96 西安电子科技大学学报 ( 自然科学版 ) 第 39 卷 基于结构相似性的图像指数引入到背景杂波中, 以目标和背景在亮度 对比度和结构 3 个方面的相似性表征杂波的强弱, 与现场目标获取性能有很好的一致性. 然而, 在 TSSIM 定义过程中, 为确保相对亮度 相对对比度和相对结构三项分母为零时

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1 2012 年 6 月 第 39 卷 第 3 期 西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版) JOURNAL OF XIDIAN UNIVERSITY Jn V. 39 N. 3 d : / n j. 边缘结构背景杂波尺度 李 倩, 张 建 奇, 杨 翠 (西安电子科技大学 技术物理学院,陕西 西安 ) 摘要:根据观察主体主要依赖结构特征识别 目 标 的 事 实,以 背 景 和 目 标 边 缘 结 构 分 布 的 差 别 来 表 征 二 者 之间结构特征的相似性,建立了边缘结构背 景 杂 波 尺 度.与 以 往 的 杂 波 尺 度 相 比,该 尺 度 通 过 统 计 目 标 和 背景结构的空间分布特性,强调物体自身结 构 的 重 要 性,削 弱 环 境 亮 度 对 目 标 识 别 的 影 响,适 用 于 各 种 自 然场景.实验数据表明,提出的杂波尺度与现场目标获取性能有很好的一致性. 关键词:目标获取性能;目标识别;背景杂波;结构特征;边缘方向分布 中图分类号: TN216 文献标识码: A 文章编号: ( 2012) S f h dg b kg nd m LIQ n,zhangj nq,yangc ft hn Phy,X d nun v.,x n ,Ch n (Sh ) f f Ab : B dn hf h h gn n f dpnd m n h g yn hmnv n, h f hdgb kg nd m p p d,byd b ng h m y b w nb kg ndnd by h d f f n n hd b n f hdg.cmp d h g h, v b f v n by mp ng h p p f h nd y g b kg nd mph z hmp n f h nd w kn h n f n f n m n nn gn n.exp mn hw h p d n w w h hd n g bb fhmnv y m. p y K d : n p f mn ; gn n;b kg nd ; f ; g q g y W d b n fdg n n 目标获取指的是找到感兴趣目标,并在特定水平获得目标的 所 有 过 程 [1].在 目 标 获 取 过 程 中,感 兴 趣 目 标与场景因素越相似,越难被探测到.这种与成像系统本身性能无关但影响目标 获 取 的 场 景 因 素,就 是 背 景 杂波.随着光电成像系统的发展,新工艺 新结构和新技术不断引入到新型光电成像系统中,在大大提高了光 电成像系统分辨率和灵敏度的同时,使得背景杂波效应逐渐成为影响光电成像系统 目 标 获 取 性 能 的 最 主 要 因素之一.近年来,工作者在探索背景杂波量化表征方面进行了大量研究,并提出了许多杂波尺度 [1-11]. 目前的杂波尺度大体上可分为两类:第 1 类 是 基 于 数 学 统 计 的 杂 波 尺 度,属 于 此 类 的 典 型 杂 波 尺 度 有 [] [] 数学统计方差杂波尺度( SV)2 和基于灰度共生矩阵的杂波尺度( COM)6 ;第 2 类 是 基 于 人 眼 视 觉 特 性 的 [] 杂波尺度,属于 此 类 的 典 型 杂 波 尺 度 有 边 缘 概 率 杂 波 尺 度 ( POE)4 和 基 于 目 标 结 构 相 似 度 的 杂 波 尺 度 [] ( TSS IM)7. SV 以场景图像灰度值的起伏为依据,简单易行,但其对于复杂场景的描述 无 能 为 力;COM 以 灰度共生矩阵表征目标和背景的纹 理,计 算 量 大,且 只 适 用 于 目 标 纹 理 清 晰 的 获 取 过 程;POE 考 虑 了 人 眼 视觉对物体边缘敏感的视觉特性,较之 SV 和 COM 有一定的优势,然而其用场景图像中超过设定阈值的边 