第 53 卷任燕飞, 张云, 曾浩, 等 : 新型宽带数字多波束相控阵天线设计第 7 期 可能 随着平台功能多样化, 对孔径数量的要求也越来越多, 但是平台的可用尺寸成为其制约因素之一, 这就要求一副孔径具备多种功能的特点 在美国的 F 22 战机中, 已经根据孔径的工作频率和辐射区域进行了孔径高度

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1 第 53 卷第 7 期 2013 年 7 月 电讯技术 Telecommunication Engineering Vol.53 No.7 Jul doi: / j. issn x 新型宽带数字多波束相控阵天线设计 1 任燕飞 1,, 张云 1, 曾浩 1,2, 郝黎宏 1, 唐洪军 (1. 中国西南电子技术研究所, 成都 ;2. 重庆大学, 重庆 ) 摘要 : 传统相控阵天线系统为实现多波束, 在重量 体积 功耗等方面会有明显的增加, 系统的基本可靠性也显著降低 基于软件无线电思想, 利用超外差结构实现宽带信号变频, 并对瞬时带宽内的信号同时进行模 / 数或数 / 模变换, 再根据串口提供的每个波束方位 俯仰和频率等信息, 在基带实现数字多波束形成 设计了一套 S 频段 瞬时宽带 100 MHz 的数字多波束相控阵天线系统 测试结果表明, 该天线可收发同时形成 3 个独立波束, 每个波束在俯仰面 0 ~ 70 方位面全向的扫描范围内实现 EIRP 值不小于 40 dbm,g / T 值不小于 - 20 db / K 的优良指标 该设计可以有效提高系统灵活性, 降低系统的复杂度 关键词 : 相控阵 ; 宽带天线 ; 数字多波束 ; 软件无线电中图分类号 :TN828.5 文献标志码 :A 文章编号 : X(2013) Design of a Novel Wideband Digital Multi beam Phased Array Antenna REN Yan fei 1,ZHANG Yun 1,ZENG Hao 1,2,HAO Li hong 1,TANG Hong jun 1 (1. Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology,Chengdu ,China; 2. Chongqing University,Chongqing ,China) Abstract:With the increasing numbers of beamforming,the weight,size,power consumption of traditional digi tal multi beam phased array antennas may increase significantly,and the system s basic reliability will decrease significantly. Based on software radio theory,a new method is presented. Superheterodyne is used to realize wideband signal frequency changing,and A / D or D / A converter of signals is realized in instantaneous band width simultaneously. According to the azimuth angle,pitch angle and frequence supported by series port,the multi beam is formed in the baseband. An S band digital multi beam phased array antenna with 100 MHz in stantaneous bandwidth is designed. The experimental results show that the T / R antennas can form three inde pendent beams simultaneously. In the azimuthal omnidirectional scanning range of pitch angle 0 ~ 70,the EIRP is not less than 40 dbm,and G / T is not less than - 20 db / K. The design can retrench a lot of hardware devices,and reduce the complexity of