(CIP) /,.:, ISBN TU47 : : : (388 ) : : ( 027) : cug. edu. cn : http: / / w ww.cugp.cn :

Transcription

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2 (CIP) /,.:, ISBN TU47 : : : (388 ) : : ( 027) : cug. edu. cn : http: / / w ww.cugp.cn : / 16 : 530 : 20.5 : : : : ISBN / TU36 : 32.00

3 , ( ),,, ( ),, ( ),,, ( ),, 1996,,,,,, 2001,,,,,, 2/ 3,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,, 211,,,,!

4 ( 1) ( 1) ( 4) ( 7) ( 8) ( 8) (10) (11) (11) (13) (15) (16) (16) (16) (21) (26) (29) (35) ( ) (37) (39) (39) (41) (43) (50) (51) (51) (65) (69) (69) (70) (71) (76) (79) (79) (80) (80) ( 1)

5 (82) (85) (86) (86) (87) (88) (90) (91) (92) (93) (93) (93) (94) (96) (97) (97) (97) K1 K 1 K2 (98) (99) ( 109) ( 109) ( 110) ( 110) ( 112) ( 112) ( 113) ( 114) ( 114) ( 114) ( 116) ( 125) ( 127) ( 127) ( 132) ( 142) ( 144) ( 144) ( 146) ( 147) ( 153)

6 ( 157) ( 158) ( 159) ( 159) ( 162) ( 162) ( 162) ( 163) ( 170) ( 172) ( 172) ( 173) ( 174) ( 175) ( 175) ( 176) ( 180) ( 183) ( 192) ( 197) ( 199) ( 199) ( 203) ( 203) ( 204) ( 207) ( 207) ( 209) () ( 220) ( )( ) ( 220) ( ) ( 225) ( 228) ( 228) ( 242) ( 249) ( 249) ( 250) ( 255) ( 257) ( 259)

7 ( 260) ( JGJ120 99) ( 261) ( 264) ( 264) ( 267) () ( 275) ( ) ( 275) ( 279) ( 284) ( 285) ( 286) ( 288) ( 288) ( 288) ( 288) ( 290) ( 292) ( 292) ( 293) ( 297) ( 297) ( 300) ( 301) ( 301) ( 302) ( 318) ( 319)

8 1 (),, ( ), ( ),,,, : (1 ),,, ; (2 ), ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 10%, 5%,,,,,,,

9 2,,,, ( ) ( ), 1.,,, 1,,,,,,, s : s < ; s zs, zs < ; zs , ( 0. 25m m 2 ), 200kPa, 0. 25m 2 200kPa, Fs > 7. 5cm, ; 1. 0 < Fs 1. 5cm,,,,, :, ;, () ;, ;,, : (1 ) ;, ; (2 ), : ; ( ) ; () ; ; (3 ) ( ) ; ; ; ;,, ( ),,

10 3,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ), : ;, ;, ;, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, 1020mm,, mm,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ),

11 4 8 ),,,,,, 4., 0,,, 0,, (, ) ( 0,, ),,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,, ( 37 28)( ) : ( ) 1. ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,, 2.,,

12 5,,,,,, ( ) 1., 1 1,,,,, ( ) ;,,, ( 1 2 ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,

13 6, 3.,, ( ) ( ),,, (1 ) ( ) (1 3 ) ; ( ),, (1 4 ),,,,,, ,,,, (2 ) ( ),,,,,, ; 13 m,,,, (3 ),

14 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ) () (1 ), 5m (2 ) 5m,,, ( ),,, : 1 5 (a), (), [1 5 ( b) ],, [1 5 (c) ], p[ 1 5( d ) ], p (),,,,, ( ),,,, ( )( ),,

15 8,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 5 1 6( a),,,, ( ),,,,, (a ) ( b ) ; (c) ; ( d) 1 6( b ),,,,,,,, 1 6, ( a) ; ( b),,,,, :,,, ( ),,,, 1.,,

16 9,,,, 1 7 ( a), p ( x, y)q ( x, y),,,,,,,,,, 1 7 ( b ),, 2.,,,,, 1 8,,, 1 7 ( a) ; ( b) 8 p( x, y), R, p( r) : p( r) = : r; R; p (1 p ( r/ R) 2 (1 1) 1 ), p(0 ) = p/ 2, p( R) =,,,,,,,,,, 1 8,,,, 3.,,,,, :

17 10 (1 ),,,,, 1 9 (a) ;, (2 ),,,,,,, 1 9( b ) 9 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) (3 ),,,, 1 9( c) ;,, (), ( ), ( ),,,, ( 1 10 ),, 1 10,,,, :, ( ) ;, ;,, ;, ( ), ( ),,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,

18 11,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 20 70,,, ( ),,,,, ;, (),,,, (), (, ),,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,

19 12 ),,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, :, ;, ;,,,,, 30%, ;,, 0. 32mm,,, [, () ],,,,, ( ) (),

20 13,,,,,,,, ( ) : 6m, 9m, ( 10, 8 000kN ),,, 60m, 308, , 616, 500 mm500mm, 270mm,,, 308,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,

21 14 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 05%,,,,,,,,,, ( GB ),, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,, () ( ),,,, (),,,, (),, ( ),, :,, ( ) ; ;,,,, ;,,,,, ( )

22 15 ( ) 2 10, ; ; ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1.,? 2.,? 3.? 4. 5.?

23 16,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),, (),,,,,,,,, 1/ 15, ( ),,, :,,,,, 0. 5m, 0. 1m,,,, ;, (),,,,

24 17 (1 ),,,, ( ) (2 ) ( ),, : 1) 2m, 2) 25m,,, 35 ( ),, 3) 5m, ( 35, ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, (),,, ( ) 1., 0,,,, 0,

25 18,, ( ), 0,, ( - 1, - 10 ),,,,, (),,,,,,,,,, 2. ( GB50007 (2 2002) 1 ),, ( dmi n ) ;,, ( ) : dmin = zd - hmax : hmax ( m), 2 zd ( m), : zd 5 ; (2 1) = z0 zs z w ze (2 2) : z0 ( m) 10, ; zs, 2 zw, 2 ze, 2 2 ; 4 3 ;,,,,,,, :, ;10cm, ;, ;, ;,, ( ) (),

26 19,, : H/ L (, ) :H( m) ; L( m ),,, 2 1 w ( % ) h w ( m ) ( % ) ( ), ( mm 15 % ), ( mm 10 % ) w12 12 < w18 w > 18 > > > < < 6 6 < 12 w14 14 < w < w 23 > > > < < 6 6 < 12 w > 23 > 12 w19 19 < w < w < w 30 w > 30 > > > > < < 6 6 < 12 > 12 ww p + 2 w p + 2 < ww p + 5 w p + 5 < ww p + 9 w p + 9 < ww p + 15 w > w p + 15 > > > > < < 6 6 < 12 > 12 : w p ( % ) ; w ; ; 22, ; mm 60 %, ; 40 %, ; ( mm 15 % ) ( mm 10 % ) ;,

27 20 2 ( zs ) ( zs ) ( zw ) zw ( z w ) ( ze ) ( ze ) ( ze ) :, 2050, ; , ; 100,, 5km 2 5 h max (m) ( kpa) > 2.5 > 2.5 > 2.5 > 2.5 > 2.5 > > 2.5 > 2.5 > 2.5 > :,, ; 0. 6 m, ; ; 0. 9,

28 21 ),,,,,,,,,, ( ), () : pu = cnc + d Nq + 1 bn ( ) 2 pu = 1.2c Nc + d Nq + 0.4bN( ) (2 3) : pu = 2 3 c N c + d N q : pu ( kpa) ; c ( kpa) ; b N (2 4) ( kn/ m 3 ),, ; b, d ( m) ; Nc, Nq, N, N c, N q, N, (2 3 ) ( 2 4),, ( c)( ) 2/ 3, c = 2c/ 3, tg= 2tg / 3, (2 3) (2 4 ) pu,, pu, Nc, Nq, N,, : pu = c Nc sc dc ic gc bc + q Nq sq dq iq gq bq + 1 b Nsdigb (2 5) 2 : Nc, Nq, N ; sc, sq, s; dc, dq, d; ic, iq, i ; gc, gq, g;

29 22 bc bq, b,, g b,, ck k, pu fa ( K = ),, : f a = Mbb+ Md m d + Mc ck (2 6) : fa ; Mb, Md, Mc, 2 6 ; b, 6 m 6m,, 3m 3m ; m, ( kn/ m 3 ) ;, ; ck ( kpa) 2 6 Mb Md Mc k ( ) M b M d M c k ( ) M b M d M c : k,,,,, 6 n,, c,, ck k ( ),, e b

30 23, ( ), d/ b1 3 d/ b> 3,, ( ),,, ;,, :, ( ) 0. 25m 2 ( 0. 5m 2 ), ( p s), fak ; 2, f ak ;, m 2, s/ b= fak ( 0. 01, ),, 30%, fak,, N ps,, (), b 3m, d0. 5 m b> 3m, d > 0. 5m, fak,, : f a = fak + b ( b - 3) + d m ( d ) (2 7) : fak, fa ( kpa) ; b, d, 2 7; m, ( kn/ m 3 ) ;, ( kn/ m 3 ) ; b( m ), b< 3m 3m, b> 6m 6m ; d( m),,,,,,,,

31 24 7 b d e I L w > 0. 8 w > c 10 % > 2. 1t/ m c 10 % c < 10 % e I L ( ) :,, ;, d 0 ( ), : pk f a : pk ( kpa) ; fa ( kpa), ( 2 8), : pkmax 1. 2 fa : pkmax (2 8) (2 9),,, (2 8 ) ( 2 9),,, : pz + pcz fa z ( 2 10) : pz ( kpa) ; pc z ( kpa) ; fa z ( kpa), 3, p0,, 2 1, z, : : pz = : pz = bp0 b+ 2 ztg lbp0 ( b+ 2 ztg ) ( l + 2 ztg ) ( 2 11) ( 2 12)

