國立交通大學

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1 立論 - 料 The Performance Analysis and Test of Ethanol-Gasoline Engine 葉年

2 - 料 The Performance Analysis and Test of Ethanol-Gasoline Engine 葉 StudentRung-Feng Ye AdvisorWen-Mei Yang 立論 A Thesis Submitted to Institute of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering National Chiao Tung University in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering July 2008 Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China 年

3 不例 - 料 (E0E10 E20E30) 車量車 DOHC16V 冷列 41834c.c. 量利流力不量力不例 - 料 - 力力來理 COHC 都 CO2 降 -(E10) 狀理論更率 I

4 論利練立力理邏論更立力論利度兩年車理李 N2N 車識力菱車論 II

5 錄...I...II 錄......III 錄...V 錄...VI 錄...VII 論料理理數量...16 III

6 量不度理論率料...19 論 (HC) (CO) (CO2) 料料 Equivalence ratio (ψ)...30 論...31 參...32 IV

7 錄量...38 參數不度...39 V

8 錄理...40 料理六力度...45 流力...46 流量 (ms) 力力數 (ms) 力力 (ms) 力力 (ms) 力力 (ms) 力力 (ms) 力力不力...54 六 - 不力...55 HC 度不 HC 度...57 CO 度不 CO 度...59 CO2 度不 CO2 度不料不...63 VI

9 錄力...65 力六...66 Air Tube VII

10 論年都量不力利諾量了理車率車料都來力料料論年來料度益料車料車 (Flex-fuel vehicle) 料車行例省省 1 糖 () 糖 () 2 料 (renewable energy) 理來 MTBE(methyl tertiary butyl ether)mtbe - 料 - 1 -

11 若來 - 料不理異 4~12 34 例狀 ~0.78 來 17kpa48~103 kpa (evaporative emission) 來冷車 (cold start) 狀來不例 - 料兩度量 (Research Octane NumberRON) 來 91~105106~108SI() 料 (knock) 更不易理論流 Otto-cycle 率 η 1 η = 1- k-1 (1.1) γ γk(specific Heat Ratio) 不率更力 (water solubility) 類料零類零 - 2 -

12 路 5 (rubber) 路塞利路量類 (fluorocarbon) 6 來 (flash point) 度 (auto-ignition temperature) 來異料料度率 (heating value) 若料 1.5~1.8 料量料量來 0.5~0.66 量來若料度量料 - 來說 5~10% 量料冷便 7 料料量 (30%) 不度更料率率 Taylor9 料 ( 異 ) 來類料冷 - 3 -

13 度 (charge density) 率率類量兩更量來率量度來料異類料參數不 Palmer10 不例 - 料 10%-5% 率 10% 量 5 HamdanJubran11TD435% 料率 4~21% Abdel-Rahman12E10E20E30E40 料不 - 料降 10% 料 10% 料降料降不 - 例 10% 量 10% 料力料狀量 10% 力料力 Radwan13- 料 SI 50%50% Sinor14 理 SICI 率度料率不 - 4 -

14 SICI 來說易冷車 Brinkman157.5~18 量 1.2 料 3% 率若率 18% 16- 料路 E0 料 E5~E30 料力 E0 料力度 (20%)(4000 rpm) 狀度料量量 (stoichiometric) 力車更 - 料降度不例料 SI 不度降 CO HC - 料降 CO 度類 (partially oxidized) 類料降度料料便 14 若料 COVOC(Volatile Organic Compounds) NOX 略類料了 NOX 降都 9 類料參數量 - 5 -

15 類料降 CO 75%HC 40% NO 50% 不路略便類料路車來降 10 10% 料降 CO 度 30%- 料 CO NOX 都來 16 COHC 度降降 10~90%20~80% 不 CO2 度 NOX 度量 NOX 度便類料類類類類 (polynuclear aromatics) 類料料不理論 COHC 度降 NOx 度量降度 NOx 度度行不利量理狀 1-4 料 - 6 -

16 了不例 E0~E30- (E3030%+70%95) 不量量 - 更不度 - 力 - 力 - 7 -

17 理 2-1 兩力率度來說流兩 : 1. (Throttle Body Injection) (SPI : Single-Point Injection) 力流流狀度不不 2. (Port Injection)(MPI : Multi-Point Injection) 2.7 kg/ cm 2 ( 車不 ) 力來 18 (EFI: Electronics Fuel Injection) 10 零列 1. 量量 - 8 -

