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1 葉類 23 葉留度度葉臘利葉漏葉類力量類參 12 葉類葉來力 Agral 9 力數理, 1, 2, 3 4 列來漏理 3 藍不量葉漏來葉漏量力力 Agral 9 數列量來力 Agral 葉藍率藍 16 量不復率 32 量 25% 藍 25-5% 理量度率率來藍量 16 易葉類異不復漏

2 24 93 年 6 Bioassay to Assess Potential Phytotoxic Effects of Surfactants on Leafy Vegetables Yeong-Jene Chiang Taiwan Agriculture Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract Surfactants are the most widely used and probably the most important of all adjuvants. These compounds often applied with herbicides, fungicides or insecticides as emulsifying, dispersing and spreading agents may cause distinct stress symptoms and considerable leaf damage. A popular method is to monitor the total ion efflux by simple measurements of the increase in conductivity of a bathing solution. This research was conducted to evaluate phytotoxic potential of surfactants on leafy vegetables and used ion leakage from leaf discs as an indicator of cell membrane integrity. Bioassay used involved leaf discs of tested crops soaked in surfactant solutions and measuring the conductivity after different hours. It had exhibited varying degrees of phytotoxicity according to the surfactants and crops used. The expression of results as a percentage of the total ion content of the discs provided a realistic comparison between different compounds. High inherent phytotoxicity was noted after treatment of spinach leaf discs with Trition, which resulted in large increases in the release of intracellular material at comparatively low concentration for each surfactant. The amount of leakage from leaf discs tended to increase as the surfactant concentration increased. Spray treatment of lettuce, convolvulus, edible amaranth, cabbage, edible rape and spinach at 5-6 leaf stage with tested surfactants, induced leaf chlorsis, leaf crinkling, leaf size reduction and plant stunting. Spinach was more sensitive to surfactants than any other species tested, while lettuce was least sensitive. Key words surfactant, cell leakage, conductivity, phytotoxicity, growth inhibition.

3 Weed Sci. Bull. 25(1), June 易劣 (hydrophilic group)(lipophilic group) (7, 12) 不數列葉留理量累易 (6) 異 (3) 度度葉臘 (5, 1, 11) 度切離 (polyoxyethylene) 量 (8) 臨度 (critical micelle concentration) 量降力 (8) 量葉葉葉葉異葉 (1, 2) 論度度異離度.1-.2% (w/v) 離度.2-.5% 離度.5-1% (8) 量都葉切離離葉度離流量 (4,9) 葉漏參料

4 26 93 年 6 理 (- 藍 - 藍 - 藍 - 葉 - --) ( - 葉 -2 ) (-)( - 葉 ) ( - ) 5-6 葉料 5kg (15cm 15cm 度 ).5 料 (5 ) 葉來 (CS-7, Triton) 力 (Total wett) Agral 9 力 (Sandovit) 列 Table 1. Chemical composition and source of commercial surfactants tested 來 (CS-7, Triton) Qutylphenol ethoxylate 羅力 (Total wett) Polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl aryl ether Agral 9 Nonylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol 力 (Sandovit) Alkyl aryl polyglycol ether Blend of polyethylene alkylaryl ether and sodium salt of dialkyl sufosuccinate 葉漏參 Silcox and Holloway (9) 葉離漏 5-6 葉 5 6 葉葉.6 cm 葉數 1 ml 不量理量葉 25 3 µmol photon m -2 s -1 度兩葉 1 ml 兩漏度度 (Kyoto Electronics, Model CM-115) 理錄不量離數

5 Weed Sci. Bull. 25(1), June 參不量量 5-6 葉葉數率量度 ( 1 ) 錄狀復不不理 3 mean ± S.E. 論葉漏來力 Agral 9 力數 , 2.5, 16.8, 37., 27.7 µs cm -2 () 力量量 16 (4.µS cm -2 ) 1.6 ( 2.µS cm -2 ) Agral 9 力來 () 度離 polyethylene alkylaryl ether 離 dialkyl sufosuccinate 離 () 理論力例離度量 12 葉類葉量理, 1, 2, 3, 4 列漏 1 理 1.5 葉來力力 4 略理 2 藍來理 5-6 漏

6 28 93 年 6 來漏不數 Table 2. Changes in conductivity of commercial surfactants tested with different dilution rates 量 1) 來力 Agral 9 力 µs cm R 2.3± ± ±.8 37.± ±1.1 2R 42.2± ± ± ± ±1.9 4R 76.9± ± ± ± ±2.8 8R 145.7± ±.2 7.8± ± ±7.1 16R 256.3±9.3 4.±.2 12± ± ±11.8 1) 來力 Agral 9 力數 (R ) 不異 () Agral 9 葉漏度理 1.5 力力藍理 2 來漏理 3 藍不量葉漏 () 來量列量理葉理異量 16 理量理 7 藍 8 量理降不 () 來類葉漏度來更 ( ) 力數理量量理 5 () 力

7 6 4 2 CS-7 Agral9 力力 ( ) 藍藍理 () Weed Sci. Bull. 25(1), June ( ) 葉漏 ( 來力 Agral 9 力量 ) Fig. 1. Effects of tested surfactants on electrolyte leakage from leaf discs of tested crops.