32 25 p0, p0 = pk - pc, pc ( kpa) ; l, b( m) ; z( m) ; ( ), z/ b : E s1 E s2 ( MPa) ; z < b, = 0, z > b,z/ b = [ 1 ] 2. 2m, A = m 2, Fk = kn, 6. 6m,= 19. 5kN/ m 3, fak = 230 kpa, e IL 0. 85, 6. 6m, fak = 65kPa Es1/ Es 2 = 4, 2. 2m, : ( 1) : pk = (2 7 ): f a = kPa, pk < f a, (2 8 ) (2 ) : p0 = pk - pc = ( kpa) Fk + Gk A = ( kpa) Es1/ Es 2 = 4, z > 0. 5b, 2 8 = 24, : pz = lbp0 = ( kpa) ( b+ 2 ztg ) ( l + 2 ztg ) : pc z : (2 m = ( ) = ( ) = ( kpa) = ( kn/ m 3 ) 7 ) : f az = fak + d m ( d ) = ( kpa) (2 10) : pz + pcz = = ( kpa) < fa z = ( kpa),,,,,,

33 26 ( ), :, (),,,,,, ( ),, : pk = Fk + Gk A ( 2 13) Fk + Gk Afa ( 2 14) : Fk ( kn) ; Gk ( kn) ; A ( m 2 ), Gk Gk, : = HA ( 2 15) : H, ( m) ;, ( m) ;, = 20kN/ m 3, : A fa Fk - H, 1m, ( 2 16), b f a Fk - H [ 2 ] 2m, 0. 45m, Fk = 240kN/ m,, = 18kN/ m 3, e = 0. 8, IL = , fak = 190kPa, (2 2 ) : ( 1) fa b< 3 m, d > 0. 5m,, 2 7 (2 7 ) f a = ( ) = ( kpa) (2 ) H H = / 2 = ( m) 2 2 2

34 27 3 ) 1m, ( 2 16 ) b fa Fk = 1. 27( m) b = 1. 30m - H, ( 2 8 ) : pk = ( Fk + Gk )/ b = 229 ( kpa ), pk < fa, :,, l b,, l/ b ( ),,,, pkmax ( kpa)pkm in ( kpa), : pkmax = pkm in = Fk + Gk A Fk + Gk A + Mk W - Mk W : Mk ( knm) ; W( m 3 ), W = bl 2 / 6, 2 e, ( 2 pkmax = pkm in = x - x ( 2 3 ) : Fk + Gk A Fk + Gk A 1 + 6e l 1-6 e l 3 17 ): ( 2 17) ( 2 18) 2 3 (1 )ex = 0,, (2 13), 2 3( a) (2 )0 < ex < l/ 6,, 2 3( b ) (3 )ex = l/ 6,, 2 3 (c)

35 28 Fk 4 ) ex > l/ 6,, 2 3 ( d) (4 ),,, + Gk, : pkmax = 2( Fk + Gk ) 3 ba : a ( m ) ; b ( m ), pkm in 2 : 4 > 0, ( 2 19) pkmax = pkm in = Fk + Gk A Fk + Gk A + Mkx Wx - Mk x W x + Mky Wy - Mky Wy ( 2 20 ) pk1 = pk2 = Fk + Gk A Fk + Gk A - Mkx Wx + Mkx Wx + Mky Wy - Mky Wy ( 2 21 ) : Mkx Mky x y ( knm) ; Wx Wy x y ( m 3 ) 2 4 : ( 2 20 ) pk max pk min, ( 2 8 )( 2 9), pmax pm in,, el/ 6,,, l b, l,, : A2 (1 ),, A1 b1 ; (2 ), A1 ( b1 ) 10% 50%, b2, l/ b 13 ; (3 ) A2 b2 ( 2 17 ) ( 2 18 ), pk max ; (4 ) ( 2 8) ( 2 9) pk pk max, ; (5 ), (2 10) ( 2 12 ), [ 3 ], 2 5, : ( 1), (2 7 )fa : b< 3 m fa = fak + d m ( d - 0.5) = 269.5( kpa) A1 = f a N + P - H = ( m2 ) (2 ), 50%, A2 = 1. 5A1 = ( m 2 ) l/ b= 2 A2 = 2 b 2, b= 2. 6 ( m), l = 5. 2m, A = = ( m 2 )

36 29 (3 )pk pkmax (2 15), Gk = ( kn) F = N + P + Gk = ( kn) M = M + Q P0. 62 = ( knm) e = M/ F = ( m ) ( l / 6 = 0. 87, e < l/ 6) pk = F/ A = ( kpa) pkmax = F(1 + 6e/ l ) / A = 296 ( kpa) (4 ) pk = ( kpa) < fa = ( kpa) pkmax = 296 ( kpa) < 1. 2 fa = ( kpa), (5 ) d = 4. 3m, (2 m = 7 ), b = 0, d = (19-10) = 13.19( kn/ m 3 ) f az = fak ( ) = ( kpa) pc z = (19-10)2. 5 = ( kpa) Es1/ Es 2 = 3. 1, z/ b> 1/ 2, 2 8 = 23 (2 12) : pz = ( kpa) (2 10) : pz + pcz = ( kpa) < f az, pk 5 3 < fa,,, ( ),, 2 9,, , 10,, : (1 ) 130kPa, ; (2 ), ; (3 ) ; (4 ), ; (5 ),

37 , 10 ( ) ( ) ; f ak 80f ak 100 f ak 130 f ak 160f ak 200f ak f ak ( kpa) < 80 < 100 < 130 < 160 < 200 < 300 ( % ) ( ) ( t) ( m ) ( 6m ) ( t) ( m ) ( m ) ( m ) ( m 3 ) : 3 b( b ), 1. 5b, 5 m ( ) ; 130k Pa, ;, ; ( ),,,,, [( )], 2 11

38 31, :,,,, 2 11,,,,,,,,,,, L L L L L L ( 6m ) ( mm ) ( 120 ) 200 ( ) H g < H g < H g 100 H g > ( mm ) 200 H g < H g < H g < H g < H g < H g ( mm ) H g < H g < H g : ; L ( mm ), H g ( m ) ; ; 6 10m ;

39 ( ) ( ),, (),,,,,,,, 80 %, 50% 80%, 20% 50%, 5% 20% ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,, : s = s s= : s ( mm) ; n p0 s s ( mm) ; i = 1 Es i ( zi i - zi - 1 i- 1 ) ( 2 22) s,, 2 n; p0 ( kpa) ; 12 ; Es i i ( MPa), ; zi zi - 1 i i - 1 ( m ) ; i i - 1 i i - 1 () E s ( M Pa) s 2 12 s p 0 f ak p f ak : E s, : E s = A i A i, i ; E s i A i i

40 33 : (1 ), (2 ),, ;, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, s,,,, Es,, (),,, E0 Es,,,, 0. 2()0. 1( ), (2 23), : n s n s i ( 2 23) :s i i ; i = 1 s n z z z b( m ) 2 2 < b 4 4 < b 8 b> 8 z : b,, b = 130m, : zn = b( ln b) ( 2 24)

41 34 zn ;, MPa,, 80MPa, zn ( ),,,,,,, 1. (1 ) ( L) ( Hf ), L/ Hf,, L/ Hf 2. 5 smax < 120mm,, L/ Hf > 3. 0 smax > 120mm,, L/ Hf 2. 5, 120 mm, (2 ),,,, ;,,,,,, (3 ),,, 2. 5 < L/ Hf 3. 0,,,,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),,, ( ), 60% 70%, 40% 50%,, ;,, 2. (1 ),, H L,,,,,,, (2 ),,,

42 35 ; ; ;, 58cm, 812cm, 12cm,,, (3 ),, 2 14 (cm ) 2 14 ( m) 2.0 L H f < L H f < > : L ( m ), H f ( m ) ; 1. 5 < L/ H f < 2. 0, (4 ),,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5% 20%, (),, (),,, ( ),,

43 36 (2 6 ),, : K = Ptg+ cbl + pp ldh H : K, K = ; H ( kn) ; P ( kn ) ; ( ) ; c( kpa) ; ( 2 25 ) 6 pp ( kpa), ; dh ( m ) ; b l( m) ( ),,,,,, 2 : : MR ; 7, K K = MR/ MS 1. 2 ( 2 26 ) MS K = MS = ( P - db ) x + Hz : x P ( m) ; zh ( m ) ; b( m ) MR : pi i ( kpa) ; bi ( m) ; i Ni ( ) ; li i ( m) 2 = R ( pi bi cos i tg i + ci li ) 7,,,,, K,, K 1. 3, 3m, (2 8 ):

44 37 : a 3.5b - : a 2.5b - d tg d tg ( 2 27 ) ( 2 28 ) : a( m ) ; b ( m ) ; d( m) ; ( ) 45 8m, ( 2 26 ) 8,,, :,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,, ( ),, mm, d

45 ( ), pk ( kpa), ( ) pk, 2 10 max,,,,,,, b2/ H0 2 9, 2 10, 2 ( 2 29 ) : 15, 2 15 p k < p k < p k 300 C C MU10 M M , : 1. 55t/ m 3, 1. 50t/ m 3, 1. 45t/ m ( ), 220mm, 150mm : p k ( kpa) ;, 200mm ;, ;, p k > 300kPa, ( ) : V s f t A : V s ( ) ; f t ; A ( ) : b; H0 ; b b0 + 2 H0 tg ( 2 29)