18 濾濾流量 (Throttle Body)(Surgetank) 行料若冷度 (Air Control Valve) 流流 (By Pass) 2. 料料量利來力濾力 265Kpa( 車 ) 行 (Injection) (Electronic Control Unit) 3. 狀車行狀量量來狀度流 19 車量 1834c.c.DOHC16V 冷列 4() 狀 () (ECU: Electronic Control Unit) 度流來 () ECU 行 ECU20 :

19 來冷了 ECU 路 (Open Loop) ECU 利行路 (Closed Loop) 理論 (A/F= ECU 來量 ECU 冷來 (ISC) 3. ECU 量冷度力來 4. 異 ( 異 ) ECU 異 (Diagnostic Trouble Code) ECU 了冷 2-2 理流量量量度力量 (1) 量流流量 (Air Flow Meter) 流量 (2) 力量

20 度度 (Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor) 力度度量流量流量度度流量便量量不料量不不便來量更量車了料力例量不更來路力力量力力不更量了量量度量車度量車車度量

21 更立不力利更不更來度 2-3 行率良留率降 2 力力降 0.1kg/ cm 力降 3.5% 2% 留 1.5% 力力若力率若了率率 (Mechanical Efficiency ηm) 率 1 率 BHP IHP η (2.1) m = IHP 力 (Indicated Horsepower) 力 BHP 力 (Brake Horsepower)

22 力兩力 (FHPFriction Horsepower) 力力降力率率降力 = 力率力力率降力降力力力降力率率

23 3-1 行更不度 - 量異力流力力連力力流流流力力力力便立來度不度力力利來度便數度來料省更了車 VIRAGE 車量 1834 c.c.dohc16v 冷列力

24 1. 流力利 API 流力量力 186kw(250HP) 力 800n-m(81.63kg) 12000RPM 精度 ±0.1% 力力精度 ±0.1% 冷路 2. RBREcom-SG+ 硫度度力連量 4000 量料量 3. 數 APPA-95 數精度 0.01V 利量度 4. 立精 ± 1c.c 利量不例 - 量 5. 流量 TESTO 435 流量 : 0~20m/s,0~60m/s 度 0.01m/s 利量流 Air Tube 6. 流量 THOMMEN HM 35 量 0~25mbar 0~70bar 精度 0.1%T 利量流 Air Tube 力

25 冷螺 kg/ cm 4. 流力料度 (850RPM) 數量不例 - 料量 1. 流力 1000RPM 2. 度 100% 流力 1000RPM 3. 流力 500 RPM 錄力力量 RPM1000RPM 5. 度狀 6. 更不料 (E0E10E20E30)1~5 7. 更 (13579ms)1~ 流力 3. 量路路

26 3-4 量不度了量來數 Kline23 不度來數 R 量參數 X X 量 R X1 X 2 3 R = (X, X,, ) (3.1) 1 2 X 3 X n 參數量不度 n δx X 1 1 δx X 2 2 δx X 3 3 δx X n n (3.2) R R R R δr = δx1 + δx 2 + δx 3 + X X X R X + δx (3.3) X δx δx δr δx 1 δ 2 3 R R n δ R = {[( )δx1] + [( )δx 2 ] [( )δx n ] } (3.4) X 1 X 2 X n R 不度 δr R R = {[( X 1 R δx ) ] X X lnr = {[( )δx lnx ] 1 2 R +[( X 2 lnr + [( lnx 2 R X 2 )δx δx ) X 2 ] 2 2 ] R [( n lnr lnx n n R [( X n )δx R X n n ] δ ) X 1 2 X 2 2 n 2 } 1 2 n ] 2 } 1 2 (3.5) (3.1)~(3.5) 來量不度 3-5 理論率 : 1.(rc)

27 2. 力 (Brake Mean Effective Pressurebmep) 3. 料率 (Specific Fuel Combustionsfc) 4. 料率 (Fuel Conversion Efficient η f ) 5.(A/F) 6. 率 (Volumetric Efficiency η v ) r V + V d c c = (3.6) Vc Vd 塞量 (Piston Displacement) 塞量 V c 塞 bmep 率行 WnR bmep = (3.7) V N d nr 力行數行 nr =2 行 n =1N(rev/min) V 量 R 料率率料流率 m& f sfc = (3.8) W m& f 料量流率料率 η f WnR W N c W η f = = = (3.9) m f QHV m& f nr m& f QHV Q N HV Q 料 W (3.8) HV (3.9) f 1 = sfcq HV c η (3.10) d A F m& m& a = (3.11) f

