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- 坂先 权
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2 1989, ( CI P) / 2 :, ISBN TE2 CIP ( 97 ) ( ) ISBN / T E1807 ( ) : 23 00
3 1994 ( ) 1989,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1996
4 ( ) :,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,
5 ( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 7) (13) (34) (46) (46) (60) (62) (69) (72) (78) (78) (92) (99) ( 108) ( 113) ( 113) ( 124) ( 140) ( 140) ( 141) ( 144) ( 153) ( 153) ( 157) ( 163) ( 173) ( 183) ( 190) ( 192) ( 192) ( 193) ( 195)
6 ( 206) ( 206) ( 215) ( 223) ( 228) ( 254) ( 259) ( 259) ( 261) ( 275) ( 278) ( 282) ( 290) ( 294) ( 301) ( 309) ( 309) ( 311) ( 324) ( 330)
7 ,,,, ; ;, ; ; ;,,, ,,, 1978,,,, :,,,,,, ; ; ; : ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 1
8 ,,, ; vm = H t (11) vm, m/ h; H, m; t, h,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,, :, ( ), 0 160M Pa, 130MPa 480MPa; 0 150MPa, 68MPa 320MPa,, ;, ; 2
9 , ( ),,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,, py ( M Pa) py = P S (12) P, kn ; S, mm 2,,,,,,,,,, MPa, MPa, ( 1-1 ) > > > > > > > > > MPa, 12 ;, 34 ; 36 ; 48 ; 9,, 3
10 ,, 3, :,,,,,,, (a) ; ( b) ; (c) P ( kn), ( mm) 1-1 ( a), D,, ( ), h, So S 1-1 ( b),,, OA, A, B,, h, So S 4
11 1-1 (c),,, h =, S = So A F A E Kp K p = A F A E (13) AF 1-1 (a) ODE, ODE, Kp = 1; A F 1-1 ( b) OABC( SO ABC ), A E ODE( SO DE ) (,, ), : Kp = A F AE = S O A BC SO D E > 1,,,,, 6, Kp > 6,, K p 1 > 1 2 > 2 3 > 34 > 45 > 6,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,, 1-2 5
12 , ( ),,,, 1-2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ;, 2,,,,,, 3,,,,, 6
13 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, < < < < < < < < < m/ h MPa 100 > > > > > > > > > ,,,,,, ;, ;, 7
14 ,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,, 35CrMo 35CrMo, ( 1-3 ), 2/ 3, 1218 ( 1-3 ),,, 2038mm,, 70100mm, CrMo 35SiMnMoV, W T,,, ( 1-4), W T R, R F N, 1-4 F, 8
15 1,, W, T,, 1-5 W T, W 1-4 ; 1-5 2,, W T, ( 6 14 ),,, 1-6 1) W, T,,,,, 1-6 (a) 2),,,,,,, 1-6 ( b) 3),, T,, 1-6 (c),,, T,,, ; ;,,, 1-7, 1-6 9
16 , ;,,,,,, 1 (1 ) ( ), 1-8,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, 10 ;,, 12 15;,, (2 ) ( ) (1-8 ),,,,,,,,, 70; 7080 ; 8085,,, ( a) 75, 82,,, 1-9 ( b ), 75,,,, 85, 10
17 1-9 ( a) ; ( b) (3 ) () () = - (1-8),,,,,,, = 90-2, 1-10,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 1-10 (a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d) 3,,,,,,, 5070mm, mm b (1-8 ), ;,,,,,,,,, 11
18 ,,, ;,,,,, YG8,, 12 YG8,,,,, 1 (1 ),,,,, mm mm 170kN,,,, (2 ),,,, 200r/ min,, (3 ),,, 2,,, ( 2030 kn) 0 5m,,,,,,,, 12
19 ,, ;,, ; ( ),,,,,,, 1/ 3,, ( ),, mm,,, ( ), 1-12 ;, ; 2 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, ( ),,,,,,,, 20CrMo 13
20 ,, ( 1-13 ) ;,,,,,, 1-14,,, ; 2 ; ,,,,,,, 1,,,,, :, ; ;, ; (1 ),, (2 ),, 14
21 , (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,, 2,, 1-15, O, O1,,,,,, 1-15,,,,,, Pi FRo to Z 2 (14) Pi ; F ; Ro ; to, ; Z ( 14 ), : 1) to, ;,, 2),,, 3), Z,,,, 15
22 , ; ;,,, ; 2 3,,,,, 1-16,, 1-17 (1 ), 1-17 b o, ob = c, c vb vc, o vb vb = R b (15) o vb vb = Cb b (16) 16
23 b ; Ro o ; Cb o o (15) (16) vb, 1-17 vc v c = r c (17) r ; c vc 1-17, vb vc, vb vc, 1-17, o1 vb + v c = 0, vb v c, o1, ao1, bo1 o1,, o1, C, C, (2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ), 1-18 o, (),,,, vb, vc vs 1-18, 1-18, o1 vb = vc,,, v /,, 22 (3 ), 1-19 o, o, oo, oo= s,,, A, vb a, vba oa, v1 v2, A v1, v2, v2 A vba vb a = R b = Rn b 30 (18) 17
24 RA o, R = oa; b ; nb 1-19 v2 s = vb asin= R b R = n b 30 s (19) ( 19 ), s nb,,, v1 = vb acos= Rnb R2 - s 2 30 R = n b 30 R 2 - s 2 ( 110) R s 2 oa, A, v1 o A,, s nb 18
25 ,,, ;,,,, ; (, ), ( ),,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, s C 1 ( s ),, s, ; ;,,,,, s D, = s D ( 111) = ; = ; 19
26 = = 0 03, 190, s = D = = 5 7mm, s,, 1-20 ( b) e, 1-20 (c), e s () 1-21, 1-21, W1 W2 W 3,, W2 W3,,, 2,, 51 59,, 5659 ;, ,, : (1 ),,, 1-22 ( a) 1-22 (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) (2 ),, 1-22 ( b ),,, 20
27 ,, (3 ),, 1-22 ( c),,,,, 1,,,, ;,,, Li ( ) L, = Li L ( 112), ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,, ),,,,,, = 38 40, = 40 21
28 42, = ),,,,,,,, L T,,, k 1-24 (a) L ; ( b) T ; (c) ; ( d) 1 ; 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,, : 1) 1-25 ( a), ( h) (), 22
29 6090 ; ),, 1-25 ( b)(c) ; ,, 3), 1-25 ( d),, 4) 1-25 (e),,,, 2 4mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, YG8, YG8C, YG11 YG11C 1 :,,,,, 23
30 ,,,, 60% 70%, 45,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 1-26,,,, 1-26, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;, 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ;, 14 O ; 15,,,, ; 24
31 ,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1-26,, O O, 1-27,,,,,,, O,, 1-27 O O,,,,,, O 3,,,, : ( ),,,, 1/ 3 ( ) 200mm, 1290mm 2, 20 22mm 45,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 25
32 ,,,,, 1-28, O,, 1,,, , 1O ; 2, 1234 ; 3 7, mm mm mm ,,, 637, : C; D; E; 26
33 G; J; R; S ; X; Y; 27