46 39 b ; tg [ 4 ] a = 360mm, Fk = 88kN/ m, fa = 90kPa, m, 0. 45m,,, 2 11 : ( 1) b, (2 16) b Fk fa - H = ( = 1.38 ( m) ) 2 b= 1. 40m (2 ) : 2 15, pk = 89kPa, b2/ H0 = 1/ 1. 25,, 300mm, b2 = 300/ = 240( mm ) (3 ) :,, 1/ 4, : n( b 2 - n= 5, a 2 - b2 )1 60 = 4.67,,,,,,,,,,,, mm,, C10, 50mm 2., 200mm, 2 12; 200mm, 2 13; 300

47 40 00mm mm, 200mm, 100mm 2. 5m, 0. 9 l( l = b - 50), (2 15) 40 mm ( ) 70 mm( ) C20,, 2 14, a1 t 2 16, t/ h2 2 14, 0. 5t/ h2 < 0. 65, 2 17 ; t/ h , t/ h , ; 2 16 h( mm ) a 1 ( mm ) t( mm ) h < h < h < h < h < :, ;, ;,, 70 %,

48 41 17 ( mm ) h < h < h2 000 ( mm ) :,, mm, 300mm, 1/ 10 ;,,, 3. (1 ),, 2 15, 1 200mm ;, 1 400mm,, la ( ), lae :, lae = la ;, lae = la ;, la E 2 15 = la la,, ( GB ) (2 ) h1 2 18, 2 18 h 1 (mm) h < h < h1 000 h > h 1 = h1. 2 h h 1 = h h 1 = 0. 9 h 800 h 1 = 0. 8 h 1000 h 1 = ( 1/ 3 2/ 3 ) h a = ( ) h b : h, h a, h b ;, h 1 ; 2 h, h 1,,, 2 16 pj (

49 42 ),, M, M, pj, V,, V,,, 1. 1m, F( kn/ m), : : pj = F / ( b1 ) = F/ b ( 2 30 ) V = 1 2 p j ( b - a) ( 2 31 ), h0, V h0 V 700 f t 16 ( 2 32) : h0, h0 = h - 45mm; h0 = h - 75mm, h ; f t ( N/ mm 2 ) 2. : M = 1 8 pj ( b - a) 2 ( 2 33) : As = M 0.9 h0 f y : As ( mm 2 ) ; ( 2 34) fy ( N/ mm 2 ),, f y = 210N/ mm 2 ;, fy = 300N/ mm 2, (2 31) ( 2 33) pj pj max pj1, pj = ( pj1 + pjmax )/ 2 [ 5 ], F = 240kN/ m, fa = 155kPa; C20,, m, 100mm, 2 : ( 1) b= f a F = 1930( mm), b= 2. 0m - H (2 ) pj = F/ b= 120 ( kpa) 17

50 43 : V = 1 2 pj ( b - a) = 98. 4( kn ) (2 32), C20, f t = 1. 1N/ mm 2 h0 = V/ 700 f t = 128 ( mm) (2 32),, h = h = 173( mm ),, h = 200mm, h0 = 155 mm (3 ), (2 33) M = 1 8 pj ( b - a) 2 = ( knm ) 17 5 = ( Nmm ), ( 2 34 ),, fy = 210N/ mm 2 As = M/ 0. 9 h0 f y = 1377mm : As = = 1385( mm 2 ), :, 1/ 4, ( ),, As 45,,, 2 18, 1.,,,, ( ), 2 19 bc ( ) ac, Aabcdef, ( ):

51 44 18 (a) ; ( b ) Fl = pj Aabcdef (2 35) : Fl Aabcdef ; pj, pj = F lb, Aabcdef = Aagh f - Abgc - Adhe = - h0 b - b 2 - bc 2 - h0 l 2 - ac 2, ( Ac ij d ) Aci jd = bc + ( bc + 2 h0 ) 2 h ( b > b c + 2 h 0 ) = ( bc + h0 ) h0 = bm h0, ( 2 36 ) : Fl 0.7 hp f t bm h0 ( 2 36) bm = bc + ( bc + 2 h0 ) 2 = bc + h0 : hp : h800mm, hp = 1. 0; h2000mm, hp = 0. 9, ; f t ( N/ mm 2 ), C , C ; bc ;

52 45 h h800mm, ( 2 35 ) ( 2 36 ) : pj [ ( l 2 - ac 2 - h0 ) b - ( b 2 - bc 2 - h0 ) 2 ] 0.7 f t ( bc + h0 ) h0 ( 2 37),, h0 h0 h,, h = h mm;, h = h mm, 2 19 (2 37), cd b, b> bc + 2 h0, b, bc + 2 h0 b( 2 20 ), h800mm, : pj ( l 2 - ac ( b< b c + 2 h 0 ) - h0 ) b0.7 f t [ ( bc + h0 ) h0 - ( bc 2 - b 2 + h0 ) 2 ] ( 2 38) : l = b, ac = bc, pj [ l2 4 - ( ac 2 + h0 ) 2 ] 0.7 f t ( ac + h0 ) h0 ( 2 39) 45,,,, h01 (2 21), ( 2 37 ) ( 2 39 )ac b1 h01, h bc h0 a1,,, 4, 2 19 : : M1 = pj 24 ( l - ac ) 2 (2 b+ bc ) ( 2 40), : As1 = M 0.9 h0 f y : As 1 ; h0 ; fy : ( 2 41) M = pj 24 ( b - bc ) 2 (2 l + ac ) ( 2 42)

53 : As = M 0.9 ( h0 - d) f y : d ( 2 43), M AsMAs, M AsM, 2 22, : M= pj 24 ( l - a1 ) 2 (2 b+ b1 ) ( 2 44) As= M 0.9 h0 1 f y ( 2 45) M= pj 24 ( b - b1 ) 2 ( 2 l + a1 ) ( 2 46) As= M 0.9 ( h0 - d) f y ( 2 47) [ 6 ] F = 700kN, mm, 1. 8m, fa 100mm,, 2 : ( 1) A = f a = 180kPa,, C25, 23 F - H = 4.86( m2 ) l = b= A = 2. 2( m ) (2 ) h pj = F/ A = ( kpa) C25, f t = ( N/ mm 2 ) (2 39) h m b = 2. 2m, bc + 2 h0 = 0. 89m, b > bc + 2 h0, (2 37) (2 39)

54 ) h0, hp = 1, : c = h0 = b 2 c + c 2 - bc 2 2 b( l - ac ) - ( b - bc ) f t pj c = ( b - b c ) ( b + bc ) f t pj (2 49 ) (2 50 ), h = h = 315mm, 350m, h0 = 305mm (3 ) : (2 40) ( 2 41 ) ( 2 48) M= pj 24 ( l - ac ) 2 ( 2b+ bc ) As= = ( knm) = ( Nmm) M 0.9 h0 f y = 1699 ( mm 2 ) (, f y = 210N/ mm 2 ) 12, 1699 = 15, 16 d 2 / 4,, 12@ 140,, (1 ), ( ) Fl,,, ( 2 (2 17 ) 18),, pj max pj min = F A + M W = F A - M W ( 2 51) pj max pj min = F A (1 + 6 e l ) = F A ( 1-6e l ) ( 2 52) (2 37) ( 2 38 ) ( 2 48 ) ( 2 50 )pj p jma x h0, h01, pjmax, 2 24 (2 ), 2 25 a1 b1 pj ac bc,

55 48 pj1 ( ) pj max :, : M= 1 48 ( p j1 + pj max ) ( l - ac ) 2 ( 2b + bc ) ( 2 53) M= 1 48 ( pjmin + pjmax ) ( b - bc ) 2 (2 l + ac ) ( 2 54) , : M= 1 48 ( pj+ pjmax ) ( l - a1 ) 2 ( 2 b+ b1 ) ( 2 55) M= 1 48 ( p jmin + pjmax ) ( b - b1 ) 2 (2 l + a1 ) ( 2 56) [ 7 ] 2 26, :,, :,= 17. 0kN/ m 3, fak = 155kPa, d = 1. 6 ( ) : m : F = F1 + F2 = = 340( kn) : V = 10kN, M = 100kNm, 400mm600mm, C20 : ( 1),, : a1 = 250mm, t = 250mm, h = 900mm, h1 = 650 mm, h2 = 300 mm t / h2 = > 0. 75,

56 49 2 ) fa, b3. 0 m, ( 2 7) f a = fak + d m ( d - 0.5) = ( kpa) (3 ),, 50 %, ( 2 16 ) A = 1.5 f a F - H = 3. 25( m2 ) ( H = 2. 50m) l/ b= 1. 8, l = 2. 6m, b = 1. 4m, A = 3. 64m (4 ), (2 51) W = bl2 6 = 1.58 ( m3 ) M = = ( knm) pj max = F A + M W = ( kpa) pj min = F A - M W = 4.50( kpa), ( 2 (2 pmax pmi n = F + G A + M W = F + G A 9 ), pmax 1. 2 fa 17 ), = ( kpa) - M ( G = A H= 182kN) W = ( kpa) 1. 2 fa = = ( kpa) > pmax = ( kpa), (5 ), 1),,, F1 pj = F1 A = = 270 kn, F2 V M, = 74.18( kpa) a1 = 250mm h0 = = m, bc + 2 h0 = =