缘数目来衡量杂波的程度,使得杂波 尺 度 依 赖 于 主 观 阈 值 的 选 择,计 算 结 果 不 惟 一;TSS IM 将 周 王 提 出 的 收稿日期: 网络出版时间: 基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目( );中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目( K , K ) 作者简介:李 倩( ),女,西安电子科技大学博士研究生, E-m :q x d n. d. n. //www. /km /d /61. 网络出版地址: h nk. n TN h m p:

2 96 西安电子科技大学学报 ( 自然科学版 ) 第 39 卷 基于结构相似性的图像指数引入到背景杂波中, 以目标和背景在亮度 对比度和结构 3 个方面的相似性表征杂波的强弱, 与现场目标获取性能有很好的一致性. 然而, 在 TSSIM 定义过程中, 为确保相对亮度 相对对比度和相对结构三项分母为零时结果的稳定性, 选取的 3 个常数 C1 C2 和 C3 太大, 对计算结果有很大影响, 违背了 3 个常数选取的初衷. 因而, 至今仍没有一种杂波尺度能得到光电研究领域工作者的一致认可. 由于 SV 和 POE 计算简便易行, 且物理意义明确, 而成为工作者常用的两种算法. 因此, 这里也以 SV 和 POE 为参考对象, 通过比较各杂波尺度与主观实验目标获取性能的一致性, 来对笔者提出的杂波尺度进行验证. Bj 和 C 等在文献 [12] 和文献 [13] 中提出目标识别主要依赖于目标和背景在结构上的差异.2010 年 T 通过研究 TSSIM 与 Sh2 数据库中目标探测特性的关系时, 发现目标获取特性主要依赖于场景 [14] 和目标的结构因素, 而与亮度和对比度无关, 进一步证实了此说法. 笔者以光电图像中物体边缘方向的分布来表征其结构特征, 通过比较目标图像和背景图像在所定义的结构特征上的差异, 建立了边缘结构背景杂波尺度. 实验结果表明, 此杂波尺度与 Sh2 数据库提供的主观实验目标获取性能有很好的一致性. 1 基于边缘方向分布的结构特征 在光电成像系统目标获取过程中, 物体边缘是观察主体所利用的一个重要视觉信息 [1,4,15-17], 不同方向 的边缘信息组成了物体的结构特征. 在军事作战中, 感兴趣目标一般都是人造物, 且人造目标各方向的边缘 夹角大都在 30 以上, 因此将物体的边缘方向以 30 为间隔, 分为 6 个区间, 即 [0,30 ),[30,60 ),,[150, 180 ), 并通过统计目标图像边缘在各个方向区间内的像素数目, 得到物体图像边缘结构的分布. 以图像 X 为例, 经垂直和水平方向的 b 滤波后, 分别得到边缘矩阵 V 和边缘矩阵 H. 用矩阵 V 中的 各元素除以矩阵 H 对应位置处的元素, 并求所得商的反正切值, 得到边缘方向矩阵 D ={d j =1,2,,m, j=1,2,,n}. 其中,m 和 n 分别为图像 X 在竖直和水平方向的大小,d j 为矩阵 D 在位置 (,j) 处的元素值. 此时, 将图像 X 中位于第 k 个方向区间, 即 [30(k-1),30k) 内的像素数记为 k,k=1,2,,6, 并将其按下标 序号从小到大的顺序, 排列成一列向量, 得到图像 X 的边缘结构分布向量为 S=( 1, 2,, k,, 6 ) T. (1) 由定义可知, 边缘结构分布向量隐含了图像边缘的结构分布特性, 是目标结构信息在统计意义上的一个 [19-20] 表征. 图 1 以 Sh2 数据库中第 3 幅场景图像为例, 阐述了边缘结构分布向量定义的合理性. 图 1 包 含 3 行内容 : 第 1 行给出了 Sh2 数据库中第 3 幅场景图, 图中从左到右依次用白色方框标出了 3 个区域 范围 : 非目标类似物 目标和目标类似物局部图像, 并在下方给出了对应区域的放大图像 ; 第 2 行是以上 3 个区域对应的边缘结构分布直方图, 从图中可看出, 目标类似物图像与目标图像的边缘结构分布趋势一致, 而非目标类似物图像与目标图像的边缘结构分布有很大差异 ; 第 3 行从左向右依次为非目标类似物图像与 目标图像边缘结构分布的差值直方图和目标类似物图像与目标图像边缘结构分布的差值直方图图, 从这两 幅图可以直观地看出 : 较之非目标类似物图像, 目标类似物图像与目标图像的边缘结构分布的差异更小. 