the system. Key words:phased array;wideband antenna;digital multi beam;software radio 1 引言数字相控阵天线因其波束扫描快 波束易于赋 形和抗干扰能力强等特点, 在诸多平台上得到了广泛应用, 如星载 [1-2] 机载 弹载等, 特别是易于与平台共形的能力, 为其在高机动平台上的应用提供了 收稿日期 : ; 修回日期 : Received date: ;Revised date: 基金项目 : 中国电子科技集团公司第十研究所基础技术基金项目 ( Y) Foundation Item:Basic Foundation of the 10th Research Institute of CETC ( Y) 932 通讯作者 :swjturen@163. com Corresponding author:swjturen@163. com

2 第 53 卷任燕飞, 张云, 曾浩, 等 : 新型宽带数字多波束相控阵天线设计第 7 期 可能 随着平台功能多样化, 对孔径数量的要求也越来越多, 但是平台的可用尺寸成为其制约因素之一, 这就要求一副孔径具备多种功能的特点 在美国的 F 22 战机中, 已经根据孔径的工作频率和辐射区域进行了孔径高度综合 [3] 孔径要得到进一步综合, 必须将辐射工作区域不同的孔径进行综合, 这就要求一副孔径具备多波束能力 传统的数字多波束形成技术只是单波束形成的复制, 随着波束形成数量的增加, 系统硬件也成倍增加, 不利于工程应用 本文设计了一种新型的宽带数字多波束有源相控阵天线, 利用超外差结构实现了宽带信号变频, 并通过将较宽的瞬时带宽内多个信号同时采样, 在数字域实现多个信号的分离和波束形成, 极大地降低系统的硬件复杂度, 提高系统的可靠性 2 传统多波束形成技术传统的波束形成都是在模拟域实现, 通过波控器控制移相器改变每路信号的相位, 实现波束扫描 ; 在此基础上, 通过增加通道和移相器的数量来实现多波束形成 可以说, 这种意义上的多波束形成只是一种复制, 意味着体积 功耗和重量上成倍增加, 硬件非常复杂 而且波束形成网络设计完成后, 波束形状不容易改动 随着大规模集成电路的快速发展, 数字相控阵技术得到了迅速发展, 采用数字技术实现波束形成的诸多优点得到广泛的肯定 数字波束形成 (DBF) 是阵列天线和信号处理等诸多领域的综合技术 DBF 具有波束扫描快 波束易于赋形和抗干扰能力强等一系列优点 目前, 很多平台的天线都采用了 DBF 技术 DBF 通过在基带上采用 DSP 或 FPGA 来完成对各阵元信号的加权求和运算, 实现多波束形成 一个典型的数字多波束天线系统包括 3 个主要部分 : 天线阵列 收发信机和数字信号处理器 DBF 技术既可以应用于接收模式, 也可以应用于发射模式 传统的数字多波束有源相控阵天线原理如图 1 所示 虽然多波束形成在数字实现, 但是通过控制本振将几个信号变频到相同的中频, 波束形成的数量越多, 设备的组成就越大, 相应的体积和重量以及系统的基本可靠性就越低 图 1 传统数字多波束相控阵天线原理框图 Fig. 1 The principle block diagram of traditional digital multi beam phased array antenna 基于此, 我们设计了一种宽带采样的数字多波束有源相控阵天线 通过将带内的多个信号同时进行数字化, 在数字域将不同频率的信号下变频至基带, 再进行波束形成 这样可以省去大量的硬件设备, 降低系统的复杂度 3 本文方案设计 3.1 主要技术指标天线体制为数字多波束有源相控阵 ; 频率 : 前向链路 S1, 工作带宽 100 MHz( 单个信号带宽 12 MHz); 返向链路 S2, 工作带宽 100 MHz( 单个信号带宽 12 MHz); 收发各 3 个独立可控波束 ; 前向链路左旋圆极化, 返向链路右旋圆极化 ; 扫描范围 : 方位角 360, 俯仰角 0 ~ 70 ; 天线增益大于等于 11 dbi; EIRP 40 dbm;g / T - 20 db / K 3.2 工作原理新型宽带数字多波束有源相控阵天线由接收天线和发射天线两部分组成, 可以同时形成 3 个独立的发射与接收波束, 波束指向可快速扫描, 波束形状可灵活变化 在接收状态时, 天线阵面会接收空间传来的电磁波, 经多级滤波 放大, 抑制 100 MHz 工作带宽外的干扰信号, 并将带内信号放大 ; 经混频器, 将射频信号下变频至中频 ;ADC 实现带内 100 MHz 信号的模数变换 ;FPGA 根据计算机传过来的 3 个波束方位 俯仰 频率等信息计算出相应的加权值, 并分别将 3 组信号加权求和, 最后通过数字变频, 将 3 组信号下变频至相同的低中频输出 在发射状态时,FPGA 根据计算机传过来的 3 个发射信号的射频频率信息将输入的 3 路低中频数字信号进行上变频, 并将每路中频信号分为 7 路, 再根 933