57 ( m) < b= 1. 4m (2 37), l = 2. 6 m, ac = 0. 6m, b= 1. 4m, bc = 0. 4m : : Fl = pj l 2 - ac 2 - h0 b - b 2 - bc 2 - h0 : 0. 7 f t ( bc + h0 ) h0 = ( kn) > 76.10( kn) a1 2 = ( kn) 2),,, h0 1 : h01 = h - h = = ( m) m, t = 0. 25( m) b1 = bc + 2 ( t ) = 1. 05( m) a1 = ac + 2( t ) = ( m) b1 + 2 h01 = = 2. 16( m) > b= 1. 4 ( m), ( 2 38), a1 b1 ac bc,, pjmax pj = kN, = kN (6 ) m, pj1 = ( kpa) : M= 1 48 ( pj1 + pjmax ) ( l - a1 ) 2 (2 b+ b1 ) = ( knm) : M= 1 48 ( pjm in + pjma x ) ( b - b1 ) 2 ( 2 l + a1 ) = 3.08 ( knm) 12, f y = 210N/ mm 2 As= As= M 0.9 h0 1 fy = M 0.9 ( h01-12 ) fy = 444 ( mm2 ) = ( )210 = 30( mm2 ) MM,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 27,,,,

58 51 T,,, 200mm, mm,, 250mm,, 13, 1/ 41/ ,,,,, ,,, 2 28, 100mm,, :,,,,,,, 25%,,,, 1/ % 700mm,, mm, 10 mm, b1 350mm, 350 < b1 800 mm, 8mm, ( ),,,,, ( )

59 52,,,,,, 15% 20%, ; ;,,, ;,, ( ),, l1. 75 ( l,, ),,,, ( 20 % ) (1/ 6 ),,,,, ( ),,, 1.,,,,,,, (1 ) 1),, 2),, 3), 3% 4), 5),, (2 ) 1),

60 53 2) MA = 0,,,,, 2 29N1 Ni x i + Mi x = Ni 3), pj max pj min = N i B L (1 + 6 e B ) = Ni B L ( 1-6e B ) e = Mx/ Ni 4), : : Q = ( pj1 2 M = ( pj1 3 + pj2 ) l2 1 + pj2 ) ( B - b1 )/ 2 ( 2 57 ) 5), 2. 29,,,,,,,,, [ 8 ] 1. 5m, fa 2 = 150 kpa, 30,, : ( 1 ) Ni A x : Ni x i = = 39311( knm ) N i = 5008kN x = Ni x i/ Ni = 7. 85m (2 )L, A a1 = 0. 5m,, D, a2 a2 = 2( x ) a1 = 1. 5 ( m) 2 30

61 54 (3 )B B = L = a1 + a2 = 16. 7( m ) Ni B = 2. 5m( 20kN/ m 3 ) ( fa - H) L (4 ),, pj : pj = Ni L : = 5008 = 300( kn/ m ) 16.7 MA = 1 2 pj a2 1 = = 37. 5( knm ) (38. 0kNm) Q A = = 150( kn ), Q A = = ( kn) A B 1A x1, 300( x ) = 554, x1 = 1. 35m 2 ( ) M1 = ( ) MB = Q = ( knm ) = 987( knm) B = = 856 ( kn), Q B = = ( kn), BC 2 B x2, x2 = = ( m) 2 ( ) M2 = (- 316 knm ) 2 ( ) MC = ( ) = ( knm) - 554( ) = 1083 ( knm) Q C = = 916kN, Q C = = - 838( kn ) CD 3D x 3 = ( ) M3 = MD = Q = 96( knm) = ( knm ) (338 knm) = 1. 7 ( m) D = = - 450( kn ), Q D = = 510 ( kn) 2 30,,, :,,,,,

62 55,,, 3.,,, 2 19 M = Cp l 2 Q = Cpl M B M C M 1 M 2 M 3 Q A Q B Q B Q C Q C : p (2 19) [ 9 ],,, N1, 2 31 : ( 1) :,, : pj = Ni L = 306 ( kn/ m ) = 1252kN, N = 1838kN,,,,, A [ ( b) ] A MA = = 185 ( knm) 31( a) ] [ MA BC, 2 31( a), 2 31 ( b) (, ) : MB = pj l 2 = 1157 ( knm) MC = pj l 2 = 870( knm ) : M1 = pj l 2 = - 859( knm ) M2 = pj l 2 = - 364( knm ) M3 = pj l 2 = - 507( knm ) 31( b ),, (a) 2 31 ( b ), 2 31( c) ( ) M A = 185 ( knm) ; M B = = 1104( knm) ; M C = = 884 ( knm) ; M 1 = 793 ( knm) ; M 2 = 384( knm) ; M 3 = 493( knm)

63 56 (2 ) Q A = = 337( kn ) Q A = - pj l Q B = pj l Q B = - pj l Q C = pj l 2 + M B l 2 + M B l - M A - M A 2 - M B l 2 - M B l = ( kn) = 1071( kn) - M C - M C Q C = - pj l = - 918( kn) 2 = ( kn) = 881 ( kn),, B 190kN,,,,,, ( 2 32 ) : Pi = Ni - ( Q i - Q i ), 1/ 3 : q1 = P1 l0 + l1 3 ( kn/ m) : qi = Pi ( kn/ m ) l i li 3,,,,, 20% 1 2,,, 31 9 ( a), ; ( b ) A A ( k Nm ) ; ( c) ( k Nm ) ; ( d) ( k N) 2 32

64 57. 2,,,,, 4. ( 1/ 10), ( ),,,, ( ),, M A pl 2 0 / 2 M 1 - p 140 ( 13 l l2 0 ) M B p l 2 1/ 10 M p l2 1 M C p l 2 1 / 12 M pl Q A pl 0 Q A p l 1 [ ( l 0 l 1 ) 2 ] Q B 3 5 pl 1 [ ( l 0 l 1 ) 2 ] Q B pl 1 Q C pl 1 Q C p l 1 [ 10 ] N1 = kN, N2 = kN, N3 = knl1 = 4. 0m, l0 = 1. 5m, 2 33 : pj = N i L 2 20 : = kN/ m MA = knm M1 = kNm 1. 2 M1 = kNm MB = kNm M2 = kNm 1. 2 M2 = kNm MC = knm M3 = kNm 1. 2 M3 = kNm Q 21 : A = kN Q A = kN

65 : ; : Q B = kN Q B = kN Q C = kN Q C = kN ( ), 1/ 6,,, ( ),, 15% 20% 1. 2,, ( ) ( ) ( Winkler),, 1. p y, 2 34 p = k y ( 2 58) : p ( kpa) ; y( m) ; k( kn/ m 3 ) ( 2 58 ),,, k,

66 59 34,,,,, k k,,, p p y k, 2 kp = 35 p2 - p1 y2 - y1 y 2 35 p y p1, p2, kp, kp k: : k = : k = : kp ( kn/ m 3 ) ; bp ( m) ; b( m ) bp kp b b b, 2 2 kp, 22 (10m 2 ), ( ),,,,,, ( 1/ 2 ) ( ),

67 60,,,,,, 2 22 k k( MN/ m 3 ) k( M N/ m 3 ) , d x, 2, : d Q d x 36 = bp - q E I d4 W d x 4 = q - bp ( 2 59) : W( m) ; : E( kpa) ; I( m 4 ) ; q( kn/ m) ; p( kpa) ; b ( m ) 2, ( q = 0 ), = d 4 W d x kb 4 EI ( m - 1 ), ( 2 59) W = 0 ( 2 60),,,, : c1 c4 W = e x ( c1 cosx + c2 sinx) + e - x ( c3 cosx + c4 sinx) ( 2 61a), : () : ( ) : L / 4 ; / 4< L < 2 /, ( x)

68 61 x / ; () : () : (1 )( 2 37 ) L /, x x / ; L2 /, x x / 2 37 (a ), ( b ) P0, P0 O, x, W 0,, W 0, ( 2 c1 = c2 = 0, ( 2 61a) : 2 61a) W = e - x ( c3 cosx + c4 sinx) (2 61b) 37,, O x = 0,, dw/ d x = 0, - ( c3 - c4 ) = 0, c3 = c4 = c, : W = e - x c(cosx + sinx) (2 61c), Q= P0 2, Q= - P0 2 : dw d x, M = - E I d2 W, Q = - E I d3 W, Q= - E I d x 2 d x 3 d 3 W d x 3 = - P0 2 P0, ( 2 61c)c =, W x 2 kb, P0 Q ( 2 62a) x0 M M0, x, W = 0,, ( 2 61a) c1 = c2 = 0,, x = 0, W = 0, ( 2 61 b) c3 = 0, M= - EI d2 W d x 2 = M0 2 M0 2, c4 = kb, ( 2 61 b) M0 W, W x, x0 M Q ( 2 : 62b )

69 62 : W P0 2 kb A x = - P0 2 Bx kb M = P0 4 Cx Q = - P0 2 Dx W = M0 2 kb B x = M0 3 kb Cx M = M0 2 Dx Q = - M0 Ax 2 ( 2 62a) (2 62b) : Ax = e - x ( cosx + sinx) ; Bx = e - x sinx; Cx = e - x (cosx - sinx) ; Dx = e - x cosx Ax Bx Cx Dx x A x B x C x D x x A x B x C x D x ,, W M Q, ( 2, WM Q (2 ) 62 ), WM Q ( x < ), ( x ),,,,, 2 : 38 P0 M0,,,

