansen, Valerie Gods on Walls: A Case of Indian Influence on Chinese Lay Religion? In Religion and Society in T ang and Sung China. Edited by Patricia Buckley Ebrey and Peter N. Gregory. Honolulu: Univer si ty of Hawai i Press, Changing Gods in Medieval China, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Lee, James Food, Supply and Population Growth in Southwest China, Journal of Asian Studies 41.4: Shahar, Meir Crazy Ji: Chinese Religion and Popular Literature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Shahar, Meir, and Robert P. Weller, eds Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China. Honolulu: Univer si ty of Hawai i Press. Teiser, Stephen The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Von Glahn, Richard The Enchantment of Wealth: The God Wutong in the Social History of Jiangnan. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 51.2: Watson, James Standardizing the Gods: The Promotion of T ien Hou ( Empress of Heaven ) along the South China Coast, In Popular Culture in Late Imperial China. Edited by David Johnson, Andrew J. Nathan, and Evelyn S. Rawski. Berkeley: University of California Press, Yü Chün-fang Kuan-yin : The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara. New York: Columbia University Press.

50 66 連瑞枝地圖 1 雲南大理平原與喜洲附近的村子與村廟連瑞枝繪製

51 國王與村神 : 雲南大理地區佛教神祠的歷史考察圖 1 此為靈會寺所供奉段思平之母又稱白姐訶梨帝母左為段思平右為其妻民間又稱之為子孫娘娘連瑞枝攝圖 2 神明天子廟中的五百神王段宗牓此廟又被稱為神都與緊鄰的佛都聖元寺並列於慶洞庄村口連瑞枝攝 67

52 68 連瑞枝圖3 喜洲中央祠的中央皇帝中央皇帝一說是段宗牓另一說是忽必烈多數學者認為這尊神祇代表了段宗牓征緬時的威武形象連瑞枝攝圖4 院塝村為段氏聚落村裡有一鎮寧寺供奉的是太陽神連瑞枝攝

53 : 69 Kings and Village Deities: An Investigation of Buddhist Deities and Village Temples in the Dali Region, Yunnan Lien Jui-chih Associate Professor Department of Humanities and Social Sciences National Chiao Tung University Abstract: The main focus of this paper is on the role of local legends in the worship of historical figures. Kings, queens and heroes of the old kingdoms, as well as Buddhist deities such as Guanyin and Mahakala, are widely worshipped as village deities in the Dali region of Yunnan. The classification system for these deities accords to the religious positions and titles for the territorial divisions of Buddhist kingdoms as used in Tantric ritual and teachings. Thus, the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms ( ) used Buddhist ritual orthodoxy to elevate territorial gods and chieftains into a unified system of worship. Special attention is given to Xizhou, a part of the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms inhabited by the descendants of the Duan-surnamed kings. On the one hand, local legends cite the mother of the first Duan-surnamed king as being worshipped as Hariti, an Indian goddess. On the other hand, local villagers still worship the first Duan-surnamed king as the Divine King of Five Hundred (Wubai shenwang ). The above two instances, together with other examples, establish that the genealogy for deified historical figures serves as an idiom for a social system organized in terms of Indian legends. Moreover, although the deification of historical figures was in terms of the Buddhist Canon, they also served locally in the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms as princes, chiefs, and mountain gods, or even the gods Mahakala and Mahavairocana. It is in this latter local sense that they have been preserved in village temples from the Ming

54 70 dynasty onward. Thus, village deities as a symbolic system reveals historyas-practice in an earlier elevation of historical figures specific to the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms to the status of Buddhist legendary figures, and a later devolution of these same historical figures into the gods of local temples. Key words: Buddhist legends, genealogy of deities, village temples and deities, Hariti, the Divine King of Five Hundred.

2011/12 第一學期 (2011年9月1日至12月7日)

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