3 www. teleonline. cn 电讯技术 2013 年 据方位 俯仰信息计算出相应的加权值, 对信号分别进行加权 ; 将 3 组信号依次取一路相加, 重新组合, 经上变频 滤波 放大后, 由天线发射出去 该系统由天线阵面 收发信道 (TR 组件 ) 数字波束形成和供电模块等组成, 功能框图如图 2 所示 3.4 关键技术分析 阵面设计阵列流型的设计与天线增益和扫描范围有直接的关系 根据指标要求, 天线法向增益不小于 11 dbi, 天线阵元数至少需要 7 元 由于圆环阵列可以扩展天线波束的扫描范围, 在天线扫描过程中可以基本维持天线波束的形状和天线增益, 可大体上保持相同的互耦等 阵列形式如图 4 所示 图 2 新型数字多波束相控阵天线原理框图 Fig. 2 The principle block diagram of the novel digital multi beam phased array antenna 3.3 天线坐标定义天线球面坐标系是以天线阵面中心为原点,X 轴和 Y 轴在阵面上, 根据天线在飞机上的位置指向不同,Z 轴垂直于阵面指向机体外, 且 X 轴 Y 轴和 Z 轴构成右手系 在天线安装位置情况下, 天线球坐标系的 X Y Z 轴指向定义如图 3 所示 每个天线球面坐标系包含以下坐标参数 : (1) 方位角 φ, 坐标系中任一点在 xy 平面投影和原点的连线与 x 轴正向之间的夹角, 从 x 轴正向开始算起, 以 x 轴正向经过 90 到 y 轴正向的转动方向为正, 范围为 0 ~ 360 ; (2) 俯仰角 θ, 坐标系中任一点和原点的连线与 z 轴正向之间的夹角, 从 z 轴正向开始算起, 范围为 0 ~ 180 ; (3) 极半径 r 图 3 示意了天线的方位角和俯仰角 934 图 3 天线坐标定义 Fig. 3 Coordinate definition of antenna 图 4 阵列流型示意图 Fig. 4 Array manifold sketch map 阵元间距的选择关系到天线互耦和天线波束栅瓣两项重要指标 为了减小天线互耦, 需要增大阵元的间距, 但是增大阵元间距会提高天线波束栅瓣 对于相控阵天线而言, 栅瓣的出现会影响最大波束扫描角 对于阵元间距相等的阵列, 最大扫描角 θmax = 70, 根据不出现栅瓣条件 d < λ 1 + sinθmax 因此,d < 0 51λ 实际取的单元间距略小于理论极限值, 取天线阵元间距为 d = 0 48λ 与刚好不出现栅瓣的单元间距相比, 此间距有利于大扫描角时得到较高的增益和较低的副瓣, 代价是法向增益略有下降 中频选择设计采用一次变频的方案, 为了很好地解决镜频抑制问题, 需要选择高中频, 而为了降低中频采样难度, 减小功耗, 需要选择低中频 对于接收通道, 中频的选择还关系到抗混叠滤波器的设计, 综合考虑后, 接收本振信号 LO1, 中频信号即为 300 MHz, 此时信号与镜频相隔较远, 射频带通滤波器完全可以对镜频进行滤波处理, 避免噪声叠加影响信号的信噪比 对于发射通道, 为了避免发射本振信号对接收通道造成干扰, 选择发射中频信号为 300 MHz, 本振信号 LO2

4 第 53 卷任燕飞, 张云, 曾浩, 等 : 新型宽带数字多波束相控阵天线设计第 7 期 收发隔离设计对于收发同时工作的系统, 收发隔离是比较关键的指标 由于系统的发射功率一般都很大, 单靠收发阵列的空间和极化隔离并不能满足要求, 这就要求信道内增加滤波器对工作频带外, 特别是可能干扰到其他通道的信号进行抑制 设计中, 信道模块被划分为 3 个独立功能的模块, 即接收模块 发射模块和本振模块, 发射模块和接收模块通过本振模块联系在一起 混频器的射频对本振 中频对本振的隔离度都大于 25 db, 功分器的路间隔离度为 15 db,s1 频率滤波器对 S2 频率信号抑制大于 70 db,s2 频率滤波器对 S1 频率信号抑制大于 70 db, 所以接收对发射的隔离大于 100 db 对于发射功率 40 W 的天线, 只要收发天线空间距离达到 0 5 m, 极化隔离达到 18 db, 该设计即可满足要求 数字波束形成设计国内许多学者对数字波束形成进行了一定的研究和设计 [2,4-6] 本模块为该天线系统的重要节点, 主要考虑采用可编程 FPGA 实现参数化的 DBF 算法构架, 采用高速串行接口实现数据与命令的交互 模块内部接收 DBF 功能单元划分如图 5 所示, 发射 DBF 功能单元划分如图 6 所示 图 5 接收 DBF 原理图 