70 63 W = 2 kb ( P 0 Dx - M0Cx ) = ( P0 Ax - 2 M0Dx ) kb (2 63 ) M = - 1 ( P0 Bx - M0Ax ) Q = - ( P0 Cx + 2 M0Bx ) (3 ),,, 2 39 PM, A B,, A B A B A B Ma Mb Qa Qb,, A B Ma Mb Qa Qb, , AB, MA PA MB PB, A B - Ma - Qa - Mb - Qb P M AB Ma Qa Mb Qb MA PA MB PB, (2 62)x = 0, ( 2 64) ( 2 65 ) ( x = 0, Ax = Cx = Dx = 1 ) PA MA PB MB, ( 2 62 ) PM AB Qa Ma Qb Mb, (2 65) PA MA PB MB, PA 4 + PB 4 CL + MA 2 - MB 2 DL = - Ma - PA 2 + PB 2 D L - MA 2 PA 4 CL + PB 4 + MA 2 - MB 2 A L = - Qa DL - MB 2 = - Mb ( 2 64) - PA 2 PB DL MA 2 AL + MB 2 = - Qb : AL CL DL L A x Cx Dx, 2 23 (2 64), :

71 64 PA ( EL + FL DL ) Qa + ( EL - FL AL ) Ma - ( FL + EL DL ) Qb + ( FL - EL AL ) Mb MA = - ( EL + FL CL ) Q a 2 - ( EL - FL DL ) Ma + ( FL + EL CL ) Q b 2 - ( FL - EL DL ) Mb PB = ( FL + EL DL ) Qa + ( FL - EL AL ) Ma - ( EL + FL DL ) Qb + ( EL - FL AL ) Mb ( 2 65) MB = ( FL + EL CL ) Qa Qb + ( FL - EL DL ) Ma - ( EL + FL CL ) ( EL : EL = 2 e L s hl sh 2 L - sin 2 L, FL = 2e L sinl sin 2 L - sh 2 L - FL DL ) Mb ( sh ), Qa = - Qb, Ma = - Mb, (2 65): (4 ) PA = PB = ( EL + FL ) [ ( 1 + DL ) Qa + (1 - AL ) Ma ] MA = - MB = - ( EL + FL ) [ (1 + CL ) Qa 2 + (1 - DL ) Ma ] ( 2 66),,,,,,,, k = 1050MN/ m 3, [ 11] P1 = P2 = P3 = 150 kn, b= 1. 0m, E I = knm 2, k = 50MN/ m 3,, 2 40 : ( 1) : = 4 kb 4 E I = ( m - 1 ) (2 ), (2 62) : M = P 4 Cx, Q = P 2 Dx B,, x = 0, x = 0, Cx B = DxB = 1. 0 P1 P3, x = 4. 0, x = 1. 74, CxA = CxC = Dx A = DxC = MB = P ( Cx B + CxA + Cx C ) 4 = ( knm ) QB = P 2 Dx B + P 2 DxA - P 2 DxC = 75 ( kn) A, (C )

72 65 P, x = 0,x = 0, Cx = 1. 0, Dx = 1. 0 P2, x = 4,x = 1. 74, Cx = , Dx = P3, x = 8,x = 3. 48, Cx = , Dx = MA = MC = QA = QC = 150 ( ) = 67. 1( knm ) ( kn) ( kn) ( kn ) ( ) + ( ) = ( kn ) M1 M2 P1, x = 2,x = 0. 87, Cx = P2 P1, Cx = P3, x = 6,x = 2. 61, Cx = M1 = M2 = (3 )P1 150 ( ) = ( knm ) P2 P3 2 A C x1 = 2m, x2 = 4m, 40,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 41 i : Fi = F L i + F T i : L; ML i = M L im MT i = M L ia W L i = W T i L im = T ia L ia = T im + M T ia + M T im ( 2 67)

73 66 T; m; a, n, 6 n 6 n,,,, M L ia = M T ia = 0, ML i, MT i, : Fi = F L i W L i = W T i + F T i ( 2 68 ) 41, F L i F T i, n 2 n, ( ), L( L = 1/,, ),, ;,, 2 ( 2 62) : W ix = P0 2 kb A x = Fix, W 8 3 iy = x EIx ( 2 63) : W ix = 2 P0 kb D x = Fix 2 3 x E Ix, W iy = 42 : Fiy 8 3 y E Iy Fiy 2 3 y E Iy ( 2 69) 2 42,, ( 2 68 ), ( 2 69 ) ( 2 68 ) x y Fix Fiy : :

74 67 Fix 3 x Ix Fi Ix 3 x + Iy 3 y Fiy = 3 y Iy Fi I x 3 x + Iy 3 y : x y x y ( m - 1 ) ; Ix Iy x y ( m 4 ) ( 2 70) I, 3 x Ix = kbx Lx 4 E, 3 y Iy = kby Ly 4 E (2 70), : bx Lx Fi Fix = bx Lx + by Ly by Ly Fi Fiy = bx Lx + by Ly ( 2 71) : bx by x y ( m) ; Lx Ly x y ( m) : Fi Fiy, : Fix = Fiy = F ix 4 3 x Ix Fi 3 x Ix + 3 y Iy 4 3 y Iy Fi 3 y Iy 4bx Lx Fi = 4 bx Lx + by Ly by Ly Fi = 4 3 x Ix + 4 bx Lx + by Ly ( 2 72), x, y ( ),,,,, 20% 30%,,, Fix Fiy,,, Fix Fiy, : pj = : Fi ; A; Ai : Fi A + Ai p j = Fi A (2 73a), Fi = pj ( A + Ai ), (2 73b): pj ( A + Ai ) p j = A = pj + pj Ai A ( 2 73a) (2 73b)

75 68 pj pj Ai A, : p j = pj + pj (pj ), : Pj i = Aip j (2 73c) Pji,, : Fi = Pji = Aip j ( 2 73d), : Fix Fiy = Fix Fi = Fiy Fi A ip j A ip j : Fix Fiy, (2 70) (2-72 ) ; Fi : F ix = Fix + Fix F iy = Fiy + Fiy, :,, 1/ 2,, 2 43 [ 12] 2 44, : P1 = 1500kN, P2 = 2100 kn, P3 = 2400 kn, P4 = 1700 kn, Ec = kpa, k = 4MN/ m 3, 2 ( 2 73e) ( 2 74) 43 : ( 1) Lx Ly ( I= m 4, I= m 4 ) Lx = 1 = x 4 4 Ec I1 kb1 = = 4.82( m ) Ly = (2 ) : ( 2 P1 x = P1 y = bx Lx P1 bx Lx + by Ly = ( kn) by Ly P1 bx Lx + by Ly ): = = = 4.32 ( m)

76 ( kn ) P1 x + P1 y = P1 P3 x = P3 y =, = 1554 ( kn) P3 x + P3 y = P3 : ( 2 P2 x = P2 y = 4bx Lx P2 4bx Lx + by Ly by Ly P2 4 bx Lx + by Ly P2 x + P2 y = P2 72 ): = = = 846 ( kn) = ( kn) = 251.5( kn ) P4, x, (2 72) : P4 x = P4 y = bx 4by Ly Lx P4 + bx Lx 4by Ly P4 4 by Ly + bx Lx = = = ( kn) = ( kn) P4 x + P4 y = P4 (2 73) ( 2 74 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ()

77 70,,, ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, (), e0. 1W/ A, W ; A, (2 )C30,,, 0. 6MPa, 12, 1/ 14, 400mm,,,, 400mmh0 (3 ), (), ; (

78 71,,, 2. 0,,,,,, ( ) 45,,, 1. 2,, 1/ 21/ 3, %, h > 2000mm,,, 12 mm, 200mm (4 ), ;, ;,,,,, : q x y qx qy,, ly lx 1, qx = qy = q/ 2, ly lx = 2, qy = q/ 17, qx = 16 q/ 17,,,,,, mm, mm,, 2 000mm, 200 mm,,, (5 ),, ( ),, (),,, ( ) 1/ 15() ( ) 1/ 181/ 20,,,,,,,,,, 50%,, :,,,

79 72 ),,,,, ( ),,,,, ( 20 % ), 1/ 6,,,,,,,,, x y pj ( x, y), 2 pj ( x, y) = P A Pey Ix 46 y Pex : P( kn ) ; A ( m 2 ) ; Iy x ( 2 75 ) ex ey P xy ( m) ; Ix Iy x y ( m 4 ) ; pj ( x, y) ( x, y) ( kpa) ; x y [ 13 ], , 0. 8m, 2 47, : P1 = 3000kN, P2 = 2000kN, P3 = 1800kN, P4 = 2200 kn, P5 = 1000kN, P6 = 1200kN, P7 = 1400kN : ( 1) ( ), : Pi x i + Mx i x =, y= Pi Pi y i + My i Pi, Mx i My i, x, x, y, x x= [ ( P1 + P2 )8 + ( P3 + P4 )16 + ( P5 + P6 ) 24 ] 2 ( P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 + 2 P6 + P7 ) m(y ex (2 ) pj ( x, y) x, y = 0, ( 2 75 ) : = 0. 64( m) = 11.36( m )

80 73 pj x, 0 ) = P A Pex Iy x, Iy = pj ( x, 0 ) = x = x = ( m 4 ),, x = 12m pj max pj min = = 139( kpa) = = ( kpa),, (, 12 10% 20% ),, ;,,, : 1. (2 48 ) 20%, ( ),, P0, P1 P2, P1 P2 P0 20%, P : P = 1 2 ( P1 + P2 ) + P0 2 2 P, 48,,,,,, 2/ 3 ( b/ 2 ), b/ 4 ( ) 1/ 6,,,, 0. 5 h0 1/ 4,,, ( 1/ 101/ 12 ) pj l 2,, l , ( ), (, 2, )

81 74, 45,,, 2 49 (1 ),, 2 50, ;, ;, ;, ; ( a) ; ( b ) : 1) ( a ) ; 2) ( b ) (2 75) pj,, x y M x My Mx My = - ix pj l 2 x = - iy pj l 2 y : i i, ; : ( 2 76) ix iy, ly/ lx = ( ) ; pj, ( 2 Ma : 75 ) y : Ma = ( xix 16 + x jx 24 ) pj l2 x x : Ma = 1 - xix x jx 24 pj l 2 y ( 2 77)

