第一章緒論

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黄运田
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1 論 1-1 來拉力不拉度不度降不易令狀離連串連 ( ) 狀離不離便易易理類便列 ( ) ( ) 理 ( ) ( ) (Epoxy Coated Reinforcement ECR) 便年降力 ECR 1

2 落力 39 落力 ECR 力 ECR 不易落力 ECR 易落力理 11 ECR (phase-transition) (thermal decomposition)[ 2-14] 度度降參 ECR 力拉度力 ECR 力 ECR 力 1-2 力度度度 ( ) ECR 力 ECR 力 Epoxy 度劣理 1 不度不不度 ECR 度力 1-3 流度 4000psi 兩 ECR 度兩不度 ECR 2

3 28 度度連 2 拉率行拉力流行料料理論論 3

4 1-4 論論流論論 4

5 2-1 Epoxy Coated Reiforcement Epoxy 1,2 (Epoxy) 兩兩立 1930 年 De Trey Freres 里 (Pierre Castan) Devoe& Raynolds 林里 (Greenlee) 度露 1946 年 (1) 良理力 (2) 料易了量 ( 路 ) ( 零 ) (1) 料料金料 (2) FRP bar FRP (3) 復裂 ECR 1,3 (Epoxy Coated Reinforcement) ECR FHWA(Federal Highway Administration 聯路 ) 1974 年利來離率 100,000 ECR 裡 20,000 5

( 零 ) (1) 料料金料 (2) FRP bar FRP (3) 復裂 2-1-2 ECR 1,3 (Epoxy Coated Reinforcement)

6 路 ECR 累量 ECR FBE(Fusion Bonded Epoxy) 理 FBE FBE 行 (plant-applied FBE) ECR 兩料 (two-part liquid kit) 理兩料例兩料來 ECR 切理 Epoxy 料劣 1 料 (Thermal Transition) 料狀 (α β γ δ-transition) (glass transition) 度 α-transition 度 (Tg) 度料度 Tg 易 1 劣烈 (Thermal decomposition) 料劣度度量 (Weight Loss) 量劣度利 (Thermo-Gravity Analyzer) Weight Loss 來劣度 [ 2-16] 類料度略劣劣 1 6

δ-transition) (glass transition) 度 α-transition 度 (Tg) 度料度 Tg 易 1 劣烈 (Thermal

7 2-2 力理不來力量力力力量 ACI Committee 力 (bond stress) 力力力力切力列 (1) 力 Interlock 力更滑力更 (2) 力 Chemical Adhesion 泥度泥兩力力力滑 (3) 力 Friction 不行力力力滑度力力力行力力 [ 2-13] 4 力 7

8 力力利滑滑力力力力兩力力力力 (25 C) 力力力力力力力力量 14.1~21.1kg/cm 2 ( 200~300psi ) 滑力力不度來力滑度力力若更滑力更 Soroushian 拉 (pullout test) 行度度力力度 4 度拉力度不力 Ezeldin Balaguru 力 1. 拉 (pullout failure) 2. 裂裂 (splitting and explosive failure) 8

9 3. 裂 (splitting failure) 4. 拉 (tension failure) 拉裂行力裂力 ( 力 ) 裂力離拉若 3 易裂行裂裂若裂不易拉 Ezeldin and Balaguru 力 u c 利 (Pmax) 力力度力力力 uc = p dl π max d l 度 P max Soroushian 不力裂不力 (bond resistance) 來力裂裂力力力量類力力裂力裂拉力 8 Abrishami 9

10 and Mitchell [ 2-2] 列 U ( π dbdx) = As ( f s + df s ) As f s U = A df s ( πd d ) b s x dx 度力 U [ 2-2] 力力拉力率 (df s /dx) ACI committee 408 力度力 2-1 ( psi) ACI 318 度 (2-2) U n = 35 f c A f b y λ s = 2-2 f c λ s 度 A b f 降力 y f c 度 Orangun Breen 年 Tefer 理論力 Grade 60 利度 λ s 度 C ( ) S d b 力度參數梁 10

11 力 3C 50d b tr U = f c db s Sd λ 500 b A λ s 度 d b C=min(Cc,Cs)+d b C/d b 2.5 A tr S 度 λ lb = φ 10211d f + c b C d b + K tr λ lb 度 ψ 數力力 Idun and Darwin 9 amad 10 力力降度狀度 Choi 11 度度度率度 11

b C/d b 2.5 A tr S 度 λ lb = φ 10211d f + c 1 2.

