),, 5, ( ) (Sparks,1976 ; Guldin, ;Wong,1988 ; Lin,2002a 2002b), ( ),,,, (Sinn, ) 20,, (Liu,1998 ;Douw et al.,1999), ( ),, (Qiaoxiang

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1 Abstract : This study aims to redefine ethnicity and identity of Chinese diaspora. By examining the process in which the Indonesian Chinese managed to locate themselves in an ethnic niche in Hong Kong, it re2maps the sub2ethnic landscape of Chinese diaspora, which is more complex, dynamic and sensitive than what have been assumed. This study unveils that it is no longer adequate to understand identities in terms of old categories such as place of origin and dialect affiliation. Many Chinese migrants resort to invented bonds and transnational linkage for social groupings and identity construction. By responding to new environments in such an innovative way, the Indonesian Chinese not only create another layer of Chineseness but also raise theoretical questions about the nature of Chinese ethnicity in a world of increasing mobility and globalization.,,,,,, (Clifford,1992 :108),,, (Ang,2001 :75-77), (ethnic group), (,1998 ;,2003 ;,2003 ;, 2003),, (ethnicity) (sub - ethnicity),,,, (the segmentary structure) (Crissman,1967),, (dialect group) (, ,, ( ISSCO), 1992,, , ( ), Subethnicity in the Chinese Diaspora,, 76

2 ),, 5, ( ) (Sparks,1976 ; Guldin, ;Wong,1988 ; Lin,2002a 2002b), ( ),,,, (Sinn, ) 20,, (Liu,1998 ;Douw et al.,1999), ( ),, (Qiaoxiang Ties) (Douw et al., 1999 ;,2000),,,, (Cohen,1997 :135) (Clifford,1992 :108),,,,,,,,,,,, (ethnic niche),,,, , 70 80, 20 50, 20,, 70,,,, 30-40, 10-20, ( Godley & Coppel,1990a :94 ; East Asia Analytical Unit,1995 ;,1987),,,, Godley, 1989 :

3 , 10 %,,,,, (,1987 :25 ;, ;,1984), 70 80,,, (,2001 : ;,1980),, ( ) ;,,,,,,, 2002, 48, 28, 5813 %, ( 1),,, 32, % ( 2) ;, 32, 23, : :,,, [ Palembang Chinese Schools Alumni Association(HK) ],,,,, ,, 5 %, ( ) ( ) ( ),1990),,, 50,,,,1999 :55-66

4 60 40,,,, 15, 5 60,12,48,,,,,, ( ),,, (Sinn,1997 : ,2002 :4-8),,,,, ( Kuah & Wong,2001 : ), (Sinn,1997 :397),,,, 10 4,,,, , 5,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Yang,2001 : ),,,,,, 79

5 ,,,,,,, (Clifford,1992 :108),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Godley & Coppel,1990b :194),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Wang,1988 :11-16) 80

6 ( ),,,,, (extraterritorial identity), :,, (1991), :,,,,,,,,, (Ma Mung,1998 :40-41),,, ;,,,,,,, (Hall,1992 : ),,,,, (Ang, 2001 :50-51),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 81

7 ,,,,,,,,,, ( T ien,1953 :25-26),,,,,, ( Freedman,1957), 80,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), :, ;, 2002,, 50,, ; ; :,,,, ( Geertz,1973) 50,72,,,,, 800,,,1999 :55-66,, 82

8 ,,,,,,,, 11,,,, 14,,,, 4,,, :,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Alba,1990 :306),, 10,,

9 1997,,,, 1997, (,1998) :,,, 50,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Godley & Coppel,1990b :194),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (Ma Mung,1998 :40-41),,,, (Ong & Nonini,1997) :,, 84