82 75 i; j; xix x jx, Mb : y : Mb = xix pj l2 x 12 x : Mb = (1 - x ix ) pj l2 x 12 : i Mb ( 2 78) Mx My,, Ma, b, M a M b M a = Ma - Ma M b = Mb - Mb M : y : M = 1 4 xix pj lx b ( 2 79a) x : M = 1 4 (1 - xix ) pj ly b (2 79b) : b,, (2 ) 2 49,, ;,, pj, ly > lx : lx : Px = pj l2 x 4 ly : Py = ( 2 ly - lx ) lx pj 4 ( 2 80) p1 = p2 ( kn/ m),, p1 = pj lx/ 2 ;, p1 = pj lx ( lx ) pj ( ), 10%,,, pj ), ( : pj = p1 : pj = (1-2 a2 l 2 y + a3 l 3 y : a, a= lx/ 2 ) p1, pj, ( 2 81)

83 76 1.? 2.? 3.,? 4.,? 5.?? 6.??? 7.? 8.?? 9.?? 10.? : : 0. 8m,= kN/ m 3 ; : 2. 0m, 15 %, sat = kN/ m 3, fak = 160kPa, Es = 15MPa ;: 1. 5m, sat = kN/ m 3 fak = 90kPa E s = 5MPa ; F k = 188kN/ m, 1. 5m, 1. 5m, 1. 4m,( : ) ( :, fa2 = kPa, pk2 = kPa ;, fa3 = kPa, pz + pcz = kPa ) 2. : : 1. 0m, sat = 18. 5kN/ m 3 ; : 1. 5m, sat = 19. 6kN/ m 3 ; : 5. 0m, sat = 20. 0kN/ m 3, f ak = 210kPa, 18% ; : sat = 20. 3kN/ m 3, fak = 250kPa, 6m2m, F k = 5340kN, M x = 650kNm, V k = 150k N, 4. 0m ( 1) L/ b= 3. 0, A 2 = A 1 ; ( 2) ( :b3m, ) ( : b = 3m, L = 9m ) 3. a0 = 1200mm, b0 = 1000mm, Fk = 900kN, Qk = 50k N, Mx = 140k Nm,2. 1m,,= k N/ m 3, fak = kPa, e = 0. 70, IL 3. 0m, ( 1) L/ b = 1. 5, A 2 = 1. 3 A 1 L b, ;b < 3m ( 2) H0 ; : ( : b = 1. 8m, L = 2. 7m, H 0 = 1. 15m ) = 0. 67, m, m, m, F = 335kN/ m, 360mm, f ak = 200kPa,= kN/ m 3 ( 1) b, b < 3m, d = 1. 6; ( 2), h 0 h( f t = 1. 1 N/ mm 2 ) ( 3) ( 12) ( f y = 210 N/ mm 2 ),

84 77 3 ( : b = 1. 7m, V 1-1 = kN, h 250mm, h0 = 210mm, M1-1 = kNm, 11 12, ) b 1 5. a c b c = 0. 6m0. 4m, a 1 = 1. 2m1. 0m, 300mm, F = 1000k N, Q = 60kN, M x = 180kNm, P = 80kN, 2. 0m, fa = 284k Pa, ( 1) L/ b = 1. 5, A2 = A1 L b, p p max ( 2) p jmax p jmin p j1 p j3 ; p jmax h 0 h h 01 h 1 (C20, f t = 1. 1N/ mm 2 ) ( 3), f y = 210N/ mm 2, ( 14, 10 ) ( : b = 2m, L = 3m, p jmax = 292kPa, p j1 = kPa, p j3 = kPa, h = 700mm, h 0 = 660mm, h 1 = 400mm, h 01 = 360mm,17 14, ) 6., 2. 5m, 1. 2m, f a = 140k Pa, : M B = , M C = , M 1 = , M 2 = ( 1) ; ( 2) :, 4 5

85 m, 1. 0m, EI = knm 2, k = 50MN/ m 3,: P 1 = P 5 = 400kN, P 2 = P 3 = P 4 = 800k N, M 1 = - M 4 = - 20k Nm, M 2 = - M 3 = - 40k Nm ( 1) O W0 M0 ( : P3 ; P2, M2 ( P4, M 3 ) ; P 1, M 1 ( P 5, M 4 )) ; O p j0 ( A x B x,4 ) ( : W 0 = 3. 33mm, M 0 = kNm, p j0 = 165kPa ) 7 8. bx = 1. 4m, by = 0. 8m, Ec Ix = 800 MN m 2, Ec Iy = 500 MNm 2, k = 5MN/ m 3, P1 = 1. 3MN, P3 = 2. 2MN, P2 = P4 = 1. 5MN, ( ) 8

86 79, 3 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 1,,,,,,,, (),,,, ;,,,, (1 )( ), 1/ 81/ 12, 1/ 20,, 3m,,, 1/ 15 (2 ) 1/ 10, 25cm, 2540cm, 20cm, 2030cm, 10@ 200, 20

87 80 3 ),, 200mm,, 300mm (4 ),, 45 5cm (5 ) C20,,, ( H ) ( h) H h < 10 10H h < 15 15H h < 25 25H h < 35 H h 35 ( M Pa) (6 ),,,,, 1/ 21/ 3, 0. 15% 0. 10% ; (7 ),, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),

88 81,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ), ( ), ( ), (3 ): 1) : 3 2 :, :, :,, 1. 5,, (3 2 )1. 5, 3 2 (a ) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d) ; ( e) ; ( f ) : MA B : MA B = 1 24 p1 H p2 H2 (3 1) : p1 ( kn/ m) ;

89 82 p ( kn/ m) ; H : MA = p1 H p2 H2 (3 2) MB = p1 H p2 H2 (3-3) 2) :,, q p, q (, ), p ( ) ( lx = 6. 0m ) ( ly = 9. 0m ) (3 3),,, q p ;, (2, 81 ), 3 3 () ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ), L/ B,, ,

90 83 2 ( L/ B = 1) ( L/ B = 2 3 ) ( L/ B = 45 ) ( L/ B = 68 )

91 m) 2 3 6, L, B, ( = P L B ( kn/ m2 ) ; P 0. 8m,,,,,, 1. 0, ,,, 0. 8,,,,, ( Meyerhof, 1953 ) Eg Ig ( Eg, Ig,, ), Nm 2, n EB Mg : Mg = EB IB Eg Ig Eg Ig + EB IB n = Eb Ib i 1 + i = 1 IB, M (3 4) + Kli Ku i m 2 + Ew Iw (3 5) 2 Kb i + Ku i + K li : M, ; EB IB ( Nm 2 ) ; L lm ; Eb ( kn/ m 2 ) ; Ku i Kli Kb i i, Iu i/ hu i Ili/ hli, Ib i/ l ( m 3 ) ; Iu i Il i Ib i i ; hu i hli i ( m ) ; Ew ; Iw, Iw = bh 3 / 12; b h ( m) ; n, 8, n, 8, n 8 3 4, 20%, l = L/ m,,,,,,, n8

92 85,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) 4 ( 3 5 ) (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, xy,, Mx Qx, Mx Qx, My Qy Mx My, Qx Qy, ( 3 5),,, ( ),,, (3 T : ) (5 )Mx My, C xx : Tx = Cx = Mx B H yy : Ty = Cy = My L H : Tx Ty x y ( kn/ m) ; (3 6)

93 86 Cx Cy x y kn/ m) ; Mx My x y ( knm) ; B L ( m ) ; H, ( m) (6 ),,,,, 0. 8 pk pmax : : pk fa : pkmax 1. 2 fa pkmin 0,, : f ae : fae ; : (3 7) = a fa (3 8) a, , ; fa pe f ae (3 9 ) pemax 1. 2 fa E ( 3 10 ) : pe ; pe max,, 3 6 4, ; 15%, 3 : p max = 2( Fk + Gk ) 3 La : L; a 6, ( 3 11)

94 87,, 1. Q, he D ( ), 3 7 Q P, F1, Q F2, : 3 7 K QF1 + F2 + P ( 3 12) F1 = A1 f F2 =A2 f h a d A2 : K, 3. 0; A1, ( m 2 ) ; f ( kpa) ; A2 he ( m 2 ) ; fh ; a ( kpa) (3 P, F ),, 2, 7,,, K ,, K, O ( x, z),,, 3 8, O : MA = P x - : ep ( m) ; Q ( kn/ m ) ; B 2 Z ( m ) ; B( m) ; + e + Q( Z - xtg ) - BD x - ( kn/ m 3 ), xb/ 2,, = 0; P( kn/ m) ; B 2 ( 3 13)

95 88 D( m), : MB 2 - = 2 0 : R( m) ; R 2 d= 2x2 cos ( 3 14 ) ( kn/ m 2 ) ; K = MB/ MA ( 3 15 ) K x = 0, K = 0, : x = P( B - 2 e) - 2 QZ - B2 D P - Qtg- BD (- 2 ) tg= 1 - Q K 2x ( 3 16 ) 8 x,, t,,, x : x = tcos 1 - sin ( 3 17), :, ;,,,,,,, 1., 0. 2 () 0. 1( ),,,,, B m,, B > 10m,, 3 9, 200kPa, 25mm, 20 m,, (1 ) ( 2 24 )

96 89 9 (2 ) B = 1030m : zn = ( zm +B) ( 3 18) : zn ( m) ; zm L/ B, 3 7 ;, = 1. 0, = 0. 75, = 0. 6, = 0. 5, = zm L/ B z m ,,,, s : (2 n s = i = 1, 1; pc pc E s i p0 + s Es i ( zi i - zi - 1 i - 1 ) ( 3 19) 22),, ; E s i i,, (2 22)

97 90,,, D,, pd pw pc, 3 10 pc,, p = pc, p0,,,,, ;,,,,, p > pc p < pc,,,,,,, :,, 10. 3m, pd = 118kPa, pw = 87kPa, pc = 205kPa, p = 107kPa,, 98kPa, 25cm, pw 3 10,,, p,,,,,,,,,, pw,,,,,,,,,,,,, () e < B/ 100( B ),,, :, : : B 100 H = B 200 H B 150 H p w ( 3 20)

98 91 BH ( m ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70m,, 90100mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 5m,,, 1. 2,,,,,,,, 30cm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;, ;, ;

99 92,,,,,,,,,, 1.?? 2.,?? 3.,? 4.??