34 Z, 637E : 215 9mm ( ), 637E, E : 1), 2), 3),,, 2,, ( IADC ), IADC, : : 1, (; ) ; 2, () ; 3, () ; 4, ( ) ; 5, () ; 6, () ; 7, () ; 8, ( ) 1234 : 1 () ; 2 () ; 3( T ) ; 4( ) ; 5() ; 6; 7() ; 28
35 8 ; 9 : 321 3, ; 2 ; 1 : 517 5, ; 1, ; 7 1,,,,,,,,,, : 1),,, 2),, ;,,, 3) 3000m,,,,, ;, ;,, 4),,,,, 5),, 2 (1 ) 1) :, ( ), ( 35m ),,, 2) : 410,,,,,, 29
36 :,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3560r/ min,,, ( ),,, (2 ), ;,,,, : 1), 3555r/ min, 2), (cm) kN, kN 3),,, 35 65r/ min ( 30
37 ) 4),,, 5),,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, (3 ), : ; 1),,,,,,,, 2),,,, (4 ) 1),, 2mm,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, 2),,, 31
38 ,,,,,,,,, ;, ; ;, 3),,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,,,, 5), ; ; ;, ;,, 3 (1 ), : 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4), (2 ) 8,,,, T,
39 (3 ) ( ) 8,, B, T1 1 8 T2 2 8 T3 3 8 T4 4 8 T5 5 8 T6 6 8 T T8 1-7 B1 1 8 B2 2 8 ( ) B3 3 8 B4 4 8 ( ) B5 5 8 B6 6 8 ( ) B7 7 8 B8 ( ) (4 ), 1, 0, 0, 01/ 2in,, : T2B41 2/ 8 2/ 8, ), 4 ( T6B60, 6/ 8 6/ 8, ( 6 ), 1/ 2in 33
40 ,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, M Pa, 1 5, 9,, 9000,,,,,, 1/ 4,,,, , 50 % 90 %,,, CO2 CO,, (carat ), 1 0 2g, / /, 0 5 / 400 / 1 (1 ), 1-29, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, ) :,,,,,, 34
41 , 2) :,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 3) :,,, 0 5 / 15 /, /, 1/ 31/ 6,,,,,, 212mm,,,, /,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,, (2 ) 1), B ( ) B,,, 1-30 ( a),, 1-30 ( b) ; B, 1-30 ( c) ; B B,, 1-30 ( d) 2),,,,,,,, 35
42 1-30 (a) ; ( b ) ; (c) B ; ( d) B, : 1-31 (a) ; 1-31 ( b) ; 1-31 (c) (3 ),, 1-31 : 1), 1-32,,,,, 2), 1-33,, 1 2,, 3), ), 1-35,, 36
43 ; 2 ; 3 ; (4 ) 1),, 0 2 / 1 /, 1 /, 12 / 20 / 200 /, 1/ 3, 1/ 31/ 5, 1/ 51/ 6, 1/ 61/ 10,, 2) :,,, ;,,,,,, 37
44 , ;, 3),, 63 5mm,, 5070mm,,, 1 52mm ( mm) 2, ( ),, 1-36, W 1, T,,,,, ab,, abc,,,,,, ( ),, ( MPa),, ( ),, 1-37, 1-37 (a),,, 1-37 ( b),,,,,, 24 25, 1-37 (c)( d) ( ),,,,,,,, py = 2200MPa ;, pk = 0 4 py, ;pk = ( ) py, ; pk = 38
45 ( ) py, 3, (1 ), ;, ;,,, ;,,, ;, (2 ),, 1-38 (3 ) 1) kN/ mm, kN,, 9kN,,,,,,,,,,, 250mm, 6 2MPa, 27 kn, 2), 150r/ min, r/ min r/ min, 39
46 1-38 A ; B 1-39 A ; B ; C ; D ; E,,, 4090r/ min, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),,, (7 ),,,,,,, ;, m,,,, 0 2m,,, (8 ),, 40
47 , 929kN, 4060r/ min,, (9 ),,, 1),,,,,,,, 2), ( 10 30min 0 983M Pa),, O,, 3),,,, 70, PDC ( Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bit), 1-40,,,, PDC,,,, PDC, PDC,, 1 PDC (1 ) PDC ( ) 5000M Pa 1500, 510min,,, 0 5mm, 1-40 PDC 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9, PDC, 41
48 ,, PDC, PDC,, PDC ( ),, ;,,,, PDC, 700, PDC,, 1-41 (2 ),, : 1), 1-42 ( a),, 40%,, PDC ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d ) 2), 1-42 ( b),,,, 20% 25% 42
49 3), 1-42 ( c),,,,, 4), 1-42 ( d),,,,, (3 ),,, ; 1), ; 2 ; A ; B,,,,,,, 2), 1-44 ( a),,, = ( b),,, 025,, 2 PDC PDC,,, (1 ) ;,,, (2 ) PDC, PDC,, PDC (3 ) 43
50 1-44,,,, PDC,,,, 60/ min 17kN, 4050r/ min,,,, m, 5min,, 12m,, (4 ) 1) PDC,,,,,, 1-45 PDC 2) PDC, 30%, 1-45 PDC, A ; B :, ( 80 kn100r/ min), 1m, 1m ( : min), 1-8, ( 80kN 100kN ), 1m, 44
51 , ( 60kN), 1m, ( 60 kn) ( 100r/ min120r/ min80r/ min ), 1m, ( 120r/ min), r/ min 60kN kn min/ m m/ h r/ min min/ m m/ h PDC,,,, r/ min,,,,,,, (5 ),,, ;,,,, 45
52 ,, :,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; : 1,,, ;,, 2,,, D55D75 AP I D E ; 46
53 , 23m 11 4m 14 5m, API 12 2m 16 5m, ( ), ( ), ( ) 4 1 / 2 REG 6 5 / 8 REG, ( ) 88 9mm 3 1 / 2 IF, 108mm 4I F 4 1 / 2 IF, 133 4mm 5 1 / 2 FH 88 9mm ( 3 1 / 2 in )108 0mm ( 4 1 / 4 in )133 4mm (5 1 / 4 in) 2-1 1,,,, 2-1, L, mm ; L 1, mm ; D 1,, mm ; d, mm ; D 2, mm, :, mm, mm API 2-2 DEX ( 95 )G ( 105 )S (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ( 135 ), XG S 36CrNiMo4,, ( ) : 88 9mm (3 1 / 2 in) 114 3mm ( 4 1 / 2 in) 127 0mm ( 5in) m API ( AP I Spec 5D) :,, ;, ( ) (1 ),,,, 2-3,, 47
54 ,, API AISI4137H, 36CrNiMo4, 35CrMo AP I ( GXS ) : mm mm (in), kg/ m 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4) ( 5) ( 2 3 / 8 ) ( 2 7 / 8 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 5) ( 5) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5 1 / 2 ) ( 5 1 / 2 ) (2 ) : (A ) (B ) ( C )2-3 48
55 2-2 API ( DE ) : mm mm (in), kg/ m 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 5) ( 2 3 / 8 ) ( 2 7 / 8 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 3 1 / 2 ) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 4 1 / 2 ) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5 1 / 2 ) ( 5 1 / 2 ) ( ) A B 2 A B 3 A B 4 A B 5 A B 6 C 7 C C 49
56 (3 ),, ( IF ),,,,, ( FH),, ;, ( REG),,,,, ( NC), AP I, AP I 13, 5 1 / 2 FH (4 ) API API,, API API API 2-4, :, ( in ) 4 1 / 2 REG, 4 1 / 2 in ( 114 3mm), 5 1 / 2 FH 5 1 / 2 in (139 7mm), NC, NC in 1/ 10in NC46 4 6in, 2-5; 17, 2-6; 16, 2-6; EXGS, SY , G M NC50G4 1 / 2 REGG, NC50M, 4 1 / 2 REGM, 6 5 / 8 REGG NC50G5 1 / 2 FHM,, (5 ),, 10mm, 11 5mm;,, 5mm, 11 5mm,, 50