Fig. 5 The receiving DBF diagram 图 6 发射 DBF 原理图 Fig. 6 The transmitting DBF diagram 图 5 中,ADC 主要对 7 路 300 ± 50 MHz 中频模拟信号以 400 Msample / s 速率进行数字采样 ; 在数字域实现波束合成后, 由 DDC 将信号下变频至基带并抽取滤波, 然后 DUC 将 3 个基带信号内插滤波并上变频至固定低中频 30 MHz 输出 图 6 中,DDC 将 3 路 30 MHz 低中频数字信号进行下变频和滤波处理, 得到数字基带信号 ; 再由 DUC 把基带信号搬移到 300 ± 50 MHz 频段内的指定频点 ; 然后在数字域进行波束形成, 最后由 DAC 数模变换后输出 在接收 / 发射 DBF 功能模块内部, 分别具有时钟分配 模数 / 数模转换 FPGA 处理 数据传输控制以及电源等子模块 (1) 资源评估模块涉及的运算主要有正交变换 复加权 DDC DUC, 资源分析如表 1 所示 表 1 资源分析 Table 1 Analysis for resource 名称数量等效运算速率正交变换 7 个 400 MHz 复加权 6 组, 每组 7 个系数 400 MHz NCO1 6 个 400 MHz NCO2 6 个 100 MHz 抽取滤波 (DDC) 6 个 400 MH 25 MHz 插值滤波 (DUC) 6 个 25 MHz 400 MHz 按电路处理时钟为 200 MHz 考虑, 对运算单元以乘加运算量进行评估,3 个波束的接收 DBF 处理总计需要 528 个乘 422 个加 ; 加法运算如果按 32 位计, 则共需消耗逻辑单元约 个 考虑设计裕量, 需选用具有 600 个以上乘法运算单元以及 个以上逻辑运算单元的运算器件用于实现接收 DBF 功能 发射 DBF 模块主要工作在 200 MHz 上, 较之接收 DBF 400 MHz 部分, 已经能节省一半资源 (2) 硬件设计在电路的设计上充分考虑电磁兼容 可靠性 易用性, 以及节约功耗等问题 软件设计严格遵守模块化的设计规则, 按照软件无线电特点进行底层设计, 充分考虑软件的实时要求 可靠性以及继承性等问题 DBF R DBF T 板分别以 7AD + FPGA + 1DA 7DA + FPGA + 1AD 的软件无线电形式构成基本处理 935

5 www. teleonline. cn 电讯技术 2013 年 框架, 分别以 1 片 FPGA 为处理核心, 可同时对 7 路中频信号进行模数 / 数模处理, 并分别具备 1 路数模 / 模数处理通道作为测试使用 ; 除此之外, 可通过 RS422 串口与主设进行交互式通信传输, 可存储信息于 EEPROM 中, 开机自动执行默认波束形成 其他指标分析在系统的设计过程中, 设计 EIRP 和 G / T 指标 要求在扫描范围内,EIRP 值不小于 40 dbm,g / T 值不小于 - 20 db / K EIRP 值主要由功放的发射功率和天线的增益决定 在前面的小节中已经对天线阵面进行了设计分析, 在扫描角范围内增益不小于 5 db, 这就要求在天线输入端口的信号功率不小于 35 dbm 考虑到功放与天线直接连接电缆的损耗, 我们设计的发射组件效率约 30%, 在 1 db 压缩点状态工作时, 功放的发射功率约为 37 dbm G / T 值由天线增益和系统噪声温度决定 在天线增益确定的情况下, 只有降低系统的噪声温度才能提高 G / T 值 由指标可以算出, 系统的噪声温度必须小于 316 K, 考虑天线噪声温度为 100 K, 则系统的噪声系统不能大于 2.4 db 这就要求在预选滤波器的选择和低噪声放大器的设计中充分考虑插损和噪声系统的要求 3.5 系统功耗表 2 列出了收到信道 波束形成和电源 3 个有源模块的功耗情况 电源效率为 82% 表 2 功耗分析 Table 2 Analysis for power 设备名称电压 / V 电流 / A 功耗 / W 收发信道 波束形成 5 18( 收发同时工作 ) 90 系统总功耗 260 图 7 收发天线阵面 Fig.7 The photos of T/ R antennas 由于是样机, 为了节约成本, 没有单独设计相应的机箱, 将收发信道和数字波束形成板及电源装在已有的 1ATR 机箱中, 如图 8 所示 图 8 终端设备 Fig. 8 The terminal equipment 出于篇幅考虑, 本文只给出了天线指标的部分测试结果 测试仪器采用安捷伦 PNA8363, 通过外触发, 仪器显示的横坐标为时域值, 对应天线旋转 180 时的触发时间 图 9 为 3 个波束工作频率分别为 2.2 GHz 2.25 