8 3 93 年 CS-7 藍力 ( ) Agral 9 力 5 25 R 2R 4R 8R 16R 量不數葉漏 ( 來力 Agral 9 力數 (R) ) Fig. 2. Effects of tested surfactants with different dilution rates on electrolyte leakage from leaf discs of tested crops.

9 Weed Sci. Bull. 25(1), June 葉漏力量理 5 () Agral 9 理異藍量 8-16 理 () 不數量來葉漏量力力 Agral 9 () 數列量來力 Agral 葉藍葉葉葉葉異狀率 () 量來 1 藍 1 1% 度復 4 量 1 藍 2-3% 率 1 降 1% 8 量來藍 5-2% 率 16 量 2-5% 32 量更 9% 不復 () 力藍量理 2-5% 5-6% 率 ( ) Agral 9 32 量理藍 5-6% 率 () 來力 Agral 9 藍 16 量易不復不數來力 Agral 葉藍 () 率 32 量 25% 藍 25-5% () 理量度來力 16 量 5% 率 () 率率來藍量 16 易不復葉蠟不度

10 32 93 年 6 葉流不兩度度力 CS-7 力 Agral9 藍 ( ) ( ) R 4R 8R 16R 32R R 4R 8R 16R 32R 量不數 ( 來力 Agral 9 力數 (R) ) Fig. 3. Effects of tested surfactants with different dilution rates on fresh weight of tested crops. 度累葉蠟降葉力

11 Weed Sci. Bull. 25(1), June 量 (8, 12) 離類度異不類不數葉類 1) Table 3. Phytotoxic effects of tested surfactants with different dilution rates on leaf vegetables 度藍來 % 2) R 3) () 4) () () (1%) () () 4R () () () (2%) (3%) 1 (3%) 8R (5%) () 5 () 15 (4%) 2 (3%) 2 (3%) 16R (1%) () 2 () 3 (5%) 3 (5%) 5 (7%) 32R (1%) () 2 () 8 (9%) 8 (9%) 9 (9%) 力 R () () () () (1%) (1%) 4R () () () (1%) (1%) (1%) 8R () () () (2%) (2%) 1 (2%) 16R (5%) () () 2 (2%) 2 (2%) 5 (3%) 32R 1 (1%) 5 () 1 () 5 (7%) 6 (4%) 6 (4%) Agral9 R () () () () (1%) (1%) 4R () () () () (1%) (1%) 8R () () () (1%) (2%) (2%) 16R () () () (2%) (2%) (2%) 32R (5%) (5%) (5%) 5 (4%) 5 (4%) 6 (6%) 1) 狀葉葉葉葉 2) 1 率 3) 來力 Agral 9 力數 (R ) ) 1 率

12 34 93 年 6 異蘿數 (3, 8) 葉 (8) 利藍藍 12 葉類葉漏 5-6 葉率度來葉類兩不類參行行 2. Cline, W. O. and P. V. Oudemans. 22. Diagnosis and description of widespread surfactant injury on blueberries in North Carolina. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 574: Florence, A. T., I. G. Tucker and K. A. Walters Interactions of nonionic polyoxyethylene alkyl and aryl ethers with membrane and other biological systems. In: Structure/Performance Relationships in Surfactants (Ed. M. J. Rosen), pp American Chemical Society Symposium Series Number 253, Washington D. C. 4. Haapala, E The effect of a nonionic detergent on some plant cells. Physiol. Plant. 23: Kirkwood, R. C Recent developments in our understanding of the plant cuticle as a barrier to the foliar uptake of pesticides. Pestic. Sci. 55: Knoche, M., G. Noga and F. Lenz Surfactant induced phytotoxicity: evidence of interaction with epicuticular wax fine structure. Crop Protection 11: Manthey, F. A., E. F. Szelezniak and J. D. Nalewaja Lipophilic chemistry affects surfactant phytotoxicity and enhancement of herbicide efficacy. In: Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems (Eds. M. J. Hopkinson, H. M. Collins and G. R. Goss), STP , , American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken.

13 Weed Sci. Bull. 25(1), June Parr, J. F Toxicology of adjuvants. In: Adjuvants for Herbicides, pp WSSA, Champaign, IL. 9. Silcox, D. and P. J. Holloway The use of potassium leakage to assess potential phytotoxic effects of surfactant. In: Aspects of Applied Biology 11, Biochemical and Physiological Techniques in Herbicide Research, pp Produced by The Association of Applied Biologists. National Vegetable Research Station, Wellesbourne, Warwick. 1. Stock, D. and P. J. Holloway Possible mechanisms for surfactantinduced foliar uptake of agrochemicals. Pestic. Sci. 38: Tamura, H., M. Knoche and M. J. Bukovac. 21. Evidence for surfactant solubilization of plant epicuticular wax. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: Zabkiewicz, J. A. 2. Adjuvants and herbicidal efficacy present status and future prospects. Weed Res. 4:

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