57 2-4 API : mm NC23 V R NC26 V R NC31 V R NC35 V R NC38 V R NC40 V R NC44 V R NC46 V R NC50 V R NC56 V R NC61 V R NC70 V R NC77 V R / 2 FH V / 8 R EG V / 8 R EG V / 2 R EG V / 2 R EG V / 2 R EG V / 8 R EG V / 8 R EG V / 8 R EG V / 2 FH V FH V / 2 FH V / 8 FH V / 8 IF V / 8 IF V / 2 IF V IF V / 2 IF V / 2 IF V ; 51
58 NC NC / / 8 IF 31 NC / / 8 IF 35 NC NC / / 2 IF 40 NC FH 44 NC NC IF 50 NC / / 2 IF 56 NC NC NC NC / / 2 FH 2 3 / / 8 R EG 2 7 / / 8 R EG 3 1 / / 2 R EG 4 1 / / 2 R EG 5 1 / / 2 R EG 6 5 / / 8 R EG 7 5 / / 8 R EG 8 5 / / 8 R EG 2-6 mm kg/ m mm
59 mm kg/ m mm ,,, 23,, 1 1),,, 1521, 30 2),, 3),,, 4),,,, 2 9 3m 13 5m,, mm, 25 4mm, 139 7mm, 165 1mm, NC50 (4 1 / 2 IF ), 700kg, 945kg 53
60 2-5 1,,,,, 2,, 46, 2-4,, ;, SY AP I, ( SY ) D d mm in mm in L mm D F mm kg/ m 1 ZT NC ( ) / / ZT NC26-35 ( 2 3 / 8 I F ) / / ZT NC31-41 ( 2 7 / 8 I F ) / ZT NC / ZT NC38-50 ( 3 1 / 2 I F ) / ZT NC / ZT NC / ZT NC / / ZT NC46-62 ( 4I F ) / / ZT NC46-65 ( 4I F ) / / ZT NC46-65 ( 4I F ) / / ZT NC46-67 ( 4I F ) / / ZT NC50-70 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) / ZT NC50-70 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) / ZT NC50-72 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) / /
61 D d mm in mm in L mm D F mm kg/ m 16 ZT NC / / ZT NC / ZT6 5 / 8 R EG / / ZT NC / ZT7 5 / 8 RE G / ZT NC / ZT NC ZT NC ( ) : NCXX, I F, R EG, :,,,, 1,, 2-6,,, 2 (1 ), ( WL ) ( WZ) ( WH) ( WG) (, D)( A),, 2-8,,
62 ( SY ) mm L20 D 1 L 2 5 D 2 d L 3 = 150 L 1 = 350 L 3 = 300 L 1 = 700 mm ( in) ( 6) , , , , , ( 6 1 / 4 ) ( 6 1 / 2 ) ( 7 1 / 2 ) , 159, 57, 950, 1100, 1450, 1650, ( 7 7 / 8 ) ( 8 3 / 8 ) , 500, , , , 1050, , 1200, , 1550, , 1750, ( 8 1 / 2 ) ( 8 3 / 4 ) ( 9 1 / 2 ) , 950, 1100, 1450, 1650, , , 1200, 1550, 1750, ( 9 5 / 8 ) ( 9 7 / 8 ) , 1150, 1300, 1750, 1950, , 1250, 1400, 1850, 2050, ( 12 1 / 4 ) , , , 1500, 1950, 2150, , , 1600, 2050, 2250, ( 17 1 / 2 ) , 1950, 2100, 2550, 2750, , , 2200, 2650, 2850, ( 26 )
63 2-9 ( SY ) mm ( in ) 121 (4 3 / 4 ) NC35 NC35 NC / 2 RE G NC44 NC44 NC (6 1 / 4 ) NC46 NC46 NC / 2 RE G 178 ( 7) NC50 NC50 NC / 2 RE G 203 ( 8) NC56 NC56 NC / 8 RE G 229 ( 9) NC61 NC61 NC / 8 RE G (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,, 1,,, ( ) 2,,,, 2 57
64 : ( ),, 2-7 3,,, ;, ;,, 1,,,,, 2,,,, :,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 3 1) 2),, 34, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 3), 13, 25 13
65 4),,, 5), 1,,,,, 2,, : 1),, 2), ;,,,,,,,, 3), 241 3mm,,,, mm , , , 228 2, , 228 6, 254 0, ,, :,,, 59
66 m m m m m m m m m m / 8 REGG NC50M 0 37m m NC50 G5 1 / 2 FHM 0 38m ,, 311 1mm 2-8 : ,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13,,,, 1,, 60
67 , 2,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2,,,, 3 61
68 ,, 4,,,, ( ),, 5,,,,, ( ),, 6,,,,, 7,,,,,, : 1),,, 2),,, 3),, 1,, ( ), = 2 - (21) 62
69 , 241 3mm,, 25 4mm 2,, Wc Wc = W m St Kcos (22) W c, kn ; W m, kn ; St, ;, ( ) ; K, d, g/ cm 3 ; K = 1 - d ; s s, 7 85g/ cm 3,, Lc Lc = W c W uc (23) Lc = W m St W uc Kcos (24) Lc, m; W uc, kn/ m, Lc2 Lc 2 = W c - Lc1 W u c1 W uc 2 (25) Lc1, m; W uc 1, kn/ m; 63
70 Lc 2, m; W uc 2, kn/ m Lc1,,,,,, 1 1) ( ) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) (API ), (1 ),, Ft Fa (26) Ft, kn ; Fa, kn (2 ) Ft, Ft = ( L p W up + Lc W u c ) K (27) Lp, m; W up, kn/ m (3 ) Fa 1) Fy, Fy API,,,,, Fy 64
71 2-11 API, kn m m in mm N/ m D E X G S / / / / Z / ) Fw, Fy 90% Fw = 0 9 Fy (28) 3) Fa,,, Fw Fw, Stp = F w Fa Fw = 0 9 Fy Fa = 0 9 F y Stp (29) Stp, Fa Fw,,,, Fa 65
72 = Fw - Fa = 0 9 Fy - Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy - ( 210),, 4) Fa,,? 2-1, 88 9mm 9 35mm D, 127 0mm 9 19mm S, 1 35, 450kN? : 88 9mm 2-12 Fy = kN, Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy S tp = = ( kn) = 0 9 Fy - Fa = = ( kn) < 450( kn), Fa 127 0mm, 2-12 Fy = kN Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy - = = ( kn) Stp = 0 9 F y Fa = = < 1 35, Fa,,,,,, 88 9mm Fa, kN ; 127 0mm Fa, kN,, ; 66
73 2,, (1 ), Fa, Lp Lp = ( F a K - L c W uc ) 1 Wup ( 211) Lp, m; W up, kn/ m; Lc, m; W uc, kn/ m; Fa, kn (2 ), ( )( ) ( ) 1), L p1 = ( F a 1 K - L c W uc ) 1 W up1 ( 212) Lp2 = ( F a2 K - L c W uc - L p1 W up1 ) 1 W up2 ( 213) L p3 = ( F a3 K - L c W uc - Lp1 W up1 - Lp2 Wup2 ) 1 W up3 ( 214) Lp1 Lp2 Lp3, m; W up1 W up2 W up3, kn/ m; Fa1 Fa 2 Fa3, kn,, Lp1 (213 ) Lp2, Lp1 L p2 ( 214) Lp3 2) 2-2 : H = 7500m, d = 1 65g/ cm 3, 177 8mm Lc = 135m, W uc = N/ m, 114 3mmE, 8 56mm, 127 0mmG 9 19mm 12 70mm 67
74 : 450kN, 114 3mm 1 35, 127 0mm 1 40 : K = 1 - d = s 7 8 = 0 788, 114 3mm, 8 56mmE 2-12, W up1 = 242 3N/ m, Fy1 = kN Fa1 Fa1 = 0 9 F y1 S tp1 = = 980 6( kn) Fa1 Fa1 = 0 9 Fy1 - = = ( kn) Fa1 = ( kn), Lp1 L p1 = ( F a1 K - L c W uc ) 1 W up1 = ( ) = 3684( m) 127 0mm, 9 19mmG 2-12, W up2 = N/ m, Fy2 = kN Fa2 Fa2 = = ( kn ) Fa2 Fa2 = = ( kn ) Fa2 = kN, Lp2 68
75 L p2 = ( ) = 3166m Lp3 Lp3= H - Lc - L p1 - Lp2 = = 515m 127 0mm, 12 70mmG, 2-12, W up3 = N/ m, Fy3 = kN Fa3 Fa3 = = ( kn ) Fa3 Fa3 = = ( kn ) Fa3 = kN, Lp3 Lp3 = ( ) = 1836( m) > L p3 Lp3 = 515m : 127 0mm12 70mmG 127 0mm9 19mmG 114 3mm8 56mmE 178mm 515m 3166m 3684m 135m 7500m,,,,, :, 69