100 93,,,, ( ),,,,, ( a) ; ( b), ; ( c) ; ( d ), 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100m

101 94,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ),,, 47m, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,, (),, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, 34 2 (2 ),,,, (3 ),,, ( ),, 24. 9m m,, 12 4m,

102 95 2 ( a) : ( 1 ) ; (2 ) ; ( 3 ) ; (4 ) ; ( b) : (1 ) ; ( 2) ; ( 3 ) ; (4 ) ; ( c) m, 4 3 ( ) (4 4 ) (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 4 3,, 10 20cm, h1 = (1/ 41/ 3) H, H h1,,,,,,, (),,

103 96 4 ( a) ; ( b),,,, 4 5 (1 ),,,, m (2 ),,, 1030cm,,, 4060,, 1. 5m, 0. 6m 4 5 (3 ),,,,,, m, 0. 5m, 0. 8 m1. 2m

104 97,, 2. 5m (4 ) 1m, m,, (5 ),,,,,,,,, (6 ),,,,, ( ),, (7 ),,, 12m,,,,,, (1 ), 0. 2m 0. 5m,, (2 ), 2%, 20cm,,,,,,,,,,, : Rs + Rf K ( N + G) (4 1) : Rs ( kn) ;

105 98 Rf ( kn) ; N( kn) ; G() ( kn) ; K, 5m, 5m, 4 6,,,, 6 K 1 K 1 K2, K1 K1 = G - B : G ( kn) ; B ( kn) ; Rf : K1, , (4 2) (4 2 ), K1,, K1,,,, 200kPa ( ) ( ),,, : G - B K 1 = Rf + R1 + R2 : K 1, ; R1 ( kn) ; R2 ( kn),, 4 (4 3) ( kpa) : 30m, 3 5kPa,, 710kPa,,

106 99,, : K2 = G + Rf B : K2, , Rf ; B, (4 4) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,, ;,,,,, 4 7 (a) ( b ) (2 ),,,,, ( ),,,, L/ B1. 5,, 4 8, : ( a) ; ( b ) M= - ql q B 2 - b L2 - b 2 M= 1 8 ql2 1 - M V1 = ql2 + q B 2 - b (4 5) V2 = 1 2 ql1

107 100 M( knm) ; M( knm) ; V 1 ( kn) ; V 2 ( kn) ; q ( kn/ m) ; LB( m) ; L1, L( m) ; L2, L( m) ; b( m ) ( 4 5 )M V,,,, (3 ),,, 6 12,,,,,, ( q), rq/ qr qr qr rq/ qr qr qr rq/ qr qr qr rq/ qr qr qr : r ( ), ( ),,, ;,,, 1., ;,, 1m,,, : (1 ), 4 9 :

108 101 ea = ztg 2 (45-2 ) ( 4 6 ) : ( kn/ m 3 ), ; z ( m) hk, : Ea = e a + ea 2 hk ( 4 7 ) : e a ea Ea ha : ha = ea + 2 e a hk ea + e a 3 9,,, 1,, 0. 7,,, ;,, 0. 5 : = w zw :; w ( kn/ m 3 ) ; zw ( m) : W = + hk 2 W hw hw = hk 3 : : (4 8) (4 9) (2 ),,, T = 0. 5 Ea T = f hk : T( kn/ m) ; Ea ( kn/ m) ; f ( kpa), 4 hk ( m) (3 ), 4 10 : g = b hk + a 2 1 ; ( 4 10) ( 4 11) ( 4 12a)

109 102 : g ; : ( m ) ; a ( m ) ; b ( kn/ m 3 ), g o x1 = 2 + a- 2 a 2 6(+ a) (4 12b) (4 )Rj : 10 R j Rj = G - T1 ( 4 13) : G, ; T1 4 10, V1 R, R (,= 1030, = 30 ), R u V2, u V2, : Rj V 1 + V2 ( 4 14) V1 V2 V 1 V 2 = 2 a b (4 13) ( 4 14 )(4 15), V1 V2, : V1 = V2 2 a( G - T1 ) b+ 2 a = G - T a b V1 V2 a 2 a+ b 3 x = 1 Rj V 1 a 2 + V2 a + b 3 u :, Rj x : ( 4 15) ( 4 16a) (4 16b) u = V2 tg(- ) ( 4 17) :, 30 ; ; a b4 10 (5 ),, ;,,,, :

110 103 m1 = : m2 = 0. 1 l 4 1 h 4 k l 4 1 h 4 k h 4 k l 4 2 : m1 ; m2 ; ( m1 1 ) l1 l2 ( m) ; hk, ( 4 ( 4 18) 18 ) 0. 5m,, ( ), m1 = 1 (6 ), (hk ) N0 Q O M0, 4 M0 = MR + ME + MW + MT + Mg + Mu N0 = Rj + T + g Q = Ea + W + u 9 ( 4 19) m1, N0 QM0, 0. 1 %, 0. 5 l1 ( l1 ), Q, 2. (4 11 ),,,,,, (1 ), 4 11,, = 1,, = 0. 5,,, 0. 7 (2 ) ( 4 10 )(4 11 ),, (4 12), (3 ) Rj, Rj = 0, u= 0 (4 ), W Ea, W Ea

111 104 Q M, 0. 5 l1 3.,,, (1 ),,, q, q (Ea W ) m2 q, : (4 12), l1 l2, l2/ l1 = K, : 4 12 ( a) ; ( b ) : MA = - ql2 1 + K K : MB = ql K - 2 K K MC = ql K K3 1 + K ( 4 20a) : NB = 1 2 ql2, NC = 1 2 ql1 :

112 105 MA = - ql K K : MD = - ql K - K K : MC = ql K3 + 3 K K (4 20b) : NB = 1 2 ql2, NC = ql1-1 2 ND (2 ) ND = 1 2 ql K - K K,,,, AB ( 90 ) pa pb, AB 510, B = - (2. 55 ), A = + ( ),, 4 13, A B, pa ( 4 21 ) : pa = pa (1 + W sin ) ( 4 21 ) : W = W - 1, W = pb/ pa ; A A B : NA MA NB MB = pa R( W ) = pa R 2 W = pa R( W ) = pa R 2 W : NA NB A B ; MA MB A B ; R ( 4 22 ) 4 13,, N, N : N = ur : R; u, ( 4 17) N ( ) ( 4 23),,, 1.,

113 106,,,,, (1 ),,,,,, Q1 Q1, m1, q = E + W + Q1, 4 14, 4, q NM Q, 14 (2 ),,, q = E + W,, 2.,,,,,, (1 )( 4 15 ) G0, U, h, fm,,,, : 1 2 f m hu = G0, f m = 2 G0 hu x : f x = fm h x = 2G0 x h 2 U x : Sx = G0 h x f x x U = G0 x h d Sx d x = 0 x = h 2 - G0 x2 h Smax = 1 4 G0 ( 4 24) 1/ 2, 1/ 4, G0 h

114 107 (2 ) ( 4 16 ) G1 G2 G3, x Gx, f x, : f m = x : 2( G1 + G2 + G3 ) hu, fx = f m h x Sx = Gx fx x U ( 4 25 ),,, Smax, ( ) 16,,,,, m,,, 1. (4 17 ),,,,, : A ( m 2 ) ; Ah + cuh > A w Hw ( 4 26 ) ( kn/ m 3 ) ; h( m) ; c ( kn/ m 2 ) ; U ( m) ; w ( kn/ m 3 ) ; Hw ( m), ;,,,, ( 4 4),,,,,, (

115 108 Hw 4 18,, 45, 45[4 ; [ 4 [4 l 4 18 (a) ],, 18 ( b) ], (c) ], 18( c) A B, AB 45 h 1/ 2,, (1 ),,, : Mmax : p( kn/ m 2 ) ; r( m) ; = p r2 16 ( 3 + ) = p r2 ( 4 27) (), 1/ 6 (2 ),,, M1 M2 : M1 = a1 pl 2 1 M2 = a2 pl 2 1 : a1 a2, 4 3; p ( kn/ m 2 ) ; l1 () ( m) ( 4 28) (3 ) : h = 3. 5 K M bf t : h ( mm) ; + D ( 4 29) K, 2. 65; M( Nmm) ; b, 1 000mm;

116 109 f t N/ mm 2 ) ; D, m 4 3 l 1 / l 2 a 1 a 2 l 1 / l 2 a 1 a : l 1 l 2,,,,,,,,,,, (4 4 ),,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,, m,,, 0. 5mh < 2m,,, 4 19 h = G f ak - l 2tg : G( kn/ m) ; fak ( kpa) ; ( 4 30)

117 110 l( m) ; ( ), 45, (2 ),,,, (200mm200mm ), 100kPa (), n : n = G A f ak : G( kn) ; A ()( m 2 ) ; fak () ( kpa) 19 ( 4 31), m,,, ( 4 31 ), (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,, C20,,, 3. 0m,, 0. 8 (3 ) 70%,,,,,, : ; ; ( ), ;,,

