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1 3 : ,,,,, 1 % 0168 % 1 % FDI, :,, (Shleifer and Vishny, 1993), (La Porta et al,1999 ;Djankov et al,2003), :,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, :,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, (Mauro, 1995 ; Glaeser and Saks, 2006) 90,,Ades Di Tella (1999) Laffont Guessan (1999), 3,,, :100871, pku. edu. cn ;,, : ( ), Bardhan(1997) 57
2 :, ( Treisman, 2000), ( Fisman and Gatti, 2002), (Bruenett and Weder, 2003),( Glaeser and Saks, 2006),,,, ( Transparency International),2007 (Corruption Perception Index,CPI) ,, ( Wedeman,2004), ( Kwong,1997) (Lu,2000),,,, (,2005),,, (,2003), (2004) GDP ; (2003),,,?,?? ,,, (Business International Index,BI), CPI, ( Mauro,1995),,,,, ( Glaeser and Saks,2006),,,,,,,, www. transparency. org 58
3 ,,,,, ;, :, ; ; ; ; :,,382 :,, 385 :,,,,,,,,,, (Shleifer and Vishny, 1993),,, (Banerjee, 1997),,,,, (Shleifer and Vishny, 1993),,,,, (,2008),,,,,,,,,, 59
4 :,,, GDP,,, La Porta (1999),,,,,,,,, (Ades and Di Tella, 1999),,,,,,,,,,,, (Shleifer and Vishny,1993),,,,,,,,,(Ades and Di Tella, 1999 ;Laffont and Guessan,1999), ( GDP ),,,,, Becker Stigler (1974),,, (Van Rijckeghem and Weder,2001 ;Di Tella and Schargrodsky,2003),,,,,, ( Glaeser et al, 2004 ;Svensson,2003) Glaeser Saks (2006),,,,,, 60
5 : , , , 10, 10 7, 10, ,,,,,, :,,,,,, ; 1 : : ; (FDI) GDP GDP ; GDP ;2,
6 : 1 ( ) : : C it = G it 1 + X it i + i + u it (1), C it i t, G it, X it, i i, i t, u it OLS,,, 1,, ( )Π ( ) :,, : ,1952,, ,, 62
7 , ,,,, (two2stage) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( Π ) ( %) ( %) ( ) GDP ( %) GDP ( %) GDP ( %) ( ) ( Π ) ( ) ( Π ) : 1978, ( ) 3 (1), ( 3 (1) (3) ),, (2), 3 ( Π ) ( ) 1 % 0168 %, 0132 %,,, 63
8 : 3 ( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (0. 205) (0. 178) 333 (0. 185) 333 (0. 186) (0. 148) (0. 437) (0. 424) (0. 457) (0. 442) (0. 485) (0. 005) 3 (0. 005) 3 (0. 006) (0. 301) 33 (0. 298) 33 (0. 319) (0. 005) 33 (0. 006) (0. 312) 33 (0. 320) 3 FDI GDP (0. 011) 3 (0. 011) 3 (0. 011) (0. 011) (0. 011) 33 GDP (0. 008) 33 (0. 008) 33 (0. 011) 3 (0. 008) 33 (0. 008) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (0. 007) (2. 934) (2. 876) (0. 346) (0. 014) (2. 380) 333 (2. 231) 33 (2. 404) (2. 325) 33 (2. 900) R : 3 10 %, 33 5 %, % 64
9 3 (1) (3) (4),,,, (5),, 3, GDP,, GDP,,,,, ( ), ( ) ; 1979,, 4 4,,,, ( ) 1 %1 %,, (5),,,,,, FDI GDP,,,, 4,,,, ( ),,,,,,, Adsera (2000) Gerring and Thacker (2005) Graeff and Mehlkop (2003),, ;,,,,,,, 65
10 : 4 ( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (0. 078) (0. 081) 333 (0. 093) 333 (0. 186) (0. 098) (0. 694) 33 (0. 690) 33 (0. 742) (0. 735) 33 (1. 074) 333 FDI GDP GDP (0. 006) 333 (0. 006) 333 (0. 007) 333 (0. 006) 333 (0. 014) (0. 194) 333 (0. 192) 333 (0. 206) 333 (0. 192) 333 (0. 262) (0. 009) 333 (0. 009) 333 (0. 009) 333 (0. 010) 333 (0. 012) (0. 006) 333 (0. 006) 333 (0. 007) 333 (0. 006) 333 (0. 008) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (0. 009) (4. 850) (4. 912) (0. 418) (0. 018) (1. 866) 333 (1. 868) 33 (1. 723) 33 (1. 55) 33 (2. 174) R : 3 10 %, 33 5 %, % 66
11 5, ,,,, (0. 250) (0. 231) (0. 234) (0. 241) 33 ( ) (0. 892) (0. 745) (0. 694) (0. 515) 333 GDP (0. 592) 333 GDP (0. 832) 33 GDP (0. 924) 333 GDP (0. 805) (1. 407) (0. 185) (0. 059) R : 3 10 %, 33 5 %, %,, (1) (2) 1997, , ,,,, (0. 077) (0. 01) 333 ( ) (0. 123) (0. 053) R : 3 10 %, 33 5 %, %,,,,, 4 67
12 :,,, 0136 % 0168 %, 0196 % 1 %, FDI GDP, GDP ( Glaeser and Goldin, 2006),,,,,,,,,,,,,,2000,2001,2004,2006 :,,2003 :, 12 paper. 19.,2005 :, ( ) 4,2003 : :, 11,2004 :, 9,2008 : :, Ades, A. and Di Tella, R., 1999, Rents, Competition, and Corruption, American Economic Review 89, Adsera, A., Boix, C., and Payne, M., 2000, Are you Being Served? Political Accountability and Quality of Government, working Banerjee, A., 1997, A Theory of Misgovernance, Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (4), Bardhan, P., 1997, Corruption and Development : a Review of Issues, Journal of Economic Literature 35 (3), Becker,G. and Stigler, G., 1974, Law Enforcement, Malfeasance and the Compensation of Enforcers, Journal of Legal Studies 3 (1), 1 Bliss, C. and Di Tella, R., 1997, Does Competition Kill Corruption? Journal of Political Economy 105 (5), Bruenett, A. and Weder, B., 2003, A Free Press Is Bad News for Corruption, Journal of Public Economics 87, Chow,G., 2005, Corruption and Chinaπs Economic Reform in the Early 21 st Century, CEPS Working Paper No. 116, Princeton University. Clarke, G. and Xu, C., 2004, Privatization, Competition, and Corruption : How Characteristics of Bribe Takers and Payers Affect Bribes to Utilities, Journal of Public Economics 88, Djankov, S., E. Comparative Economics 31 (4), Glaeser, R. La Porta, F. Lopez2de2Silanes and A. Shleifer, 2003, The New Comparative Economics, Journal of Di Tella,R. and Schargrodsky, E., 2003, The Role of Wages and Auditing during a Crackdown on Corruption in the City of Buenos Aires, Journal of Law and Economics 46 (1),
