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1 ( ) Journal of Hunan University of Science & Technology( Social Science Edition) Vol. 7 No. 6 Nov Ξ ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) (1. ; ) 1912 (18 ) (33 ) 50 ; A841 A (2004) ;! [1 ] 1927 (Mao s Road to Power) ! Ξ ( ; ) (Brantly Womack) ( ) (Professor of Government University of Vir2 gina) ( ) Stuart Schram ed. Mao s Road to Power Revolutionary Writings edited by Stuart Schram. 10 Volumes (Armonk M. E. Sharpe ) Vol. 1 The Pre - Marxist Period p The Comintern announced that Mao had died in Jerome Chen Mao and the Chinese Revolution (London Oxford University Press 1965) p

2 ?? (normal science) ?? [2 ] 1937 (intellectual framework)?? [3 ]? 20 10? ; (Clifford Geertz) ; (Thomas Kuhn) [4] CliffordGeertz Ideology as a Cultural System in David Apter ed. Ideology and Discontent (New York Free Press 1964) pp Tang Tsou Revolution Reintegration and Crisis in Communist Chi2 na in Tang Tsou The Cultural Revolution and Post - Mao Reforms pp Letter to Lin Jinxi August Mao s Road I p

3 [6 ] ( ) 1893 (compressed intellectual modernization) [8 ] 1900 [9 ] [5 ] [10 ] [11 ] [6 ] ; 1905 [12 ] [7 ] ( ) (Joseph Levenson) ( ) ( (anti - culturalism) ) Maurice Meisner Li Dazhao and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution ( Cambridge Harvard University ( ) Press 1967) pp

4 [13 ] [13 ] [14 ] ( gaunt rather Lin colnesque figure ) 10 [13] [14] ; ; ; Stuart Schram Mao Tse - tung (Baltimore Penguin 1966) ; 9 Philip Short Mao A Life (New York Henry Holt 1999) ; Lee Feigon Mao A Reinterpretation (Chicago Ivan R. Dee 2002) ; Siao - yu Mao Tse - tung and I were Beggars (New York Collier 1957). ( ) 1993 p. 15. Mao s Road to Power vol. 2 pp Ibid pp

5 ( ) ( ) Mao s Road to Power vol. 1 p. 68. Ibid. pp Ibid. p. xxxiii. pp ( ) Snow op. cit. p Mao s Road to Power vol. 1 pp Ibid. p. 6. ; Ibid. p Generally dated from the death of Yuan Shikai and the second Xuzhou conference of military governors in Hsi - Sheng Ch i War2 lord Politics in China (Stanford Stanford University Press 1976) p

6 ? [3 ] ; ( ) ; ( ) Mao s Road to Power vol 1 p Ibid. p Ibid. p Snow op. cit. p Mao s Road to Power vol. 1 p

7 Bernard ( ) Mandeville ( )? ( )? 8 ( 7 41 ) 9 71 Mao s Road to Power. vol. 1 p Ibid. p ( ) Ibid. p Ibid. p Ibid. p

8 Authority! ( ) ? [15 ]? ( ) ; ; ( ) Mao s Road to Power. vol. 1 p Short op. cit. p. 99. By contrast national self - determination by ethnic groups was included in the 1924 Manifesto of the Guomindang and Mao spoke in favor of it in the 1930s. Katherine Palmer Mao Zedong and the Sinification of ; China s Minority Policy Southeast Review of Asian Studies vol A personal anecdote ; When I was doing research on Mao at Berke2 ley in 1974 I mentioned Mao s bookstore to Ed Hammond China specialist and Berkeley revolutionary. He found it most amusing because the Berkeley radicals in the 1960s had discussed opening a leftist bookstore but ultimately they had dismissed the idea as too bourgeois. 30

9 (exploiters) ; 75 % ; [17 ] ( ) 1925 [16 ] 1925 Mao s Road to Power vol 1 p Mao s Road to Power vol. 2 pp Manifesto of the First National Congress of the Kuomintang Milton J. T. Shieh ed. The Kuomintang Selected Historical Docu2 ments (New York St. John s University Press 1970) pp here p. 82. Quoted in ibid. p Yuebei Peasants and Workers Association. Ibid. and Manifesto op. cit. p