GHz 和 2.3 GHz, 方向分别指向方位角 0 俯仰角 70, 方位角 180 俯仰角 70, 方位角 0 俯仰角 0 时, 测试的发射天线方向图 由图可以看出,3 个角度上相应的 EIRP 都大于 40 dbm, 满足指标要求 4 系统实验结果由于发射天线阵面集成了功放, 为了自然散热, 在背板处增加了 10 mm 厚的散热齿, 因此, 发射天线阵面尺寸约 300 mm 300 mm 60 mm 为了降低接收系统噪声系数, 接收天线阵面集成了预选滤波器和低噪声放大器, 接收天线阵面尺寸约 270 mm 270 mm 40 mm, 如图 7 所示 936 图 9 发射同时 3 个波束测试结果 Fig. 9 Test result of three transmitting simultaneous beams 5 结论本文设计并研制了一种宽带采样的数字多波束

6 第 53 卷任燕飞, 张云, 曾浩, 等 : 新型宽带数字多波束相控阵天线设计第 7 期 相控阵天线, 该天线具有同时收发 3 个波束的功能, 实现了宽角扫描, 测试指标满足各项技术指标要求 但是, 在项目的研制和测试过程中发现一些问题, 比如校准技术还需要完备 另外, 为了实现工程化, 还需要在设备的体积和功耗方面进行优化 参考文献 : [1] 周乐柱, 李斗, 郭文嘉. 卫星通信多波束天线综述 [J]. 电子学报,2001,29(6): ZHOU Le zhu,li Dou,GUO Wen jia. Review of Multiple Beam Antennas for Satellite Communications[J]. Acta Elec tronica Sinica,2001,29(6): (in Chinese) [2] 赵红梅. 星载数字多波束相控阵天线若干关键技术研究 [D]. 南京 : 南京理工大学,2009. ZHAO Hong mei. Research on Satellite Digital Multi Beam Phased Array Antenna Key Techniques[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,2009. (in Chinese) [3] 车颖秋. 航空电子传感器的综合化 [J]. 电讯技术, 2002,42(3): CHE Ying qiu. An Overview of Avionic Integrated Sensor [J]. Telecommunication Engineering,2002,42(3): (in Chinese) [4] 尹继凯. 发射数字多波束天线技术研究 [J]. 无线电工程,2005,35(5): YIN Ji kai. Research on Digital Multi beamforming Antenna Technology[J]. Radio Engineering of China,2005,35(5): (in Chinese) [5] 王青. 基于 FPGA 的发射数字多波束形成算法研究及工程实现 [D]. 西安 : 西安电子科技大学,2011. WANG Qing. Study on Transmit Digital Multi Beamforming Algorithms Based on FPGA and Its Implementation[D]. Xi an:xidian University,2011. (in Chinese) [6] 王雨阳. 数字波束形成的工程实现方法 [J]. 雷达与对抗,2011,31(1): WANG Yu yang. The engineering implementation of digital beamforming[j]. Radar & ECM,2011,31(1): (in Chinese) 作者简介 : 任燕飞 (1982 ), 男, 山西太原人, 分别于 2004 年和 2007 年获西南交通大学学士和硕士学位, 现为工程师, 主要研究方向为相控阵天线和智能天线 ; REN Yan fei was born in Taiyuan,Shanxi Province,in He received the B. S. degree and the M. S. degree from Southwest Jiaotong Uni versity in 2004 and 2007,respectively. He is now an engineer. His research interests include phased array antenna and smart antenna. swjturen@ 163. com 张云 (1974 ), 男, 四川成都人, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为相控阵天线和智能天线 ; ZHANG Yun was born in Chengdu,Sichuan Province,in He is now a senior engineer. His research interests include phased array antenna and smart antenna. 