12 度度度 FHWA-RD mm ( 2-3) 行滑率滑不 1.3 滑不 1.6 度不 80% Obada 13 參 ASTM 14 度 15cm 12cm 行拉度降了 25% 40% 拉滑量 0.40mm 30 ECR 狀 [ 2-1] 力降狀來連狀連螺理度便理稜拉度 ECR 度來說 ECR 力料嵐料 ( 爐 ) 力力力度力 (U) 力度 12

13 Gradneer 15 度力力度 0.8 力度力度度 Brettman 16 了流降度 14% 若降 6% 爐度 Mor and Avi 17 降率 (porosity) (transition zone) 度行 Benze 18 力 Ca(OH) 2 量 (micro structure) Gjφrv 19 降 X-ray 度降 (1) 降了 (free water) 累 (2) CH (preferential Orientation) 降 (3) CH 嵐度量力滑量降力度裂率力度力度度量裂力力度若量裂力度 13

14 泥蘭泥蘭泥料理料量泥泥 CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 量 MgO Na 2 O K 2 O SO 3 離度 (C 3 S) (C 2 S) (C 3 A) (C 4 AF) 料 C 2 S C 3 S 度泥泥泥泥度 ~700 泥度度泥 ~ ~ ~ ~1000 (C-S-H C-S+H) (C-H C+H) 泥度 650 泥泥料力泥理泥度 14

S C 3 S 度 2-3-2 泥泥泥泥度 105 250 ~700 泥度度泥 ~105 105 ~440 440

15 150 泥度度 [ 2-4] 蘭泥數不度 ~ / 度泥力力不不數都泥 [ 2-5] 泥度 70 數 [ 2-6] 老泥度 50 數數降泥料了力 Swelling Pressure 若數泥度泥數泥數度量度泥粒度不 O Si Al Fe Ca Mg K Na 不量不類不不 1. Siliceous Aggregate (Quartz) 15

Swelling Pressure 若數泥度泥數泥數度量度泥粒度 2-3-3 不 O

16 度 575 α β 2.4 不度 573 ~900 不度 900 便不 2. (Carbonate Aggregate) CaCO 3 度 750 量量度數 ~ 若量 650 率類度 [ 2-7] 度量 573 量 α- β- 裂度降不數度率 : 1. 冷爐爐異類良 2. 率不裂 3. 良類降 4. 度 [ 16

17 2-8] 利度 K -q (dt/dx) q= 流量 dt/dx= 度度率量泥度率不量率 2. 泥兩不料數度度降復泥泥不泥度度 150 度數兩數異裂 3. 率率度率數度度度 17

18 率來量率 α K ρ c α 率 mm 2 /min κ 數 Watt/m ρ 度 (kg/m 3 ) c (J/kg ) 量率率不度率略 4. 度量不量度 500 /kg /kg 理了泥 21,22,23 度 105 離理度 200 C-S-H 度 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 C 6 AS 3 H 32 C-S-H 20 度

度量不量度 500 /kg 840 1170 /kg 2-4 2-4-1 理了泥 21,22,23

19 C-S-H 度 Ca(OH) SiO 2 α β 量 0.4 量度 750 ( CaCO 3 ) ( CO 2 ) 度泥 C 2 S C 3 A C 4 AF 泥度 1425 泥 C 3 S 度利來力度 24,25 度裂 200 C-S-H 度度降 700 度降 30 復度度 500 冷度降度復冷年復 90 [ 2-9] 數冷度復裂落裂落裂 : 26,27 19

泥度 1425 泥 C 3 S 2-4-2 度利來力度 24,25 度裂 200 C-S-H 度度降 700

20 1. 裂力度力力行裂 2. 離度力量離 3. 力力力拉度便落裂度力易若量落裂不率度力落裂若度兩不易裂易若不降了裂不易裂不易裂易落率 28 不降度度行列 20

21 度度都度度度降不裂輻率裂度降度泥不裂不度 600 裂降度 28 Mohamedbhai 爐度 29 度 1 2 更 400 ~600 度 300 度不降率 /min 1.0 /min 兩率 0.2 /min 度 1.0 /min 0.2 /min 1.0 /min 率力力不率露度率 ASTM E-119 率 /min 力力裂力力行 Schneider U. Haksever 21

22 A 年力 31 [ 2-10] Lie T.T. 度度 32 [ 2-11] 1989 年力 33 [ 2-12] 數 fr 1 fc = fr 1 ε max ε c ( ) ε max ε c ( ε 3ε max max ) 2 2 ε c ε < max ε < max ε c ( Τ ) fc fr = ( Τ ) fc C Τ 500 C C Τ 700 C C < Τ ε 2 6 = (6Τ Τ ) 10 max fc 力 (kgf/cm 2 ) fr 度 (kgf/cm 2 ) fc` 度 (kgf/cm 2 ) εc (mm/mm) εmax fr (mm/mm) 力 22