由 此, 可以通过比较两幅图像边缘结构分布向量的差异, 定量地衡量二者的相似程度. 2 边缘结构背景杂波尺度 背景杂波是用来定量描述目标背景特性对目标获取性能影响的物理量. 它会混淆感兴趣目标 干扰观察 [7] 主体的探测 延长探测时间 降低探测概率, 进而影响光电成像系统的目标获取性能. 背景与目标的相似性 是背景杂波的一个重要特性, 背景与感兴趣目标越相似, 对目标获取的负面影响越大, 越难探测到目标. 因 此, 可以通过比较目标和背景图像在边缘结构分布向量上的相似性, 定量表征背景杂波的复杂程度. 具体实 现步骤如下 : (1) 将背景图像分为 N 个背景小单元, 每个背景小单元在水平和竖直方向均与目标图像相应尺度相等. (2) 求目标图像的边缘结构分布向量 S 及各个背景小单元的边缘结构分布向量 Sb, 即 S =( 1, 2,, k,, 6 ) T, (2) hp://

3 第 3 期李倩等 : 边缘结构背景杂波尺度 97 图 1 边缘结构分布向量的合理性阐述示意图 Sb =(b 1,b 2,, k,, 6 ) T, (3) 其中, k 和 b k 分别为目标图像和第 个背景小单元中边缘方向位于第 k 个方向区间的像素数,k=1,2,,6; Sb 表示第 个背景小单元的边缘结构分布向量,=1,2,,N. (3) 取各个背景小单元与目标图像边缘结构分布向量差值的二范数, 得到 N 个局部背景杂波尺度为 C = S -Sb 2, =1,2,,N. (4) (4) 取所有局部背景杂波尺度的均值, 作为整体背景杂波尺度, 即 3 实验结果 N CSOE C = N. (5) =1 借助荷兰 TNO 人类因素研究所提供的 Sh2 数据库, 通过非线性拟合, 比较各个背景杂波尺度与主 hp://

4 98 西安电子科技大学学报 ( 自然科学版 ) 第 39 卷 观目标探测概率之间的均方根误差,Pn 相关系数和 Spmn 秩相关系数的大小, 来对背景杂波尺度 进行合理性验证. 该数据库包含 44 幅不同背景复杂度的高分辨率彩色数字图像以及每个场景的具体参数和 观察者实际目标探测实验的测试结果. 有关该数据库的详细信息请参考文献 [18-19]. 在对背景杂波尺度进行实验验证时, 去掉了 Sh2 数据库中的第 和 39 这 5 幅图像, 这是 由于文中研究的是单目标探测, 而前 4 幅图像中存在双目标, 第 39 幅图像目标过小, 探测概率太低, 无实际 研究意义. 因而在验证背景杂波量化尺度目标获取性能预测的优越性实验中, 最终的有效数据为其余的 39 幅图像. 需注意的是, 文中所有的运算均是针对灰度图像, 因而在实验验证前, 需将所有的彩色图像转换到灰 度空间. 图 2() 2(b) 和 2() 分别为 SV POE 和 CSOE3 种杂波尺度量化结果与实际主观实验得到的目标探测 概率之间的相关关系图. 其中, 散点分别为相应杂波尺度量化结果与实际主观实验得到的目标探测概率之间 的对应关系 ; 实线为相应杂波尺度量化结果与由其预测所得的目标探测概率之间的关系曲线. 图 2 目标探测概率随杂波尺度的变化 图 2() 中, 散点严重偏离关系曲线, 因此可知 SV 不能很好地反映目标背景特性对目标获取性能的影响 ; 图 2(b) 中散点分布在关系曲线周围, 因此可知 POE 优于 SV, 可在一定程度上能较好地反映目标背景特性对目标获取性能的影响 ; 图 2() 中散点紧密聚集在关系曲线周围, 因此可知 CSOE 杂波尺度优于 SV 和 POE 杂波尺度, 能更好地反映目标背景特性对目标获取性能的影响. 表 1 以数据的形式给出了各背景杂波尺度与实际主观实验得到的目标探测概率之间拟合的结果, 其中包括各背景杂波尺度对应的拟合参数 X50 和 E 的值, 以及性能测度 RMSE CC 和 SCC 对各背景杂波尺度的预测目标探测概率与观察者实际目标探测概率一致性的评价结果. 其中,X50 和 E 为曲线拟合参数 ; RMSE 为均方根误差 ;CC 为 Pn 相关系数 ;SCC 为 Spmn 秩相关系数. 