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3 CIP / ISBN Ⅰ.... Ⅱ.... Ⅲ Ⅳ.1C G64 CIP http / /www. hep. edu. cn http / /www. hep. com. cn /

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16 Introduction In the Symposium on National Philosophy and Social Science Plan held in Sep Hu Qiaomu pointed out in his speech that there was a tendency existing in teaching of science and technology universities that specialized education was paid important attention but humanistic education was neglected. He thought that it was very difficult for the students to study traditional Chinese culture and it was also unbeneficial for the students to grow up because they can only know little about Chinese history. Therefore they had to become incomplete Chinese. In fact it exists the thought that science is more important than arts in primary and middle school. So the liberal education is not taken into account as it should be. The students of primary and middle school cant study knowledge of traditional Chinese culture enough. Consequently these students cant become complete Chinese also. We can divide all social relations into five according to the theory of Marx on human being which includes the relation between the individual and politics and economy the relation between the individual and civilization the relation between the individual and environment the relation between the inter - individual and the relation between every element of the individuals mind. If a man can make these relations keep harmonious he will

17 Ⅱ Introduction be a complete Chinese whereas he will become an incomplete Chinese and the relations will be clashing. This thesis analyzes concretely the clashes between the individual and theses relations. There are many reasons why the clashes show. But the most essential reason is that the balance between the humanistic spirit and the scientific spirit on the scale of the individual is broken. Wherefore this thesis gets its hands on the reasons which are that there is the negative in conventional Chinese civilization and western civilization Chinese spirit has been destroyed by the ultra - Left trend of thought we learned the education of the USSR unilaterally and the humanistic spirit of Chinese is dispirited because they eager for quick success and instant benefit. So that as a complete Chinese he must be a citizen of the P. R. China who can make the humanistic spirit and scientific spirit mixed together and hold the conventional Chinese culture far and wide. This thesis emphasizes particularly on the characteristics and cultivation the of the humanistic spirit and scientific spirit. It is believed that a complete Chinese should have five accomplishments which are that he should be awake of building the social system of democracy actively he has a seniority and a prestige to achieve mastery conventional culture from ancient to now through a comprehensive study of the culture of China and the west he has a humanitarian bosom to treat the nature kind - heartedly and love everyone and he has a willpower to become a real man. To cultivate a complete Chinese must begin from training his scientific spirit and humanistic spirit. Firstly the educational idea of achieving mastery through a comprehensive study of the subject may be built up. That is to say the educational goal should be

18 Introduction Ⅲ humanized the humanistic knowledge and scientific knowledge can be kept balance schools families and society cooperate with each other and the cultivation should be allowed to be multifarious. Secondly fundamental education will be strengthened. It means that the teaching of science and arts should be improved and emphasized the elective can be given in schools and it also means to perfect the curriculum structure of fundamental education pay attention to the teaching of traditional Chinese culture train the students spirit of chasing the truth give up the educational idea of entrance examination abolish the system of dividing the science and arts into two parts in the teaching of senior middle school pay close attention to moral education and aggrandize the students sense of environmental protection. Thirdly academic spirit must be reshaped and liberal atmosphere must be constructed. That includes to set up academic spirit and ideality in order to make the university be a ideal source promulgate advanced thought pay respect to what every class need and train the students who have either humanistic spirit or scientific spirit. Finally civic education should be ameliorated. This paper thinks that civic education means to tell the civic what right they should have develop the citizens sense of meditating heighten womens social status make the civic have a correct views on justice and interest heighten the knowledge standard of the civic and carry out popular science education widely and so on. The results of this thesis are as following the amalgamation of humanistic spirit and scientific spirit in a one s mind is basic feature of a complete Chinese a complete Chinese should be cultivated in primary and middle school and he must study

19 Ⅳ Introduction traditional Chinese culture widely to form the general mood of society about the freedom of thought and exploring the truth freely is a necessary capitulation to cultivate a complete Chinese to heighten the whole quality of the civic is a consequent requirement to bring up a complete Chinese to join higher education and fundamental education is a inexorable way to cultivate a complete Chinese.