76 ,, ; 1 2m ; ;, ;, 1,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, 1 2m,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ;, 0 5m, ;,, (3 ),,,, 1),,,,,,,,,,, 70
77 , 2),,,,,,,,, ph ph, ; ph, ;, ph 9 5,,, ;, ;, ; ;, ;,, ;,, ;,, 2,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,, 1,, 71
78 ,,,, 2,,, 315, 3,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),, ph ph,, ph 9 0, 4 1) C75C95 2),, ; ; ph 10 3), ph 1011 ; ; ; ;,,,, 1 : ; ; ; 72
79 (1 ),, 80 %, 62 5%, 62 5% ;, 80 %, 65 %, 55%, 55% 2000m, 812m,, 6mm, 3m 3mm, 2mm (2 ) 2-12 ( SY ) 2-12 mm ( in) kg/ m mm, mm mm mm, mm mm E ( 3 1 / 2 ) NC38 ( 3 1 / 8 I F ) X G S E ( 4 1 / 2 ) NC50 ( 4 1 / 8 I F ) X G S E ( 5 ) NC50 X G S E ( 5 1 / 2 ) / 2 FH X G S :, 1/ 2, 2/ 3, mm, : ( ) 114 3mm 160mm, ( ) 127 0mm 180mm (3 ) ,, 89m, 73
80 5mm, 2m 2 5mm, 2mm 2-13 mm ( in ) mm mm mm ( 6 1 / 4 ) ( 6 1 / 2 ) ( 6 3 / 4 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ) ( 9 1 / 2 ) ( 9 3 / 4 ) ( 10 ) mm ( in) ( 10 % ) mmmm mm ( 6 1 / 4 ) ( 6 1 / 2 ) ( 6 3 / 4 ) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 9 1 / 2 ) ( 9 3 / 4 ) 254 ( 10) (4 ) 1) : 3mm, 1mm; 8mm, 1 5mm 2) : 3) 4),, 74
81 5), 2,, 14 7MPa, 0 51min; 19 6MPa, 5min,, 3,, A MKCIV,,,,,,,,, 1 1), 2),,,,,, 3),,, 4) 5),,,, 6), 7), 8),, ( ), 9) 10 ), 11 ),, 75
82 12 ), ( ) 13 ) 14 ),,, ( ) 15 ) 16 ),, 2 (1 ) 1), 2m, 1m, 2) ( ),, 3), 4) 60% 40 % ; ( ) 60% 40 % 5),,,,,, 6),,,,,, (2 ) 1), ;,, 2),,, 3), 4),,, 5),, 6),,,, 7),,, 8), ;, 76
83 9),, 10 ),,,,, ;,,,,,,, 11 ),,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ) 1) 2),,, 3),, 4), (5 ),, (6 ),,, 77
84 ,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 3-1, 78
85 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A, A, Jo, Jo = d n/ ( 2tg 2 ) dn,, mm; ( ) 2tg ( / 2) = a, a Jo = dn/ a (31),,, 2 vj,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,,,,, 3-2,, : 1),,,,, 2), vj, Lo, 3) vj,, v v/ vj = ( Jo + Lo )/ ( Jo + L ) 79
86 Jo = dn/ a, v = vj dn/ a + Lo dn/ a + L = v j dn + alo dn + al ( dn + al o )/ ( dn + al ) = b, b v = bvj (32) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,,,,, 3,,,, pk = v g (33) pk, MPa; v, m/ s;, kn/ m 3 ; g, 9 8m/ s 2 ( 3-3 ), : 1), po, po = v2 j 2000 g 2),,,,,, 80
87 3), , pk/ po = v 2 / v 2 j = ( bvj) 2 / v 2 j = b 2, b 2 =, b = ( dn + alo )/ ( dn + al ) = [ ( dn + al o)/ ( dn + al ) ] 2 (34) 3-3,,,, 1,,,,? : 1),,, 3-4,,,,,, 2),,,, ; 2 ; 3,,, 81
88 ,,,, x ( d p x d x ) m a x = - 2 b pmo e ( - 1/ 2 ) dn (35) ; 2 pmo, x, m, x = dn/ 2 b (36) px x, pmo = po, MPa; MPa; 3-6 ( 3-5 ),,, b; 2, 20%, 18 %, 60 %,,, , 0 4mm,,,,,,,,,,,, 3-8,,,,,, ( vcr ) ( vj ) ( Q) : 82
89 3-8 vcr Qvj (37),, : 3-7 1) ; 2) ; 3) Q vj,,,,,,,,,,, 1( vj ) : vj = Q/ Ant, vj = 1000 Q/ Ant (38) vj, m/ s; Q( ), L/ s; A nt, mm 2, A nt = 3 4 d2 n dn, mm, dn e 83
90 : dn e = ndn (39) n : dn e = d d d 2 n ( 310) d1 d2 dn, mm 2 ( Fj ), Fj t = m vj, Fj = m vj/ t m/ t = Q/ g Fj = Q g v j ( 311) vj = Q, m = ( 311), A nt g Fj Fj = m Q2 Ant = 4 m Q 2 d 2 ne ( 312) ( 313) Fj, kn ;, kn/ m 3 ; g, 9 8m/ s 2 ; vj, m/ s; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, 3( Nj ) mm,,,,, 84
91 , Nj = 1/ 2 m v2 j t = 1 2 m t v2 j = 1 2 m Qv 2 j vj N j = m Q3 2 A 2 nt ( 314), Nj = 500 m Q 3 A 2 nt ( 315) N j = 8000 m Q 3 2 d 4 ne ( 316) Nj, kw ; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, mm,,,,, 1,, , 22, p1 v1 p2 v2, H, 3-9 H + p 1 + v2 1 2 g = p 2 + v2 2 2 g + h 85
92 H, v1, v2, vj, v1 v2, v 2 1 v 2 2, p1 = p 2 + v2 j 2 g + h h, h, h = v2 j 2 g p1 - p2 = (1 + ) v 2 j 2 g p1 - p2 = ( )2 v2 j 2 g = C, C, p 1 p2,, pb, pb = v2 j 2 C 2 g pb = Q 2 2 gc 2 A 2 nt m = / g pb = m Q 2 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 317), pb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 318) pb = 8000 m Q2 C 2 2 d 4 ne ( 319) pb, 86 MPa;
93 m, g/ cm 3 ; vj, m/ s; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, mm; C 2,, Nb = pb Q = m Q 3 2 C 2 A 2 nt, Nb = 500 m Q 3 C 2 A 2 nt N b = 8000 m Q 3 C 2 2 d 4 ne ( 320) ( 321) Nb, kw; 3,,, ( 315) (320 ), Nj = C 2 Nb ( 322) C 2 C 2 b b = Nj/ N b = C 2 ( 323), ( 318) Q = CAn t 500 m pb 87
94 ( 38 ) vj = 20 C 5 pb m ( 324) ( 318) Q ( 312), Fj = 5 m CQ pb ( 325) 50 ( 324) (325 ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1 ( 317 ), 1 = C, C 1 +??, 3-10, m, A nt, H, ; 2, (, ), vi H = v2 i 2 g 88
95 Qi, vi vi = Qi/ A nt, H = Q 2 i 2 ga 2 nt Qi = Ant 2 gh ( 326) Qi,,, Qi h vj Q, H = v2 j 2 g + h h, h = v2 j, 2 g H = v2 j 2 g + j v2 2 g = ( 1 + ) v 2 j 2 g vj = Q/ Ant, H = (1 + ) Q 2 2 ga 2 nt Q = A n t 2 gh ( 327) = C, ( 326) Q i = Ant 2 gh Q = CQi ( 328) Q/ Qi = C ( 328),, C,,,, C 1 C, C 2,, 89
96 2,,, dn (1 ), 3-11, C = 0 663, b = C 2 = 0 44,, 44%, (2 ) 3-12,, 56% Ho = 0 5 dn,,, d v/ d Y =,, C = 0 98, = 8, Lo = 5 9 dn (3 ) 3-13, 0 972, 8, , ,, (1 ) ( 3-1 ),, 0 96, 90
97 3-1, d n d n d n d n d n d n (2 ), ;,,,, 3-1,,,,, mm 1/ 32in, : 7/ 32in ( 5 56mm )1/ 4in ( 6 35mm ) 9/ 32in ( 7 14mm )5/ 16in ( 7 98mm )11/ 32in ( 8 73mm )3/ 8in (9 53mm)13/ 32in (10 32mm),, 1( ),,, Lo,,,, 3 dn,, ( ), 91