28 m& a 量流率率 ρ a, i η ν 量 m a = = 理量 ρ V a,i d (3.12) 度力 W N 力 T : W = 2πNT (3.13) 參數 η f ma NQHV W = (3.14) n R ( A F) W η η NV Q ρ f ν d HV a, i = (3.15) 2( A F ) T η η ν V 4 Q ρ f d HV a, i = (3.16) π ( A F ) 力 (W) 力 (T) 度率理量力度 m 1 P a a ρ a, i = = (3.17) Va R Ta m 量 V P T 力 a a 度 R 數 (universal gas constant) 3.17 利令料度 T a 度量 3.12 率來便率料 (Air-Fuel ratio) (A)- 料 (A/F)a= M a/ M f a a

29 流量 M a=ρa V a (3.18) V a 流率 ρa 度力 Air tube 連 THOMMEN 力 Pa 理 PaVa=NaRaTa (3.19) VaAir Tube Na 數 Ta 度 R 數 =0.082 (3.19) ρa= Pa M R Ta M 量 =29 atm mole L K (3.20) 度 ρa 度 (3.18) 流量 M f(a/f)a (B) 理 - 料 (A/F)s C2H5OH+3(O2+3.76N2) 2CO2+3H2O+11.28N2 (3.21) (A/F) s=( )/ =8.95 C8H (O N2) 8CO2+9H2O+ 47N2 (3.22) (A/F) s=( )/128+18=15.05 (C) Equivalence ratio (ψ) 理 - 料 - 料

30 (A/F) ψ = (A/F) s a 了不類料料量量料 ψ < 1 料 ψ > 1 理論料 ψ =

31 論不例料 -(E0E10E20 E30) 度 100% 力力異 4-1 (a) 力 (b) 力量車 (CHINA MOTOR) 數 (a) 數數力數 3500RPM E0 力數 27.1% E10 力數 27.7% E20 力數 26.6% E30 力數 24.4%(b) 力 E0 力 3000RPM 量數 12.9(kg-m) 數 20.8% E10 力 3000RPM 量數 12.5(kg-m) 數 23.3% E20 力 3000RPM 量數 13(kg-m) 數 20.2% E30 力 3000RPM 量數 12.9(kg-m) 數 20.8% 了路降力率 21 降 1(ms) 狀 E0E10E20E30 (a)

32 力 (b) 力 1000RPM 1500RPM 不料力力 1500RPM 3500RPM 力 E RPM 力 46.3(kw) E0 力了 2% 力 E RPM 力 13.2(kg-m) E0 力了 0.7% 3(ms) 狀 E0E10E20E30 (a) 力 (b) 力 1000RPM 1500RPM 不料力力 1500RPM 3500RPM 力 E RPM 力 48.2(kw) E0 力了 4% 力 E RPM 力 13.3(kg-m) E0 力了 0.7% 5(ms) 狀 E0E10E20E30 (a) 力 (b) 力 1000RPM 1500RPM 不料力力 1500RPM 3500RPM 力 E RPM 力 52(kw) E0 力了 5% 力 E RPM 力 13.7(kg-m) E0 力了 2% 7(ms) 狀 E0E10E20E30 (a) 力 (b) 力 1000RPM 1500RPM 不料力力 1500RPM 3500RPM 力

33 E RPM 力 54.1(kw) E0 力了 5.5% 力 E RPM 力 14.1(kg-m) E0 力了 2% 9(ms) 狀 E0E10E20E30 (a) 力 (b) 力 1000RPM 1500RPM 不料力力 1500RPM 3500RPM 力 E RPM 力 58.3(kw) E0 力了 7.3% 力 E RPM 力 14.5(kg-m) E0 力了 2.7% 六 E0E10E20E30 力力力力料量力力 - 率 - 量量量 - 力力 (HC) (a) 不 (Misfire) 不來說都量

34 不參不不 (b)(flame Quenching) 兩參 (c) 沈 (Deposits) 料沈度塞不度 16 (a) 0(ms)E0E10E20E30 HC 料 HC 度 - 料更 HC 度 2500RPM E30 料 HC 度 HC 度 E30 料 HC 度 30% (b) 1(ms)E0E10E20E30 HC 1000 RPM E0 料 HC 度料略度不度度不度 1500RPM 3500RPM - 料 HC 度度 3500RPM 度 28% (c) 3(ms)E0E10E20E30 HC - 料 HC 度 3500RPM E20E

35 料 HC 度度度 52% (d) 5(ms)E0E10E20E30 HC 1000RPM 料 HC 度 - 來度度不 E20 料 HC 度 3000RPM 度度 54% (ECU) 料量 - 料 HC 度 HC 度 (e) 7(ms)E0E10E20E30 HC - 料 HC 度 3000RPM~3500RPM E10E20E30 料 HC 度 ECU E30 料 HC 度度度 62.3% (f) 9(ms)E0E10E20E30 HC HC 度 2000RPM 降不狀 E0E10E20E30 HC HC 1000RPM 都度度 (Quench Layer) 力 (Quench