13 345. Fisman, R. and Gatti, R., 2002, Decentralization and Corruption : Evidence across Countries, Journal of Public Economics 83 (3), 325 Gerring, J. and Thacker, S. C., 2005, Political Institutions and Corruption : The Role of Unitarism and Parliamentarism, British Journal of Political Science 34, Glaeser,E. R. La Porta, F. Lopez2de2Silanes and A. Shleifer, 2004, Do Institutions Cause Growth? Journal of Economic Growth 9 (3), Glaeser, E. and Saks, R., 2006, Corruption in America, Journal of Public Economics 90, Glaeser, E. and Goldin, C., 2006, Corruption and Reform : Lessons from Americaπs Economic History, University of Chicago Press. Graeff, P. and Mehlkop, G., 2003, The Impact of Economic Freedom on Corruption : Different Patterns for Rich and Poor Countries, European Journal of Political Economy 19, Hillman, A. and Katz, E., 1987, Hierarchical Structures and the Social Costs of Bribes and Transfers, Journal of Public Economics 34, Hsiao,C.,1986, Analysis of Panel Data, Cambridge University Press. Kwong, J., 1997, The Political Economy of Corruption in China, Armonk Press. Laffont, J. and NπGuessan, T., 1999, Competition and Corruption in an Agency Relationship, Journal of Development Economics 60 (2), La Porta, R., Lopez2de2Silanes,F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny,R., 1999, The Quality of Government, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15 (1), Lu, X., 2000, Cadres and Corruption : the Organization Involution of the Chinese Communist Party, Stanford University Press. Mauro, P., 1995, Corruption and Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics 110 (3), Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R., 1993, Corruption, Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 (3), Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R., 1998, The Grabbing Hand, Government Pathologies and Their Cures, Harvard University Press. Svensson, J., 2005, Eight Questions about Corruption, Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (3), Van Rickeghem, C. and Weder, B.,2001, Bureaucratic Corruption and the Rate of Temptation : Do Wages in the Civil Service Affect Corruption and by How Much? Journal of Development Economics 65 (2), Wedeman, A., 2004, The Intensification of Corruption in China, The China Quarterly 180, Wei, S. and Shleifer, A., 2000, Local Corruption and Global Capital Flows, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Government Size, Market Development and Corruption Zhou Li an a and Tao Jing b (a : Guanghua School of Management, Peking University ; b :China Center for Economic Research, Peking University) Abstract :Using a panel data at the provincial level during the period , this paper examines the effects of government size, privatization, openness, and education on regional corruption1 Applying a fixed2effect model and IV estimation, we find that government size positively affects the incidence of corruption, and the effect becomes larger for the increase in the size of the core government sector. A one percent increase in the core government sector leads to a % increase in bureaucrat corruption. While FDI penetration is positively associated with corruption, the ratio of imports and exports to GDP is negatively associated with corruption. The impact of privatization on corruption is ambiguous. We also identify the significant impacts of the size and structure of government expenditures on corruption. Key Words : Corruption ; Market Development ; Government Size JEL Classification : K42, H11, H83 ( : ) ( : ) 69
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标题
澳 门 博 彩 业 近 年 发 展 及 研 究 综 述 刘 爽 摘 要 : 博 彩 业 是 澳 门 的 支 柱 产 业, 其 持 续 发 展 很 大 程 度 上 关 系 到 澳 门 特 区 的 经 济 繁 荣 与 社 会 稳 定 本 文 从 博 彩 产 业 研 究 博 彩 机 产 业 研 究 问 题 赌 博 与 负 责 任 博 彩 投 注 者 行 为 研 究 博 彩 业 员 工 与 人 力 资 源
長久以來，經濟學者最常利用國民生產毛額（Gross National Product, GNP）來作為一個國家或經濟社會福利水準高低之衡量標準
Research Center For Taiwan Economic Development (RCTED) GNP GNP GNP GNP 1960 Easterly 1997 95 3 2001 US13,000 4 1950/60 2 4 PPP GNI US18,000 Anand and Ravallion1993 1985 85 GDP Pritchett and Summers