98 ,,,,, 2,,,,,,,, 3,,,,, ( ),,, :,,,,, : 1) (, ), 2),,,,, 3),, 4) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 92
99 , 1), ( ), 2),, 3),, 4),, ; ps = pg + pi + pb + pa ( 329) Ns = Ng + Ni + Nb + Na ( 330) psns; pgn g ; pini ; pa Na ; pbnb 1)2)4),, ( 329) (330 ) ps = pcs + pb ( 331) Ns = Ncs + Nb ( 332) psms ; pcsncs; pbnb,,,, 93
100 ,,, pb Nb, pcs Ncs, ( ), 1 ppi = m 0 2 L p Q 1 8 d 4 8 pi ( 333) ppi 0 8 = m 0 2 d 4 8 pi Lp Q 1 8 ( 334) Lp Q 1 8 ppa = m ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ( 335) ppi ppa, M Pa ; m, g/ cm 3 ;, Lp, m; Q, L/ s; dpi, dh, mm; dp, mm; mm 2 mpas;,, 3-14 (1 ) 94
101 pg = m L1 d L 2 d L 3 d L 4 d Q 1 8 ( 336) pg, MPa; m, g/ cm 3 ;, Q, L/ s; mpas; L1 L2 L3 L4 d1 d2 d3 d4 (2 ), mm m, ppi 0 8 = B m 0 2 d 4 8 pi Lp Q 1 8 ( 337) ppi, MPa ; dpi, mm; B, B = , B = ; Lp, m (3 ) Lp Q 1 8 ppa = m ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ( 338) ppa, MPa; dp dh, mm (4 ) 3-14 pci = m 0 2 L c Q 1 8 d 4 8 c i ( 339) pc i, MPa; dci, mm; Lc, m (5 ) 95
102 pca = m 0 2 Lc Q 1 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ( 340) pca, M Pa ; dc, mm, ( 3-37) (3-38 ), ( 3-39) (3-40 ), pp = [ B d 4 8 pi ] 0 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 m 0 2 Lp Q 1 8 ( 341) pc = [ d 4 8 ci ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ] m Lc Q 1 8 ( 342) 3 ( 336) ( 341 ) ( 342 ), Kg K p Kc, Kg = m 0 2 ( L1 d L 2 d L 3 d L 4 ) ( 343) d Kg K g = m ( 344) Kp = 0 8 m 0 2 Lp [ B d 4 8 pi ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ] ( 345) Kc = 0 8 m 0 2 Lc [ d 4 8 ci ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ] ( 346) Kcs Kcs = Kg + Kp + Kc pcs pcs = pg + pc + pp = ( Kg + Kc + Kp ) Q 1 8 = Kcs Q
103 , Kg Kc Kp, Kcs, 4,,, 0 8 m 0 2 [ B d 4 8 pi ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ] = m ( 347) Kp = m L p Kg + Kc = n Kp + Kg + Kc = m Lp + n= m( L - Lc ) + n= m L - m Lc + n n= Kg + Kc n- m Lc = Kg + Kc - m Lc n = Kg + Kc - m Lc ( 348) K g + Kc + Kp = m L + n = Kcs ( 349) L, m; Kcs pcs = Kcs Q 1 8 = ( Kg + Kc + Kp ) Q 1 8 = ( ml + n) Q 1 8 ( 350) mn,, : 1), Q, p1 pg, Kg = p1/ Q 1 8 2), Q, p2 pb = p2 - p1 3) 2 ),, p3, pci = p3 - p2, Kc = p 3 - p2 Q 1 8 4) L1,, p4 Lp = L1 - Lc, ppi = p4 - p3, Kp = p 4 - p3 Q
104 mn m = p4 - p3 L p Q 1 8 ( 351) n = p3 - p2 + p1 Q ( p4 - p3 ) Lp L p Q 1 8 ( 352),, ( 350), (318 ) pb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt = Kb Q 2 ( 353) Kb Kb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 354) ( 350) (353 ) ( 331) (332 ) ps = pb + pcs = Kb Q 2 + Kcs Q 1 8 ( 355) Ns = N b + Ncs = Kb Q 3 + Kcs Q 2 8 ( 356), (pb Nb ) 1( ps ) ( Ns ),,,,, 2 ( Kcs ) Kcs = Kg + Kp + Kc, Kcs,, (343 ) (345 ) (346 ), m, 4 8 : 1), 2),, 98
105 114mm 127mm 66% 3) Kb (354 ), : m C An t m C m Kcs, ; C,, Kb 4) Q( 355 ) ( 356 ),,,,,, ( ) ( ) Q dn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Nr,,, p r, Qr Nr, pr, ( )3NB1000 3NB Nr = prqr ( 357) Nr, kw; p r, MPa; Qr, L/ s 99
106 3-2 3NB 1000 mm / min L/ s MPa NB 1300 mm / min L/ s MPa NB 1000, 3-15 Qm ax Qmin ( 170mm ) ( 120mm ) L,, pcs,,,,, ;,,, 1, Q < Qr,, ps p r, Ns = prqq, Ns, Q = 0, = , Q < Qr ; Q = Qr, Ns Nr 2 Q > Qr, Ns, Nr ( 3-57), ps = Nr/ QNr,,, ps Q 3-16,, 100 Ns
107 3-15 Nb N j C 2,,, Nb (355 ) ( 356 ) ( 324 ) (325 ),, : Q < Qr,, ;, ; Q = Qr,,,,,, : vj, Fj, Nj, Nb pb pb = ps - Kcs Q 1 8 (358 ) Nb = Q ( ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ) (359 ) vj = Kv ps - Kcs Q 1 8 (360 ) Fj = Kf Q ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ( 361) 3-16 Kv = 20 C m Kf = 50 m C
108 pb ps, M Pa; vj, m/ s; Fj, kn ; Nb, kw; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; C, 3-17? Q, 317,, pbvj Q, ; Fj Nb Q,,, :?,, : ( Nbm a x ) ; ( Fjm ax ) ; ( vjm ax ) ( N E ), N bm ax, Fjm a x, vjma x,, N bm ax, Fjm a x, vjm ax, NE,? Nbm a x 1 (1 ), Ns = Nr ( 359) N b = Q( ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ) = ps Q - Kcs Q 2 8 = Ns - Kcs Q 2 8 Ns = Nr 102
109 Nb = Nr - Kcs Q 2 8 ( 362) ( 359), Q, N b ; Q, N b, Q, Qr, N bm ax Q = Qr (2 ), ps = p r ( 361) ( ps = pr ), N b = Ns - Kcs Q 2 8 = pr Q - Kcs Q 2 8 ( 363) Nbm a x d N b d Q = 0, d Nb d Q = p r Kcs Q 1 8 = 0 pr = 2 8 Kcs Q 1 8 = 2 8pcs pcs = p r = pr ( 364) pb = pr ( 365) Ncs = Ns ( 366) N b = Ns ( 367) pcs = pr (3 ) Kcs = ml + n (362 ) ( 363), Q Qr, N b = Nr - ( m L + n) Q 2 8 ( 368) Q < Qr, N b = pr Q - ( ml + n) Q 2 8 ( 369) L ( 368) (369 ), 318, , 2 3, 2 2 2, Q = 103
110 3-18 Qr, pb pr2, pb = p r2, 2, ; 2, ( ),, Ln c 2, Qa, 3 Q = Q a 3, Ln a :, Ln c, Q = Qr, pcs = ( mlnc + n ) Q 1 8 r = pr L nc = pr mq 1 8 r - n m ( 370) L na = p r mq 1 8 a - n m ( 371) 3( Qo ) ( dn ) : L < L nc, Q = Qr ; ( 372) L > L n a, Q = Qa ; ( 373) Ln c < L < Ln a,, :pcs = pr, pcs = ( m L + n ) Q 1 8 Qo, Qo = ( p r m L + n ) 1/ 1 8 ( 374) 104
111 : ( 319), dne = ( 8000 m Q 2 C 2 2 ) 1/ 4 ( 375) pb dn = ( 889 m Q 2 C 2 2 ) 1/ 4 ( 376) pb dn e, dn, mm; mm; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; pb, MPa; C,, pb,,, pcs pr pb, pb = p r - pcs 4 1), ( ),, Ln c pb = pr - pcs pb pb 2) L nc 35 7%,, Qo,, 64 3 % 3) L na, Qa,,,,,,,,, :,, 2000m 2500m, 2500m 2500m,, 2/ 3,,,? 105