10 ,, ;,,,,,, (Wang,1997 : ),,, :,1990, ( ) :,2001, :, :, , :,2003, ( ) 3, , ,1987,, :,2003,, ( ) 1,2003, ( ) 9,1980,1998, 2,1999, : ( ), 47,1998,,2000,, Alba, R. D. 1990, Ethnic Identity : The Transformation of White America, Yale University Press, New Haven. Ang, I. 2001, On Not Speaking Chinese : Living Between Asia and the West,London : Routledge. Clifford, J. 1992, Traveling Cultures. in Grossberg, L., Nelson, C. & Treichler, P. A. (eds. ), Cultural Studies, New York : Routledge. Cohen, R. 1997, Diaspora, the Nation2State, and Globalisation. in Wang, Gungwu (ed. ), Global History and Migration,Westview Press. Crissman, L. W. 1967, The Segmentary Structure of Urban Overseas Chinese Communities. Man (n. s. ), Vol. 2, No. 2. Douw, L, Huang, C. & Godley, M. R. (eds. ) 1999, Qiaoxiang Ties : Interdisciplinary Approaches to Cultural Capitalism in South China, London, England : Kegan Paul International. East Asia Analytical Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 1995,Overseas Chinese Business Networks in Asia, Parkes, ACT: East Asia Analytical Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Freedman, M. 1957, Chinese Family and Marriage in Singapore, H. M. S. O., London. Geertz, C. 1973, The Interpretation of Cultures : Selected Essays, New York : Basic Books. Godley, M. R. 1989, The Sojourner : Returned Overseas Chinese in the People s Republic of China. Pacific Affairs, Vol. 62, Issue. 3. Godley, M. R. & Coppel, C. A. 1990a, The Indonesian Chinese in Hong Kong : A Preliminary Report on a Minority Community in Transition. Issues and Studies, Vol. 26, No b, The Pied Piper and the Prodigal Children : A Report on the Indonesian Chinese Students Who Went to Mao s China. 85

11 Archipel, No. 39. Guldin, G. E. 1977, Little Fujian ( Fukien) : Sub2neighborhood and Community in North Point, Hong Kong. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol , Hong Kong Ethnicity : Of Folk Models and Change. in Evans, G. & Tam, M. (eds. ), Hong Kong : The Anthropology of a Chinese Metropolis, Richmond, Surrey : Curzon Press. Hall, S. 1992, The Question of Cultural Identity. In Hall, S., Held, D., & McGrew, T. (eds. ), Modernity and Its Futures, Cambridge : Polity Press,. Kuan, K. E. &Wong, S. L. 2001, Dialect and Territory2Based Associations : Cultural and Identity Brokers in Hong Kong. in Lee, P. T. (ed. ) Hong Kong Reintegrating with China, Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press. Lee, L. O. F. 1991, On the Margins of the Chinese Discourse : Some Personal Thoughts on the Cultural Meaning of the Periphery. Daedalus (Spring), Vol. 120, No. 2. Lin, G. C. S. 2002a, Transnationalism and the Geography of (Sub) ethnicity in Hong Kong. Urban Geography, Vol. 23, No b, Hong Kong and the Globalization of the Chinese Diaspora : A Geographical Perspective. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol. 43, No. 1. Liu, H. 1998, Old linkage, New Networks : The Globalization of Overseas Chinese Voluntary Associations and Its Implications. The China Quarterly, No Ma Mung, E. 1998, Groundlessness and Utopia : The Chinese Diaspora and Territory. in Sinn, E. (ed. ), The Last Half Century of Chinese Overseas, Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press. Ong, A. &Nonini, D. M. (eds. ) 1997, Ungrounded Empires : The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism, New York : Routledge. Sinn, E. 1997, Xin xi guxiang : A Study of Regional Associations as a Bonding Mechanism in the Chinese Diaspora : The Hong Kong Experience. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 31, No , Tongxiang Associations and the Centering of Hong Kong in the Chinese Diaspora World. Presented in Repositioning Hong Kong and Shanghai in Modern Chinese History Conference, University of Hong Kong, June 11, 12. Sparks, D. W. 1976, The Teochiu : Ethnicity in Urban Hong Kong. Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 16. T ien, J. K. 1953, The Chinese of Sarawak : A Study of Social Structure,London :London School of Economic and Political Science. Wang, G. W. 1988, The Study of Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia. in Cushman, J. W. & Wang, G. W. (eds. ), Changing Identities of the Southeast Asian Chinese since World War,Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press. 1997, Hong Kong as the Home of China Coast Chinese : An Historical Perspective. in Wang, G. W. & Wong, S. L. (eds. ) Hong Kong in the Asia2Pacific Region : Rising to the New Challenges,HK: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong. Wong, S. L. 1988, Emigrant Entrepreneurs : Shanghai Industrialists in Hong Kong, Hong Kong : Oxford University Press. Yang, F. G. 2001, PRC Immigrants in the United States : A Demographic Profile and An Assessment of their Integration in the Chinese American Community. in So, Y. Lin, N. & Poston, D. (eds. ), The Chinese Triangle of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong : Comparative Institutional Analysis, Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. : 86

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