23 34 了 cm 24cm 度力數 fr 1 fc = fr 1 ε max ε c ( ) ε max ε c ( ε 3ε max max ) 2 2 ε c ε < max ε < max ε c ( Τ ) fc fr = ( Τ ) fc ( Τ ) fc C Τ 400 C C Τ 600 C C < Τ ε 2 6 = (6Τ Τ ) 10 max 23

24 3-1 不數不度 (Epoxy-Coated reinforcement ECR) 度不度力不度度不度力量度度度力 3-2 數數度度度了了力異度數狀度 (107~159µm) 兩度 (396 ~470µm) 不力度不 #4(d b =1.3cm) #6(d b =1.9cm) 兩不 (1)#4 5 d b 10d b 15d b (2)#6 10d b 15d b 20d b 度數 24

25 數度 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( 兩 ) #4 #6 # 度 # #4 5d b 10d b 15d b 度 #6 10d b 15d b 20d b 3-3 料 1. 泥料 Everwide Chemical Co. 兩料 AB 兩 A Epowide FE046A1 B Epowide 8415B 理見 3-2 AB 兩 3:1 淋料力流數數行度料 ElektroPhysik [ 3-1] 量度見 [ 3-3~ 25

26 3-] 見 [ 3-2] 不度 3. #4 #6 CNS D13 D19 [ 3-11] 狀 [ 3-12] 4. K Type [ 3-3] 5. 不 6. S 量力露行拉拉力度 4000psi 度 [ 3-4] 20cm 度度離 10cm 度六度 D13(#4) 16.5cm 23cm 29.5cm D19(#6) 29cm 38.5cm 48cm 度 D D13 #4 400 度不度 300 六度度 cm 20cm 度 26

27 3-4-1 來 1. 料 Everwide Chemical Co. 兩料兩 A Epowide FE046A1 B Epowide 8415B 來 AB 兩 3:1 淋度料力流流料 ElektroPhysik 量度數度度度度見 [ 3-3~3-10] 量 #6 度 159µm 兩 470µm #4 度 107µm 兩 396µm 2. [ 3-5] 90 30cm 力 90 20cm PVC 90 六 #4 16.5cm 23cm 29.5cm #6 29cm 38.5cm 48cm 15 PVC 力 27

28 PVC 力 Silicone PVC 力漏 90 PVC 力來滑流不洞利滑來 3. 行兩料 10cm 20cm cm 90 力拉 3 25 PVC PVC 行度來若 [ 3-6] 爐度 60cm 拉度六不度度量爐利行 28

29 ±1.7 度 48 不離 CNS 3037 泥不流論度力便度 105 不力行行 10cm 20cm 28 料行連不率 1.41kgf/cm MPa 3.52 kgf/cm MPa 度度率降率不 29

30 行量拉 [ 3-7] 3. [ 3-8] 4. 爐度 [ 3-9] 5. 理料力拉力 [ 3-10] 拉力力易老不便 6. LVDT LVDT(Linear Variable Differential Transformer ) 量拉 range 0~6cm 7. LVDT LVDT 兩 LVDT 兩 LVDT 兩量兩量兩 LVDT 量 [ 3-11] 8. 力拉力力 9. LVDT LVDT 量滑參 10. 料聯理 UCAM10B USB20A 度料錄 [ 3-12] 11. 料拉 LVDT 料錄 [ 3-13] 30

31 3-6 爐度 60cm 六度拉六度六不度來拉暴露度度略爐暴露不行拉便了 (1) 連 (2) (3) (4) 拉 1. 連爐 USB20A 109CH 110CH 錄爐度爐率參連爐爐流 2. 連爐力利力洞 LVDT LVDT 爐螺 LVDT 度兩 LVDT 都 LVDT 31

32 Load Cell 不 [ 3-14] [ 3-15~ 3-22] 3. 行爐 ASTM E-119 率連來爐爐爐爐流 4. 拉度度來行拉 2 拉率來行拉拉 [ 3-23] 32

33 論度力拉滑不不度拉了度度量度度力了拉 20cm 400 ECR 不來 D D13 度都度 600 D D 論 4-1 拉行度度拉拉拉 (pullout failure) 裂 (splitting failure) 不度度來論 33