112 ,,, ( 361), Fj = Kf Q ps - Kcs Q 1 8, Q > Qr, Fj = Kf Nr Q - ( m L + n) Q 3 8 ( 377), Q < Qr, Fj = Kf p r Q 2 - ( m L + n ) Q 3 8 ( 378) L ( 377) (378 ), , Fjma x ,,,, , d F j d Q = 0, F jm ax pcs = = p r ( 379) 106
113 pb = pr ( 380) 2 (1 ), 12345, LFc, LF a LF c = p r m Q 1 8 r - n m ( 381) LF a = p r m Q 1 8 a - n m ( 382) (2 ) L < K Fc, Q = Qr ; L > LFa, Q = Qa ; LF c < L < LFa, Q = Qo; Qo = ( p r 1/ 1 8 ) ( m L + n 383) 3 1) Qr LF c,, 2) LFc, 52 6%,,,, 47 4% 3) LFa, Qa,,,, ( 3-60), vj = Kv ps - Kcs Q 1 8 :, vj, 0,, Qa vjma x Q = Q a
114 34 L < L c L > L c N bmax Q = Q r p cs = p r F jmax Q = Q r p cs = p r v jmax Q = Q a N E Q = Q a,,, : ; 1 ( Qa ) Qa, va Qa = 4000 ( d2 h - d 2 p ) va ( 384) Qa, L/ s; dh, mm; dp, mm; va, m/ s, m/ s,,, 2 ( ), K gk p Kcmn, Kcs = m L + n, m, n,, mn, 3 : Qr Qa ; 108
115 ( ), Nrp rqr, ( 10% 5% ),,, 4 1), : ( 370) ( 371) (381 ) (382 ) 2), ( L ), m LL nc L nc LL na L > L na ( Q ), L/ s Q r ( p r K cs ) 1/ 1 8 Q a (p cs ), M Pa K cs Q 1 8 r p r K cs Q 1 8 a (p b ), M Pa p r - p cs p r p r - p cs 3-6 ( L ), m LL nc L nc LL na L > L na ( Q ), L/ s Q r ( p r K cs ) 1/ 1 8 Q a (p cs ), M Pa K cs Q 1 8 r p r K cs Q 1 8 a (p b ), M Pa p r - p cs p r p r - p cs 3) dne = ( 8000 C 2 2 pb m Q 2 ) 1/ 4, dn = 3 3 d ne 4) () 216mm, 177 8mm 135m, 127mm, 4300m, 1 40g/ cm 3, 20mPas, 27M Pa, 3NB
116 : 1( Qa ), va = 1m/ s Qa = ( d2 h - d 2 p ) 4000 = ( L/ s) va = ( ) : 177 8mm dci = 71 44mm 127mm dpi = 112mm ( 3-44) ( 3-46) ( 3-47) ( 3-48) Lc Kc = m d 4 8 c i ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 = = ( ) 3 ( ) 1 8 Kg = m 0 2 = = m = m d 4 8 pi = = ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) ( ) 3 ( ) 1 8 n = Kg + Kc - mlnc = = , 27M Pa,, 25MPa ,,,,, : Qr = 31 4L/ s; pr = 27 3M Pa : Qr = 31 4L/ s; pr = 25MPa 4 ( 370) (371 ) : 110
117 L nc = p r m Q 1 8 r = - n m = 3580 ( m) L n a = p r m Q 1 8 a = - n m = 6638 ( m) 5 3-5, N b = pb Q Fj = 5 m CQ 50 pb vj = 20 C 5 m pb Nj = C 2 Nb m Q 2 dn e = 8000 C 2 2 pb 1/ 4, dn = 3 3 d ne 7,,,,, 3-7, 1000m, dne = mm,, 8 839mm,, : 899mm, ( 310 ), mm,,,,,, ( ) 111
118 112
119 ,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 W vm,,, 4-1,,,, oa,,,, ab,,, c,,, W a,,,, W b 113
120 ,,, 4-1 ab : vm ( W - M ) (41) M, ab W,,, 4-1,,,,,,,,, 2, n,, 4-2,, 1, vm n (42),,, ,,,, 3,,, 4-3 H 01, ( Ht ), ( H)Ht = 0, Hf = 1 43 vm C2 Ht (43) C2, C2 = 0 54, C2 0C2 C2, 114
121 4-2 W 1 > W 2 > W 3 ; 4-3 vmo, C2 vm1 = 1/ 2 vmo ; C2 = 2Ht = 1, vm2 = 1/ 3 vmo = 1Ht = 1,, Ht, Ht = 1,, 1/ 3, C2 = 2 4,,,,,, 1975 ( 4-4 ),,,,,,, 4-4 Ncj = v 0 31 j 4-4 (44) 115
122 CH = v m vj = N c Ncj (45) Ncj, W/ mm 2 ; vj, m/ h; Nc, W/ mm 2 ; vm, m/ h; CH 1, ( 45) CH 1,, CH 1 ( 45 ) vm = CH vj (46) 5,, 4-5, vm v0 = e p (47) vm, m/ h; v0, m/ h; e; p, kpa Cp = e p 4-5 ( 47 ) vm = Cpv0 (48) Cp, 0 < Cp 1 ( 47 ), p, Cp, p 0, Cp 1,, 6,,,, (1 ),,,,,, 116
123 ,, (2 ),,,, (3 ), ,, 4%,, 1m, ( 12 ) 11,,, 4-7,,,,, ,,,,,,,, 117
124 vm ( W - M ) n C2 Ht (49) Ko, vm = K o( W - M ) n C2 Ht ( 410) ( 410) 1969 Ko,,,, ( 410 ) K o,,,, d F d t = KCp CH ( W - M ) n C2 Ht ( 411) F t K, Ko = KCp CH ( 411 ) K, K,, Ko,,,,,, 1 h,,,, h h, ( H) H = h h ( 412) h = 0, H = 0, h = h, H = 1H 01, (1 ), 118
125 4-8 d Ht d t 1 D2 - D1 W ( 413), d H t D1 d t D2,, 4-1 D1 D2 ( 413 ), 4-8 D2/ D1,, D2/ D1 4-1 mm D D (2 ), ( n ),, d Ht d t 4-9 d Ht d t ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 414) PQ, PQ 4-2P 4-9 Q,, PQ PQ 4-2, PQ, (3 ),,, 119
126 4-2 P Q C , 4-10, 120
127 d Ht d t C1 Ht ( 415) C1, C1 C1 ( Ht = 1), ( Ht = 0) C1 = 3, 3, 1/ C1 4-2 (4 ), d Ht d t Pn + Qn 3 ( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 416),,,, 416 Af, (416 ) : d Ht d t = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 417) Af, Af Af,, Af 10 3, (417 ) d Ht d t = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 418), P QC1 D1 D2 Af, m, A f = mm 21, W = 196kN, n = 110r/ min, 5h10h, : ( 4-1 ) (4-2) 251mm 21 D1 = , D2 = 6 44, P = 1 5, Q = , C1 = 5 121
128 ( 418), H f ( 1 + C1 Ht )d Ht = ( D2 - D1 W ) T d t 0 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ),, Hf C1 2 H2 f + Hf - Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T = 0 Hf = C1 T = 5h, Ht = ; T = 10h, Ht = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) T C1 Hf = 1,, T = 15 43h 2,,,, B B = - min - min m a x ( 419), mm; min, mm; m ax, mm, Bf = 1,, (1 ) B = 0,,,,, 4-11 d B d t W1 5 ( 420) (2 ),,,, 122
129 d B d t n ( 421) (3 ), d B d t nw 1 5 ( 422) 4-11, b d B d t = 1 b nw1 5 ( 423) (423) b, kn 1 5 r/ minh b b,,, b ( 423) B f 0 T d B = 1 0 b nw 1 5 d t Bf = 1 b nw 1 5 T ( 424) Wn, T, Bf, b b = n W1 5 Bf T ( 425) ( 425) b b, ( 424 ) ( 424), Bf = 1, b, TB TB = b nw 1 5 ( 426) 123
130 mm 21 W = kn, n = 120r/ min, 15h,, T2, B6 :, T2 ( 2/ 8 ), B6 (6/ 8 ), ( 425) b = 1 5 nw Bf T = / 8 = ( 426), TB = b nw 1 5 = = 20 ( h), : KM C2 Af, 1 (1 ) M,,,, vm1 vm2 = ( W 1 - M ) n 1 (1 + C2 Ht2 ) ( W 2 - M ) n 2 (1 + C2 Ht1 ) ( 427), Ht1 Ht2 V m1 V m2 W 1 W 2 n1 n2 (427 ),, M,, 4-12, : 1) Wo no 1m, Wo no 1m t1 ( s) 2) W LnL 1m, WL n L t2 124