36 Layer) 度 25 HC 度 E0E10E20E30 流度 100% (CO) 不料 CO 度料例 CO 度降料量利料 CO 度便降 16 (a) 0(ms)E0E10E20E30 CO 度 - 料 CO 度 2500RPM CO 度 12.4%- 易度 CO 度 (b) 1(ms)E0E10E20E30 CO 度 1500RPM 料 CO 度 - 料 CO 度了 58% 1500RPM 3500RPM 料 CO 說行 (c) 3(ms)E0E10E20E30 CO 度 - 料 CO 度 CO 度不 - CO 度 3500RPM E20 料 CO 度 840(ppm) CO 度了 80%

37 (d) 5(ms)E0E10E20E30 CO 度 - 料 CO 度 CO 度不 579(ms)E20 E30 CO 度 CO 度不料不 E0E10E20E30 CO 狀料 CO 値降力度量更料 CO 値度力 CO 2 離 HC 更 COCO 2 離度 CO 量 - 料 CO CO 2 離 HC 度狀 - 料 CO 量料値料値量料度降 CO 2 離率降 CO 度 1500RPM (ECU) CO 2 量 21CO 2 離 CO 量 -CO (CO2) (a) 0(ms)E0E10E20E30 CO2-28 -

38 度 1000RPM~ 1500RPM- 料 CO2 度料 CO2 度了 6%~9% (b)1(ms)e0e10e20e30co2 度 RPM~2500RPM 料 CO2 度料 CO2 度 2%~7% (c)3 (ms)e0e10e20e30co2 度 CO2 度 (1000RPM~2500RPM)-CO2 降 2%~8% - 料 (2500RPM~3500RPM) 度 CO2 度了 1%~3%CO&HC 降度來不狀 E0E10E20E30 CO2 度 (0ms) E0E10E20E30CO21000RPM~2500RPM 2500RPM~3500RPM CO2 降度 CO2 度降不狀不度 CO2 CO2 度了參度說立 - 更

39 4-3 料料 (ms)E0E10E20 E30 料 (1000RPM~1500RPM) 料料異 (2000RPM~3500RPM) E30 量 E0 量 17%~22% 不 - 料料料度度 ECU 度量 Equivalence ratio (ψ) (ms)E0E10E20 E30 Equivalence ratio Equivalence ratio (1000RPM~1500RPM) 論料狀 (1500RPM~3500RPM) 流量料流量 1~ RPM E10 料 E20 料 77% 料 E10 E0 更 1 E10 E0 更

40 論不 - 料 (E0E10E20E30) 論 1. - 料力來 - 量 ECU - 力 2. CO HC 度降 CO2 度 93~98%- CO2 3. CO HC 度降 CO HC 度料例降 4. (ψ) -- 率 E10 ψ 1 說 - 更

41 參年 - 量 IEK-IT IS Ellis, C. and Meigs, J. V., Gasoline and other Motor Fuel, D. Van Norstrand Company, N. Y., Bata, R. M., Elrod, A. C. and Rice, R. W., Emissions From IC EnginesFueled with Alcohol-Gasoline Blends : A Literature Review, Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 111, pp , July M. B. Giroldo, Ethanol Fuel Characteristics, ITRI-Biomass Fuel Conference, Coelho, Eugenio P. D. et al, Fuel Injection Components Developed for Brazilian Fuels, SAE Paper , Naegeli, D. W. and Lacey, P. I., Surface Corrosion in Ethanol Fuel Pumps, SAE Paper , Thring, R. H., Alternative Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines, SAE Paper , Maher Abdul-Resul Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, Haroun Abdul-Kadim Shahad Al-Janabi, Improvement of Performance and Reduction of Pollutant Emission of a Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Hydrogen-Gasoline Fuel Mixture, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 41, pp.77-91, Taylor, A. B., Moran, D. P. and Bell, A. J., Gasoline/Alcohol Blends:Exhaust Emissions, Performance and Burn-Rate in a