10 ( ) ??? ; ; 1926 Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan Mao s Road to Power vol. 2 pp also Mao Zedong Selected Works of Mao Tse - tung (Beijing Foreign Languages Press 1965) vol 1 pp Snow op. cit. p Womack Foundations op. cit. pp Mao s Road to Power vol. 2 p Selected Works op. cit. vol 1 pp

11 6 ( ) ( ) ( Eric Hoffer) 1927 [18 ] ( ) ; [19 ]

12 1924 [6 ] Joseph Levenson.Liang Ch i - ch ao and the Mind of Modern China[ M ]. Berkeley University of California Press [7 ] Liang Ch i - ch ao. Intellectual Trends in the Ch ing Period tr. Immanuel C. Y. Hs [M]. Cambridge Harvard Universi2 ty Press [8 ] Brantly Womack. The Phases of Chinese Modernization[A ]. Steve Chin ed.. Modernization in China [ C]. Hong Kong Hong Kong University Press pp [9 ] Benjamin Schwartz. In Search of Wealth and Power Yen Fu and the West. Cambridge Harvard University Press [10 ] Wolfgang Bauer. China und die Hoffnung auf Gl ck [ M ]. Munich Hanser Verlag pp [ 11 ] Benjamin SchwartzChinese Communism and the Rise of Mao [M]. New York Harper 1967 ; first ed. Harvard Universi2 ty Press pp [12 ] [M] [13 ] Edgar Snow. Red Star Over China [ M ]. New York Grove Press 1973 ; first ed. Random House Part 4. [14 ]. [M]. [1 ] Tang Tsou. Reflections on the Formation and Foundations of the Communist Party - State in China [ A ]. Tang Tsou. The Cultural Revolution and Post - Mao Reforms [ C ]. Chicago University of Chicago Press pp [2 ] Stuart Schram. From the Great Union of the Popular Masses to the Great Alliance [ J ]. China Quarterly 49 (January 1972) p. 88. [3 ] Brantly Womack. Mao before Maoism[J ]. China Journal no 46 (July 2001) pp [4 ] Thomas Kuhn. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions [ M ]. Chicago University of Chicago Press [5 ] William Ayers. Chang Chih - tung and Educational Reform in China[M]. Cambridge Harvard University Press [15 ] Brantly Womack. The Foundations of Mao Zedong s Political Thought[ M]. Honolulu University Press of Hawaii pp [16 ] Stuart Schram. Mao Tse - tung [ M ]. Baltimore Penguin Books p. 78. [17 ] Zhihong Chen. Die China - Mission Michael Borodins bis zum Tod Sun Yatsens[M]. M nster LIT Verlag pp [18 ] Eric Hoffer. The True Believer ; Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements[M]. New York Harper and Row [19 ] Brantly Womack. Where Mao Went Wrong Politics and Epistemology in Mao s Leftism [J ]. Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1986) pp The Upheld Banner The Development of Mao Zedong s Political Thought Observed fro m Report on the Pea sant Movement in Hunan Brantly WOMACK (Department of Politics University of Virgina U. S. A. ) Translated by DU Jing & Proofread by XIAO Yan - zhong (Department of Politics People s University of China Beijing China) Abstract The development of Mao Zedong s early political thought changed its pattern concretely and signifi2 cantly. From his first essay published at his age of 18 to Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan when he was 33 years old Mao Zedong changed much in his political thought and practice which went so further than his thought in the rest of his life. It is of help for us to interpret his structure of thought in this period so as to trace the origin of his later thought development. Key words Mao Zedong s political thought ; Mao Zedong Early thought ; political thought ( ) 34

中国的离婚法实践与司法调解的起源、虚构和现实

中国的离婚法实践与司法调解的起源、虚构和现实 * mediation 336 216 A B A 1953196519771988 1989 40 B 20 40 1995 336 340 4 200 * Kathryn Bernhardt Modern China William Rowe 2001 19961996-1996 1986 1900 1 136 1949 Cohen, 1967,1999; Palmer, 1987,1989;