131 3) WL, nh, 1m, WLnH t3 4) nh, W H, 1m, W H nh t4 5 ) W H, nl, 1m, W H nl t5 6) W o no, 1m, W ono t6 4-3, (428 ) 412 vm i = 3600 m/ h ( 428) ti vm i i, m/ h; ti i, s/ m, = v m1 - vm6 vm1 15% 15 %,,,, M 43 W, kn n, r/ min t, s/ m v m m/ h 1 W o n o t 1 v m1 2 W L n L t 2 v m2 3 W L n H t 3 v m3 4 W H n H t 4 v m4 5 W H n L t 5 v m5 6 W o n o t 6 v m6, (427 ), Ma = v m5 WL - vm2 W H vm5 - vm2 ( 429) Mb = v m4 WL - vm3 W H vm4 - vm3 ( 430) Ma M b M 125
132 M = 1 2 ( M a + Mb ) ( 431),, (427 ) : a = lg( v m2/ vm3 ) lg ( n L/ n H ) ( 432) b = lg( v m4/ vm5 ) lg( nh/ n L ) ( 433) a b = 1 2 ( a + b ) ( 434) 4-3, 4-4, M : = v m1 - vm6 = vm = = 7 3 % < 15% 15%, W, kn n, r/ min t, s/ m v m m/ h ( 429) ( 430) ( 431) M Ma = vm5 WL - vm2 W H vm5 - vm2 126
133 = = ( kn) M b = v m4 WL - vm3 W H = vm4 - vm = ( kn) M = 1 2 ( M a + M b ) = 1 2 ( ) = 13 90( kn) ( 432) ( 433) ( 434) a = lg( v m2/ vm3 ) lg( nl/ nh ) = lg( ) lg( ) = b = lg( v m4/ vm5 ) lg ( n H/ nl ) = lg( ) lg( ) = ( 2) = 1 2 ( a + b ) = M,, 6m,,, ( 427) H,, M,,,,,,, : L, m; L = L EA W 127 ( 435)
134 W, kn ; E; A, cm 2 ; L W, m, W vm = L t = L EA W t ( 436),, ( 436) vm = W E t LP AP + L C A C ( 437) LP LC, m; A P AC, cm 2,,, : n1,, ;, ;, W (10kN 20kN) t (s), ; 1/ 2, ; n2, W, kn W a, kn n 1, n/ min n 2, r/ min t 1, s t, s v m1, m/ h t 2, s t, s v m2, m/ h W o 0 0 W 1 W a - 1 t 1-1 v m( 1-1 ) t 2-1 v m( 2-1 ) t 1-1 t 2-1 W 2 W a - 2 t 1-2 v m( 1-2 ) t 2-2 v m( 2-2 ) t 1-2 t 2-2 W 3 W a - 3 t 1-3 v m( 1-3 ) t 2-3 v m( 2-3 ) t 1-3 t 2-3 W n t 1 - n t 2 - n W n + 1 W a - n t 1 - n v m( 1 - n) t 2 - n v m( 2 - n ) t 1 - ( n - 1) t 2 - ( n + 1) 128
135 ,,, H = 0, M vm ( 1-1 ) vm ( 1-2 ) = W a M a - 1 Wa M a - 1 Ma - 1 = v m ( 1-1 ) Wa vm ( 1-2 ) W a - 1 vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) = W a W vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) ( 438) vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-3 ) Ma - 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n - 1 ) vm ( 1 - n ) Ma - ( n - 1 ) Ma Ma = M a Ma Ma - ( n - 1 ) n - 1 ( 439) Mb - 1 = W a W vm ( 2-2 ) vm ( 2-1 ) - vm ( 2-2 ) ( 440) vm ( 2-2 ) vm ( 2-3 ) M b - 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n - 1 ) vm ( 1 - n ) Mb - ( n - 1 ) M b M b = M b Mb M b - ( n - 1 ) n - 1 ( 441) Ma M b 20%,, ; 20%, M = 1 2 ( Ma + Mb ) ( 442),,,, : vm ( 1-1 ) vm ( 2-1 ) = n1 n2 vm ( 1-1 ) 1 = lg vm ( 2-1 ) lg n 1 n2 ( 443) vm( 1-2 ) vm ( 2-2 ) 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n ) vm ( 2 - n ) n 129
136 = n n ( 444) m 114mm 1000m 178mm 186 2kN W = 19 8kN t ( s) 4-6 M E = Pa 4-6 W, kn W a, kn n 1 = 180r/ min n 2 = 120r/ min t 1, s t, s v m1, m/ h t 2, s t, s v m2, m/ h : ( 437) 19 6kN vm vm = W E t = LP A P + L C A C t = ( m/ h ) t vm 4-6 ( 438) 180r/ min Ma Ma1 = W a W vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) = = 22 4( kn) 130
137 Ma2 = kN ; Ma3 = kN ; Ma4 = kN Ma = = 24 3 ( kn) 120r/ min M b Mb1 = 18 3kN; Mb2 = 36 01kN ; Mb3 = 22 7kN; Mb4 = 25 13kN Mb = = 25 54( kn) = = 4 9% 20%,, M M = Ma + M b 2 = ( kn) = ( 4-43), = lg v m ( 1-1 ) vm ( 2-1 ) = 0 76 lg n 1 n2 = lg lg , 2 = 0 76; 3 = 0 8; 4 = 0 79; 5 = 0 78 = 2( K) = 0 778, H0, (4-11 ) K = vm CP CH ( W - M ) n ( 445) CP ( 4-1 ab ) 131
138 K, CH = 1 3 ( C2 ), vmo, vmf, Hf, (411 ) vmo vmf Ho = 0, = C2 Ho C2 Hf vmo = vmf ( 1 + C2 Hf ) C2 = v mo - vmf vmf Hf ( 446) 4( Af ) ( 418) d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 1 + C1 Hf ) d H, Af Af = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) T ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ) ( 447) T, h,, Af mm 21, W = kn, n = 180r/ min, 9 6m/ h, ( CH = 1 ), CP = 0 78, 25h 4 5m/ h T7, M = 24 92kN, = : W = 156 8kN ; n = 180r/ min; CH = 1; CP = 0 785; M = 24 92kN ; = 0 778; vmo = 9 6m/ h; vm f = 4 5m/ h; D1 = 0 016; D2 = 6 11; P = 1 5; Q = ; Hf = 7 8 = 0 875; C1 = 5; T = 25h ( 445) K 132
139 K = = vmo CP CH ( W - M ) n ( ) = ( 446) C2 C2 = v mo - vm f = vmf Hf = ( 447) Af Af = = 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( Hf + C1 2 H2 f ) 1000 ( ) 25 ( ) ( ) = ,,,,,, C, / m; Cb, ; Cr, / h; T, h ; T t,, h; F, m C = C b + Cr ( T + T t ) F ( 448) ( 448),,,,,, ( 448) F T ( 411 ) ( 418) ( 411) 133
140 ( 418) ( 450) (449 ) d F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n d t 1 + C2 Ht d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 449) ( 1 + C1 Ht ) d Ht ( 450) d F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n 1000( D2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1 + C 1 Ht d Ht 1 + C2 Ht ( 451), ( 451 ), Hf, F d F = o KCP CH ( W - M ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) H f n Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) o 1 + C1 Ht 1 + C2 Ht d Ht F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n 1000( D2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 452), C1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 1 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) ( 452) J = KCP CH ( W - M ) n ( 453) S = A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) ( 454) E = C 1 ( 452) C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 2 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) ( 455) F = J S E ( 456) ( 453), J H = 0, m/ h S H = 0 1/ hs J/ S J, S, E, 134