表 1 SV POE 和 CSOE3 种杂波尺度的性能比较 X50 E RMSE CC SCC SV POE CSOE 由表 1 可见, 边缘结构背景杂波尺度 CSOE 与观察者实际目标探测概率的 Pn 相关系数和 Spmn 秩相关系数都大于其他背景杂波尺度, 且均方根误差小于其他背景杂波尺度, 从而证明了该背景杂波量化尺度在目标获取性能预测方面的优越性. 4 结束语 根据人眼视觉在目标识别中主要关注物体结构的特性, 通过统计目标和背景在边缘结构分布上的差异, 建立了边缘结构背景杂波尺度 CSOE. 该尺度简单易行 物理意义明确, 既克服了 SV 简单统计背景起伏的缺陷, 又弥补了 POE 主观依赖性和忽略目标特性的不足. 实验结果表明,CSOE 与 Sh2 数据库提供的主观目标探测特性有很好的一致性. hp://

5 第 3 期李倩等 : 边缘结构背景杂波尺度 99 随着光电成像技术的发展, 背景杂波在目标获取中扮演的角色越来越重要. 建立合理准确的背景杂波尺 [20-21] 度, 既是现在目标获取性能模型发展的瓶颈, 也是未来目标探测和识别领域的一个关键性问题. 然而, 至 今仍没有一种能客观地 科学地定量描述背景杂波的普适算法,CSOE 也不例外. 虽然它在性能优于经典算法 SV 和 POE, 但 CSOE 也需要进一步完善 : 如要寻找一种更好的方式来表征目标和背景的空间分布特征并借 助数学工具将所提取的特征与人眼视觉特性相结合. 要建立科学合理的背景杂波尺度, 不仅需要深入研究人 眼视觉和人脑智能的工作机理, 还需要建立包含各种场景图像 目标图像和实验主体主观探测特性的数据 库, 这都是后续需要开展的工作. 参考文献 : [1] VghnBD.Sdṟṉh-LpTgAqnPfmnPdnhgh2001:IngnfPp ndcgnvmd[r].abdnpvnggnd:rparl-tr-3883,2006. [2] Shmd D E,MhR W.Dn Pfmnn C wh Vb Rn[J].IEEE Tnn ApndEnSym,1983,19(4): [3] RmnSR,TdhG,Kwzyk M.C MfTgDnSym[J].IEEE Tnn Ap EnSym,1994,30(1): [4] TdhG,RG,AvZ,.Mdng HmnShnd TgAqnPfmn:IV.Dn PbbynhCdEnvnmn[J].OpEngnng,1994,33(3): [5] RfdD,Wfn H,YhnY.Cnx-FAnnOp:hGnzdSymmyTnfm[J]. InnnJnfCmpVn,1995,14(2): [6] ShvkM V,TvdM M.Dvpng Tx-bdImgC MfObjDn[J].Op Engnng,1992,31(2): [7] Chng Hngh,ZhngJnq.Nw MfC Afng Hmn TgAqn[J].IEEE Tnn ApndEnSym,2006,42(1): [8] YngC,WJ,LQn,.SpṟpnṉbdCM[J].AppdOp,2011,50(11): [9] RmmSR,HD,ChnA,.TxMfCAfngHmnTgAqn[J].IRPhy &Thngy,1996,37(6): [10] D AgnJ,Lwn W,WnD.CnpfShndDn MdImpvmn[C]//InfdImgng Sym:Dgn,Any,Mdng,ndTngV I.Ond:PdngfSPIE,1997,3063: [11] Yng C,ZhngJnq,Xng X,.Qnn Ph-ṉbd C MfCImg[J]. OpEngnng,2007,46(12): [12] Bj W L,TjnBS,LggG E.HmnEfnyfRgnzngndDngLw-pFd Obj[J]. VnRh,1995,35(21): [13] CT,MgG.OnhDnfSgnEmbdddnNSn[J].Ppn& Pyhphy,1986, 39(2): [14] TA.SSmyDmnShTmndDnPbby[J].InfdPhy & Thngy, 2010,53(6): ' [15] XydCS,Pv V.ObjvImgFnPfmnM[J].EnL,2000,36(4): [16] GW S,PyJS,SpBJ,.EdgC-nnNImgPdCnGpngPfmn [J].VnRh,2001,41(6): [17] L Qn,DLb,XXmn.AnEdg WghdRSImgQyEvn Mhd[C]//InCnfCmp SnndSfwEngnng.WHn:IEEECmpSy,2008: [18] TA,BjP,VnJM.ImgDfTngShndDn Md[J].OpEngnng,2001, 40(09): [19] TA,BjP,KF L,.A HgẖnImgDSfTngShnd Dn Md[R]. Sbg:RpTM-98-A020,TNO HmnFRhIn,1998. ( 下转第 130 页 ) hp://

6 130 西安电子科技大学学报 ( 自然科学版 ) 第 39 卷 3): [2] GAC.ASmnfHmnT[J].JnfCgnvSymRh,1999(1): [3] BhndH,Shmb M,IT,.GnTxSmmznUngPbbLnSmnIndxng[C]// PfIJCNLP.Hydbd:IJCNLP,2008: [4] FzP W,Lhm D,LndT K.ThIngnEy A:AppnEdnThngy[DB/ OL].[ ].hp://mj.wf.d//1999/2/04/pnv.p. [5] AR,RvndnB.LnDhAnBd MḏmnSmmzn[C]//PfAND 08.Nw Yk:ACM,2008: [6] 余正涛, 樊孝忠, 郭剑毅, 等. 基于潜在语义分析的汉语问答系统答案提取 [J]. 计算机学报,2006,29(10): YZhng,FnXzhng,GJny,.AnwExngfChnQṉAnwngSym Bdn LnSmnAny[J].ChnJnfCmp,2006,29(10): [7] 戴新宇, 田宝明, 周俊生, 等. 一种基于潜在语义分析和直推式谱图算法的文本分类方法 LSASGT[J]. 电子学报, 2008,36(8): DXny,Tn Bmng,ZhJnhng,.An Apph TxCgzn Bdn LnSmn AnyndSpGphTnd[J].AEnSn,2008,36(8): [8] 张秋余, 孙晶涛, 闫晓文, 等.LSA 和 MD5 算法在垃圾邮件过滤系统的应用研究 [J]. 电子科技大学学报,2007,36 (6): ZhngQy,SnJng,YnXwn,.RhfSpm FngSym BdnLnSmnAny nd MD5[J].JnfUnvyfEnSnndThngyfChn,2007,36(6): [9] DwS.IndxngbyLnSmnAny[J].JnfhSyfInfmnSn,1990,41(6): [10] By M W,DmST,O BnG W.UngLnAgbfIngnInfmnRv[M].Phdph: PbhdbySyfIndndAppd Mhm,1995. [11] LndTK,FzP W,LhmD.IndnLnSmnAny[J].DP,1998(25): [12] ZhCX,JhnL.A SdyfSmhng MhdfLngg MdAppdInfmnRv[J].ACM TnnInfmnSym(TOIS),2004,22(2): [13] EmnC M,BndJJ.Cvg,Rvn,ndRnkng:hImpfQyOpn WbShEngn R[J].ACM TnnInfmnSym(TOIS),2003,21(4): ( 编辑 : 齐淑娟 ) ( 上接第 99 页 ) [20] 张健, 李华, 李斌, 等. 人在回路红外成像系统目标获取性能模型 [J]. 红外与激光工程,2009,38(2): ZhngJn,LH,LBn,.SdṟṉhḻpTgAqnPfmnMdfIRImgngSym[J]. InfdndLEngnng,2009,38(2): [21] 李倩, 杨翠, 张建奇. 杂波对人在回路系统目标获取性能的影响 [J]. 红外与激光工程,2010,39(Sp): LQn,Yng C,ZhngJnq.InfnfCn Sdṟṉhḻp Tg Aqn Pfmn[J]. InfdndLEngnng,2010,39(Sp): ( 编辑 : 齐淑娟 ) hp://

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