42 Multi-Valve Production Engine, SAE Paper , pp , Palmer, F. H., Vehicle Performance of Gasoline Containing Oxygenates, Int. Conf. On Petroleum Based and Automotive Applications, London,U.K., November 1986, Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Publications, MEP, London, U.K., pp , Hamdan, M. A. S. and Jubran, B. A., The Effect of Ethanol Addition on the Performance of Diesel and Gasoline Engines, Dirasat, 13(10),University of Jordan, Amman, H.K. Jordan., Abdel-Rahman, A. A. and Osman, M. M., Experimental Investigationon Varying the Compression Ratio of SI Engine Working Under Different Ethanol-Gasoline Fuel Blends, International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 21, pp , Radwan, M. S., Performance and Knock Limits of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends in Spark-Ignited Engines, SAE Paper , Sinor, J. E. and Bailey, B. K., Current and Potential Future Performance of Ethanol fuels, SAE Technical Paper , Society of Automotive Engineers. 15. Brinkman, N. D., Ethanol Fuel-A Single-Cylinder Engine Study of Efficiency and Exhaust Emissions, SAE , 料立論 89 年

43 17. Rice, R. W., Sanyal, A. K., Elrod, A. C. and Bata, R. M., Exhaust GasEmissions of Butanol, Ethanol and Methanol-Gasoline Blends, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power, Vol. 113, pp , 金 1992, 車理 , 復 20. 車 LANCER/LANCER VIRAGE 車路車立 22. 劉 1998 車立論料立論 25. 來 2001 車 ( 車 )

44 Property Fuel Gasoline Ethanol Formula C4 ~ C12 C2H5OH Specific Gravity 0.7 ~ RVP (kpa) 48 ~ Stoichiometric A/F Ratio 14.2 ~ RON 91 ~ ~ 108 Heat of Vaporization (cal/g) Heating Value (cal/g) Autoignition Temp. ( o C) 230 ~ Flash Point ( o C) Boiling Point ( o C) 26 ~ Lubricity[MWSD micron] Water content %~7%

45 4G93 列 DOHC 輪 16 量 cc 1834 X mm 81X89 力 ps/rpm 140/6500 力 kg-m/rpm 17.0/5000 ( ) ECU

46 () 50 度 ( ) 度 () 識流量魯流力度車輪度力數量識力

47 量 CO 6.3% HC 3.0% NO 2.0% O 2 21% SO 2 NO ppm 200ppm 量

48 參數不度力 (kg-m) 1.85% 力 (kw) 0.97% CO(ppm) 1.69% HC (%) 8.0% CO2 5.15% 3.18% 6.33% 參數不度

49 濾流量行路理

50 濾路路料理

51 F G C D E A B M H I J K L A 濾 B C D 力 E 濾 F G H I J K 車 L M

52 流量度度輪度力車冷力 (ECU) EGR 冷率

54 六力度

55 A. 力 (Brake Body) B. 力量 (Torque Measuring Transducer) C.(Brake Base) D.(Brake Regulating and Controlling Equipment) E.(Revolution/minute Measurement Device) 流力 (Eddy Current Dynamometer)

56 流量

57 (a) (b) 0(ms) (a) 力 (b) 力數

58 (a) (b) 1(ms) 力力 (a) 力 (b) 力

59 (a) (b) 3(ms) 力力 (a) 力 (b) 力

60 (a) (b) 5(ms) 力力 (a) 力 (b) 力

61 (a) (b) 7(ms) 力力 (a) 力 (b) 力

62 (a) (b) 9(ms) 力力 (a) 力 (b) 力

63 (a) (b) (c) (d) -(a)e0(b)e10(c)e20(d)e30 不力

64 (a) (b) (c) (d) 六 -(a)e0(b)e10(c)e20(d)e30 不力

65 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a)0(b)1(c)3(d)5(e)7(f)9(ms) HC 度

66 (a) (b) (c) (d) -(a)e0(b)e10(c)e20(d)e30 不 HC 度

67 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a)0(b)1(c)3(d)5(e)7(f)9(ms) CO 度

68 (a) (b) (c) (d) -(a)e0(b)e10(c)e20(d)e30 不 CO 度

69 (a) 2 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a)0(b)1(c)3(d)5(e)7(f)9(ms) CO2 度

70 (a) (b) (c) (d) -(a)e0(b)e10(c)e20(d)e30 不 CO2 度

71 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a)0(b)1(c)3(d)5(e)7(f)9(ms) 料

72 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a)0(b)1(c)3(d)5(e)7(f)9(ms)

73 - 64 -

74 力力

75 六

76 Air Tube

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untitled 不料金類料不料利零利料不利料不料量料流來料料行都兩類來例不例 58 兩不類不冷狀不不惡料不行冷行料利論力不力行不不裡例車車量金都不易易不易易 59 類易廉度量料料量度省例例類料車零 60 類輪拉來狀料都裂來煉不粒粒狀