141 ( 452) (456 ) ( 450), Hf T d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) H f 0 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 0 ( 1 + C1 Ht ) d Ht ( 457), T = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ( 457) ( 454) S (457 ), Ff = Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ( 458) T = Ft S ( 459) ( 459), Ft E, ( 456) ( 459) (4 48 ), C = Cb + Cr Ft S + T t J S E = C b S + Cr ( Ft + Tt S) JE ( 460) TE = C b Cr + Tt C = Cr JE ( T E S + Ft ) ( 461) T E, JESF ( 461 ), ( WnHfCp CH ) C C = Cr KCP CH ( W - T E Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) + H f + C 1 2 H2 f M ) n C1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 1 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) 135 ( 462)
142 , ( 462 ) 2,, C W = 0; C n = 0; C Hf = 0; C Cp = 0; C CH = 0 ( 463) CP CH, CP CH,, CP CH, 1,,, CP 1, CH = 1,,, C W = 0 ; C n = 0 ; C Hf = 0 ( 464) ( W n Hf ),, n, n > 0,, : 1) : 1Hf > 0 ; 2) : 1Bf > 0; 3) : M0, D2/ D1 > W > M ; ( 465) 4) : n > 0 M < 0, D2/ D1 > W > 0;,,, T = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f, T = bb f nw 1 5 bbf nw 1 5 = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f 136
143 Bf = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f nw 1 5 b ( 466) ( 466), 2 ),,, 1, n Hf,, W opt ;, C W, : W opt = D 2 D1 + U Ft - U Ft U Ft + D 2 D1 - M ( 467) U = T E A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 D1 ( 467) n Hf,, D2/ D1,, ; D2/ D1,, 2,,, nopt C n, nop t, nopt = 3 q 2 + q p q 2 - q p 3 3 ( 468) q = F t ( D2 - D1 W ) T EAfQ p = P Q (468 ) W Hf :, 3,,, : 1) ; 2),,, ;,,, 137
144 ,,, ; 46, n1 = 60r/ min, n2 = 120r/ min, n3 = 180r/ min K = , A f = 2 28, M = 9 8kN, = mm 21, C2 = 3 68, Cb = 9000, 700 / h, CH = 1, CP = 1, 5 75h, T6 : 251mm 21 : Cb = 9000 ; Cr = 700 / h; Tt = 5 75h ; K = ; Af = 2 28 ; M = 9 8kN ; = 0 68 ; Hf = 0 75 ; D1 = ; D2 = 6 44 ; P = 1 5; Q = ; C1 = 5 ; C2 = 3 68, 4-7, 4-7 n, r/ min Pn + Qn U = T EA f 1000 D 1 ( Pn + Q n 3 ) U F t W opt = D 2 D 1 + U F t - U F t U F t + D 2 D 1 - M, kn D 2 - D 1 W S = A f ( P n + Qn 3 ) 1000( D 2 - D 1 W) T = F t S, h J = K C P C H ( W - M ) n F = J S E, m C = C r JE ( T E S + F t ), / m E = C 1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 2 ln( 1 + C2 Hf ) 138
145 = ln( ) = 0 89 Ft = Hf + C1 2 H2 f = = T E = C b Cr + Tt = = 18 61, 4-7, n = 60r/ min, W = kn, W - n 4-13 ( H f = 0 75) : 1 n 1 = 60r/ min; 2n 2 = 120r/ min; 3n 3 = 180r/ min 13 48h, 67 81m, / m, W - nc (4-13) 4-13, T6 ( Hf = 0 75 ), n = 60r/ min, W = kN 139
146 , 1,,,,, 2, ;,, 3, ;,, 1 ( ), ( ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( R) 5 ( Ra ) 140
147 ( Rh ) 7( S h ),, m, :, ;, ;, 1,,,, 5-3 ( a),, 5-3 ( b),,,,,, 2 141
148 ,,,, 5-4,,,,,,,,,, 3 5-5, (a), A,, ; B,,, ;, ( b), A,, ; B,, 5-5,,,,,,,,,,,, : 45, ; 60, ; 142
149 4560, ;,,,,, : 1),, 2),, ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 5-6,,,, T ;, G, : 1( Fi ) W, W Fo Fi Fi,,, Fi = Wsin (51) 5-6 2( Fd ) G FW Fc Fc,,, Fd 143
150 3 ( Ff ) Fd = Gsin 2, (52) dk ; ( <, 4 Ff = Wd ksin2(- ) 2 Ff ) (53), ( F1 + Ff ) Fd F F = Fi + Ff - Fd F = Wsin+ 1 2 Wdk sin2(- ) Gsin (54) F = 0,,, F > 0,,, F < 0,,, : 1),,, ;,, 2),,,,, ;,, ;,, 3),,,,,,,,, 144
151 1,,,, 5-7 ( a) 5-7 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) +, : 5-7 ( b), T 2 T 1, L2 > L1,, G2 > G1, ; T 1, T 2, 5-7 (c),,,,,, 2,, ;,,,,, (1 ) 145
152 12,,, (2 ),,, Ls Ls = - b + b 2-4 ac 2 a (55) a = 2 qsin ; b = W r; c = rei; I = 64 ( d4 c - d 4 ci ) ; r = 1 2 ( d b - dc ) Ls, m; q, kn/ m;, W, kn ; ( ) ; EI, knm 2 ; E = kn/ m 2 ; r, m; db, m; dc, m; dci, m,,, 10% 20% (3 ),,, mm 158 8mm ( 57 2mm ), = 8,, W = 100kN, 1 2g/ cm 3 : 2-9, 215 0mm 2-8, dc = 158 8mm, dci = 57 2mm, W uc = 134 7kg/ m; d = 1 2g/ cm 3, K = 0 847, W uc = = kn/ m r = 1 2 ( d b - dc ) = 1 2 ( ) = m 146
153 EI = ( ) = 6135( knm2 ) ( 5-5 ), Ls = a = sin8= b = = c = = ( ) = 22 58( m), L = ( ) Ls = ( ) = ( m),, 2 ( 18m ) 3 1),, ( 23 ),, 50% ;, 20% 2),,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, , mm, m, mm, m ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4),, 147
154 ,,,,,, 1 35 :,,,,, ;,,,,, 5-8,,, ;,, 2,,,,, (1 ), ( ), ( ), 5-8, ;, (2 ),, 148
155 L = 4 16 W u sin (56) L ( ), m;, m; EI, knm 2 ; W u, kn/ m;, ( ),,,, 9m mm 158 8mm ( 57 2mm ), = 2,, W = 200kN, 1 2g/ cm 3 : 2-9, 215 0mm 2-8, dc = 158 8mm, dci = 57 2mm, W u c = 134 7kN/ m; d = 1 2g/ cm 3, K = 0 847, W u c = = 1 118( kn/ m) = = ( m ) EI = 6135( knm 2 ) ( ) 5-6, L = sin2 = 6 9 ( m), L = 6 9m, = L = 0 3m, = 1 55m,,, = = 4 28 ( m) 149
156 ( 1 55m ) ( 4 28m ) ( 1 55m) (9m) ( 1 55m) (3 ) 1),,,,,, 3mm, 6mm 2),,, ;,,, 3),,,,,, 3,,,, : 1),, 2),,,,,,,,,, 3),,,, ;, ;,,, 4),,,,,,, 5),,,,,,,,, 150
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