34 4-1-1 拉 D13 都拉 [ ] 見裂拉 D19 15d b 20d b 都裂 ECR 15d b 20d b 都裂裂 [ 4-3] 20d b 裂裂 [ 4-4] 4-4 論來說 15d b 20d b 裂 ECR 15d b 裂 20d b 裂 ECR 15d b 20d b 裂 20d b 裂裂錄見 [ 4-1] 拉度 100 D13 都拉拉異 D19 都裂 10d b 15d b 20d b 都裂 [ 4-5~4-7] 裂度 ECR 10d b 15d b 20d b 都裂 [ 4-8] 來度 100 D19 都裂裂度度裂度度 100 錄見 [ 4-2] 34

35 拉度 200 D13 拉裂 10d b 15d b ECR 裂 D19 10d b 15d b 裂裂 [ 4-9~4-10] 裂裂 20d b 裂 ECR 都裂裂 [ 4-11~4-13] 度 200 度 200 D19 裂 ( 爐 600 ) 力度便裂裂裂裂度度聯易裂裂度度來率度料理爐 [ 5-1] 度不度都不不易什度論 200 錄見 [ 4-3] D (D ) 拉 D13 度 300 裂裂裂度 300 度力 35

36 裂力不 200 裂 D19 度 400 裂 [ 4-14~4-15] ECR 拉 15d b 裂 [ 4-16] 裂裂錄見 [ 4-4] D (D ) 拉 D13 度都拉 D19 度 600 拉裂狀裂行都裂 [ 4-17~ 4-18] 見拉錄見 [ 4-5] 4-2 拉拉拉 ECR 了 ECR ECR 拉行不拉 [ 4-19] 拉切切 36

37 不落狀泥 ECR 拉 [ 4-20] ECR ECR 拉狀類類 ECR 拉 ECR 度力力 ( 力 ) 類度度 (88 ) ECR 都落裸露類度劣度 (220 ) ECR 留力理論立力不 ECR 度 0.1mm~0.4mm 不力 D13 0.8mm D19 1.2mm 來說 0.1mm~0.4mm 力 37

38 4-2-3 ECR 拉 [ 4-21] ECR 量 ECR 泥 ECR 度不度力 ECR 行力度 4-4 論度狀 ECR [ 4-22] D19 拉 ECR 100 ECR 200 ECR 400 ECR 600 ECR [ 4-23] D13 拉 ECR 100 ECR 200 ECR 300 ECR 400 ECR 度更量拉度 [ 4-6~4-7] D13 D19 拉力 [ 4-8~4-9] D13 D19 力 ( 拉力 / ) 來不不度度度論度度力度論度 38

39 4-3-1 度度 D13 度見 [ 4-24~4-26] D19 度見 [ 4-27~4-29] D13 度度 ECR 度 100 度兩 ECR 度略 ECR 5 論 D19 度 ECR ECR 度 ECR 度略 ECR 度度度 D13 度見 [ 4-30~4-32] D19 度見 [ 4-33~4-35] 度度度度拉度力了度離度 [ 4-24~4-35] ECR 度 100 度 200 來說 200 度降 ECR 度 39

40 ECR 異行更度 [ 4-36~4-41] 度 ECR 度度度度率 (%) [ 4-42~4-43] D13 D19 不率度率 200 ECR 率例降 D13 率來說 200 度率 ECR 率 1.7 D19 ECR 率 1.2 [ 4-44~4-49] 100% 度度率度率 (%) [ 4-50~4-51] D13 D19 不率度 ECR 度率度 4-4 ECR 狀行 [ 4-52] ECR ECR (β) (d) [ 3-3~3-10] 來 ECR (h) (h ) 說 [ 4-53] 力來力力量 40

41 力力 F b sinα+f f cosα 裂力 (radial splitting force) F b cosα-f f sinα 來 (α ) 力更力力 (F f ) 來力力裂力 ECR 理來 ECR 力裂力力 ECR 更易裂 ECR 裂度 4-5 拉滑量 ECR 拉拉力 - 滑量拉拉力 - 滑量類 1. 拉拉力 - 滑量 [ 4-54] 拉力 A 臨 ECR 力度滑量力力更力力來度度不降 A-B 不來拉力 B 度拉狀滑力度拉 41

42 力拉力 2. 裂拉力 - 滑量 [ 4-55] 拉力 A 臨裂力拉裂 A-B 歷 ( 度 ) B 度量滑力降 3. 裂裂拉力 - 滑量 [ 4-56] 裂裂裂力裂力量裂力 42

43 論論論狀狀力更易裂度降數行度降易裂度降易切數降洞易度了度行料度度度度度度拉不力落劣拉料行度度度 43

44 度度數降度拉力度不行不料不良來參利來度度不量度度行裡度讀了度度來行度度度度都度 44

45 量滑量來量落行拉量拉兩露拉量兩滑量量滑量來臨力兩量臨力來拉兩量拉量滑 45

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第一章 緒論

第一章緒論