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323 X C Bell. The Reforming of General Education The Columbia College Experience in Its National Setting. New York Columbia University Press P J Faraco et al. Chemical Education in Europe. The Chemical Society London Burtington House J G Gaff. General Education Today a Critical Analysis of Controversies Practice and Reform. San Francisco Jossey-Bass D Green. International Developments in Assuring Quality in Higher Education pp. 168 ~ 177. London The Falmer Press Harvard Committee. General Education in a Free Society. Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University press R M Hutchins. The Higher Learning in America. New Haven

324 301 Conn Yale University Press E J McGrath. Liberal Education in the Professions. New York Teachers College Press F A Vught. Western Europe and North America International Developments in Assuring Quality in Higher Education pp. 3 ~ 17. London The Falmer Press Jill Ker Conway Kenneth Keniston and Leo Marx. Earth Air Fire Water Humanistic Studies of the Environment. University of Massachusetts Press N L Gupta. Humanistic Tradition of India. Dehli Gate Daryagari New Dehli Mohit Publications V K Nanda. Science Education Today. New Delhi J. L. Kumar for the Anmol Publications Lester K Brown ed. State of the World 1990 A World Watch Institute Report on Progress toward a Sustainable Society. New York W. W. Norton William Cronon ed. Uncommon Ground Toward Reinventing Nature. New York W. W. Norton E O Wilson. On Human Nature. Cambridge MA Harvard University Press Bill McKibben. The End of Nature. New York Random House Bina Agarwal. A Field of Ones Own Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. New York Cambridge University Press Michael Smith. Pacific Visions California Scientists and the Environment ~ New Haven Yale University Press Karl Polanyi. The Great Transformation. Boston Beacon Press James F Veninga. The Humanities and the Civic Imagination

325 302 Collected Addresses and Essays 1978 ~ Denton Tex. University of North Texas Press Tobin Hart L Peter Nelson and Kaisa Puhakka. Transpersonal Knowing Exploring the Horizon of Consciousness. Albany N. Y State University of New York Press Grote E John. Paideia Agonistes the Lost Soul of Modern Education. Lanham. Md. University Press of America G Marian Kinget. On Being Human and Pleasure and Pain Two Humanistic Works. Lanham Md. University Press of America John Rowan. Ordinary Ecstasy the Dialectics of Humanistic Psychology. London Philadelphia Brunner /Routledge Freedman O James Idealism and Liberal Education. Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press Paul D Simmons. Freedom of Conscience a Baptist /Humanist Dialogue. Amherst N. Y Prometheus Books Paul Kurtz. Embracing the Power of Humanism. Lanham Md. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Christopher Martin Bache. Dark night Early Dawn Steps to a Deep Ecology of mind / Christopher. Albany N. Y State University of New York Press Eisler Riane Tennenhaus. Tomorrows Children A blueprint for Partnership Education in the 21st Century. Boulder Colo. Westview Press Michael Peters. After the Disciplines the Emergence of Cultural Studies. Conn. Bergin & Garvey Charles J Sykes. The National Review College Guide America s Top Liberal Arts Schools. New York Simon & Schuster Atwill Janet M. Rhetoric. Aristotle and the Liberal Arts

326 303 Tradition. Ithaca NY Cornell University Press Proctor E. Robert Defining the Humanities How Rediscovering A Tradition Can Improve Our Schools with a Curriculum for Today s Students. Bloomington Indiana University Press F Carlos. Global Perspectives for Educators. Boston Allyn and Bacon Robert Orrill. Education and Democracy Re-imagining Liberal Learning in America. New York College Entrance Examination Board Norma Berkowitz. Humanistic Approaches to Health Care Focus on Social Work. Birmingham Venture Pr Wise Jessie. The Well-Trained Mind a Guide to Classical Education at Home. New York W W Norton Silver Mitchell. Respecting the Wicked Child a Philosophy of Secular Jewish identity and education. Amherst University of Massachusetts Press Karabell Zachary. What s College for The Struggle to Define American Higher Education. New York Basic Books Barr Jean. Common science Women Science and Knowledge. Bloomington In Indiana University Press John Wallis. Liberal Adult Education The End of An Era Nottingham Continuing Education Press University of Nottingham Sousa W. Ronald. The humanities in Dispute a dialogue in Letters. West Lafayette Ind. Purdue University Press Digumarti Bhaskara Rao. Science Education in Asia and the Pacific. New Delhi Discovery Pub. House Helga Behrendt. Research in Science Education-Past Present and Future. Boston Mass. Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001

327 80

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329 306 Ruth Hayhoe 2003

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M M. 20 37 1 Vol. 37 No.1 2 0 1 6 1 TSINGHUA JOURNAL OF EDUCATION Jan. 2 0 1 6 4. 0 100872 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 4. 0 4. 0 G640 A 1001-4519 2016 01-0006 - 10 DOI 10. 14138 /j. 1001-4519. 2016. 01. 000610 11-12 18