曾浩 (1977 ), 男, 四川泸州人,2006 年于重庆大学获博士学位, 现为副教授, 主要研究方向为阵列信号处理和智能天线 ; ZENG Hao was born in Luzhou,Sichuan Province,in He received the Ph. D degree from Chongqing University in He is now an associate professor. His research interests include array signal processing and smart antenna. 郝黎宏 (1978 ), 男, 甘肃兰州人,2011 年于电子科技大学获博士学位, 现为工程师, 主要研究方向为阵列信号处理 数字通信中信道估计以及抗干扰技术等 ; HAO Li hong was born in Lanzhou,Gansu Province,in He received the Ph. D degree from University of Electronics Science and Technology of China in He is now an engineer. His re search interests include array signal processing,channel estimation and anti jamming,and so on. 唐洪军 (1983 ), 男, 四川安岳人,2009 年于电信科学技术研究院获硕士学位, 现为工程师, 主要研究方向为阵列信号处理 抗干扰技术等 TANG Hong jun was born in Anyue,Sichuan Province,in He received the B. S. degree from CATT in He is now an engineer. His research interests include array signal processing, anti jamming and so on. 937

7 易迪拓培训 专注于微波 射频 天线设计人才的培养网址 : 如何学习天线设计 天线设计理论晦涩高深, 让许多工程师望而却步, 然而实际工程或实际工作中在设计天线时却很少用到这些高深晦涩的理论 实际上, 我们只需要懂得最基本的天线和射频基础知识, 借助于 HFSS CST 软件或者测试仪器就可以设计出工作性能良好的各类天线 易迪拓培训 ( 专注于微波射频和天线设计人才的培养, 推出了一系列天线设计培训视频课程 我们的视频培训课程, 化繁为简, 直观易学, 可以帮助您快速学习掌握天线设计的真谛, 让天线设计不再难 HFSS 天线设计培训课程套装套装包含 6 门视频课程和 1 本图书, 课程从基础讲起, 内容由浅入深, 理论介绍和实际操作讲解相结合, 全面系统的讲解了 HFSS 天线设计的全过程 是国内最全面 最专业的 HFSS 天线设计课程, 可以帮助你快速学习掌握如何使用 HFSS 软件进行天线设计, 让天线设计不再难 课程网址 : CST 天线设计视频培训课程套装套装包含 5 门视频培训课程, 由经验丰富的专家授课, 旨在帮助您从零开始, 全面系统地学习掌握 CST 微波工作室的功能应用和使用 CST 微波工作室进行天线设计实际过程和具体操作 视频课程, 边操作边讲解, 直观易学 ; 购买套装同时赠送 3 个月在线答疑, 帮您解答学习中遇到的问题, 让您学习无忧 详情浏览 : MHz NFC/RFID 线圈天线设计培训课程套装套装包含 4 门视频培训课程, 培训将 13.56MHz 线圈天线设计原理和仿真设计实践相结合, 全面系统地讲解了 13.56MHz 线圈天线的工作原理 设计方法 设计考量以及使用 HFSS 和 CST 仿真分析线圈天线的具体操作, 同时还介绍了 13.56MHz 线圈天线匹配电路的设计和调试 通过该套课程的学习, 可以帮助您快速学习掌握 13.56MHz 线圈天线及其匹配电路的原理 设计和调试 详情浏览 :

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