118 111 1 ),,,, ( ),,, 4 20,,, :,,, (2 ),,,, 12m;,, 4 20, 4 21,, 4 21 (3 ) 1m,, 5m,, 0. 5%,,,,,,, (1 ),,,

119 112, ;, ;,,,, ( 0. 2kg, ),,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,, 200 mm;,,, (2 ),,,,,,, ( ),,, 0. 3m, 15cm,,,,,,,,,,,,, 34m,,,, 2m, 0. 5m,,,,

120 113,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,? 2.? 3. MA MB MC (4-20a)

121 114,,,, 5 1,, 20,,,,,,,, 5 1,,,,,,,,,,, (),, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,, 5 2,,, (3 ),,,,, (),,,,

122 115,, 5 2 (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,, (6 ) ( ),,,,,,, (7 ),,, (8 ),, (9 ),,,,,,,, (10) (),,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,,

123 116, ( ) 1. (),, ( a) ( ),,, ( b ) 5 3 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ; ( d) (),,,, 5 () 1. 3 (c) ( d) (1 ),,, 1),, 2),,,, 3),,,, 4),,,,,, (2 ),,, 1),,, 2),,, 2. (1 ),, ( ),

124 117, 5 3( c) (2 ),,,,, 5 3( d) ( ) (5 4 ) 1.,,,, H,,,,, mmh, H, H,,,,,,,

125 118, 3.,,,,,,,, 0. 2 % 1. 5 %,,,, 4.,,, ( ) (),, (),,,,,,,,, () 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, () :,,,,,,,,

126 (1 ),,,, ( t),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 000kN,,, kN,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, 1),, mm,, 30m,,, 12m, ( ) ( ), (,, ,, ) 2),,,, ( ),,

127 120 C 0, 400mm 90mm 550mm 100mm mm,1220, 6mm,, ( ), 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,, : (1 ),,, 1),,,,,,,,,,, :,, mm mm 410mm,, 300mm, 120r/ min,,,, :,,,,,,,,,

128 121,,, mm,, 30m,,,,,,,,,, 2m, 3. 5m, 2529m,, kN ;, 3. 1m, 2028m,, kN ; 2m, 31m,, kN ( ),, 5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9,, ( ),,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

129 122,,, : (5 ( 5 6), 7 ),,,,,,,,,,, 50m, 1 200mm :,,,, mm,,, 1m,, kN,,, 103m, 34, 800, m, 70 m,, kn,,,,,,,,, 6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; ( D800 ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 7 ; 6 ; 8 ; 9,, 23, 1/ 31/ 4,,,,

130 123,,, 20, mm,, 30cm :,,, ;,,,,,, D = mm, ( ) 3. 2,,, d Dmax : Dmax (2 ), :, ;,, :,, kg,, ( ) 1 4m,,,, mm,, (5 8 ),,,,,, 5 = d ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15, 87. 9m, 25, mm, :,,,,,, (),,,,,,

131 124,,,, mm, 30m, 1,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20m :,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, :, 20 80, 5 10,,, ,,,,

132 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c),,, ; ( d),,,, ; ( e), ,, 20m,,,,,,,, : ( ),, ;,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,

133 126, ;,,,, 2.,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, ( ),,,, 3.,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,, : (),,,, 0. 5m, 1. 5 m 5.,,,,,, ( ),,,, :,,,,, ( ),

134 127,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), ( ),,, ; ;, ;,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,, qs qp,,, () 1.,,,,,,,,,,,

135 128,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) Qqs s,,, Q0,, ( ), 5 11( c), s qs 5 11 ( b ) ( d), z, Q( z), qs ( z), s( z) qs ( z) z 5 11 d z, 5 : qs ( z) Ud z + Q( z) + dq( z) = Q( z) qs ( z) = - 1 U : U dq( z) d z 11( a), (5 1), qs ( z),, Q( z) z, dq( z); dq( z), Q( z) z, qs ( z),, A E p, Q( z),,, : qs ( z) = AE p U d2 s( z) d z 2 (5 2),,, ( ),,,

136 129 2.,, : (1 ), ( ),, 5 12 (a),,,,,,, ( ) ;,, 5 12( b ), 5 12 (2 )Eb/ Es,, : Eb/ Es = 1, L/ d = 25,, 5%, ; Eb/ Es = 100, L/ d = 25, 60 %,, ; Eb/ Es, (3 ) Ep/ Es (),, ; Ep/ Es 10 ( L/ d25),,,, (4 )D/ d, (5 )L/ d, L/ d : L/ d100,,,,,,, L/ d, L/ d ( ),,,,,,,, ;,

137 130,,, : (1 ),,,,,,, Q s,, Qu, 5 13( a) (2 ),,,,,, Q s Qu, 5 13( d) (3 ),,,,,,, Q s,, 5 13( f) (4 ),,, Q s,,,,,,, su ( su = 4060mm), su, 5 13( b ) 5 13 Q s (5 ),,, Q s, su = ( 3% 6% ) D, 5 13( c)

138 131 6 ),,,,,, Q s, 5 13( e),, Q s,, Q s,, Q s ( ),,, qsu su,,, su 57mm,, su 610mmqp u qsu,, qpu, d/ 4, d/ 10, d/ 12d/ 10,, ( ), Qa : Qa = Qu/ K (5 3) : K, K, K = 2, K = 3, K = 1. 52,, ( ),,,,,,, K = 2 Qa, qp u ( qs u ) ( qp u qs u ), Qu ( ) Qsu Qpu, : Qu = Qsu + Qpu (5 4), Qa, : Qa = Qs u + Qpu Ks Kp,,, Ks, Ks > Kp (5 5) < Kp, 5 13, Q Qs Qp Qs Q Qp Q, K = 2, Ks ( Qs u/ Qsa ) Kp ( Qp u/ Qpa ), Qs Q, Qp Q, Ks Kp, (1 )5 13( a), Ks = , Kp = 34

139 132 2 ) 5 13( d), Ks = , Kp = 34 (3 )5 13( f), Ks = , Kp = (4 )5 13( b ), Ks = , Kp = (5 )5 13( c), Ks = , Kp = (6 )5 13( e), Ks = , Kp = 34,, Ks Kp,,,, ;,,,,, : : (GB ), Ra (1 ) Ra ( 2, Ra ), 1%, 3,, (2 ), Ra (3 ): : Ra ; Ra = qpa Ap + up qsia li (5 6a) qpa qs ia, ; Ap ; up ; li i, : Ra = qpa Ap : qpa ( 5 6b) (4 ) ;,

140 133, ( JGJ94 94), : (1 ), Qu k (2 ),,,, (3 ),, : ( ),, ( ),,,,, ,,, 23,,,, 60cm,,, 1. 2,,,,, ,, 5 14,

141 134,,, ( ), (), 5 1,,,, 7,, 15,, 25,,,,,,,,,, 5 1 ( ) ( ) 4 d 2. 0m 4 d 2. 0 m 4 d 2. 0 m : d,,, / 81/ 10,, 0. 1mm( 1. 5 ),,,,,, : ( Q s ), 40 mm ;, 2, 24 ; 25m, Q s 60 80mm ;, 100mm ; (),,,,,,, 2. Q s,, Q s, 5 15,,

142 Q s 5 16 s lg Q Q s,, (1 ) Q s,, 5 15,,, Q s,, s lg Q, 5 16,, (2 ) Q s, s lgt, s lg t, 5 17,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 17, 1300kN s lgt, Q s, (3 ) Q s, s = 4060mm, ( d

143 136 s= ( ) d (, ), ( L/ d > 80) s = mm 40m,, 1%, 3, 50, 2,, i, i Sn Sn 0. 15, ; Sn > 0. 15,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 1. Qu, : Qu = Uli i f s i + qc Ap (5 7 ) : li i ( m) ; Ap ( m 2 ) ; 17 s lgt fs i i ( kpa), 5 kpa 5kPa ; qc 4 d( d )( kpa), 4 d

144 137 qc d qc, 4 d qc ; i, : qc > kpa fs i/ qc i = ( 10-1 fs i ) (5 8a) = (100-1 qc ) qc fs i/ qc i = ( 10-1 fs i ) ( 5 8b) = (100-1 qc ) (1 ) Quk Qu k = Qs k + Qpk = uqs ik + ps k Ap (5 9) : qs ik ps i ( kpa) ; li i ( m) ; u( m) ;, 5 2 ; ps k () ; 5 2 ( m ) h < 15 15h30 30 < h : h ( ), 15 h30 m,h ps qs ik,, qs k ps, 5 18A( g h) 6m ; B( oabc) ( ) ; C( ode f ) ; D( oe f ), D qsik 5 3 s 5 18 qsk ps

145 138 3 s p s / p sl s : p s ; p s l, 15cm 2, 7cm, 60 ps k : ps k1 ps k2, ps k = ( ps k1 +ps k2 )/ 2 ( 5 10) ps k1 > ps k2, psk = ps k2 ( 5 11) : ps k1 8 ; ps k2 4,, ps > 20M Pa, 5 4 C, ps k2 ps k1 ;, ps k2/ ps k C ( ) 5 5 ( ) p s ( M Pa) > 40 C 5/ 6 2/ 3 1/ 2 p sk2 / p sk / 6 2/ 3 1/ 2 (2 ) Quk, : Qu k = uli i f si +qc Ap ( 5 12) : fs i i ( kpa) ; qc, 4 d, 1 d ( kpa) ;, 2/ 3, 1/ 2; i i, : : i = ( fs i ) : i = 5. 05( fs i ) : 15cm 2, 60, cm, 300cm 2 ( ),,, 1. Quk Qu k, :

146 139 Qu k Qsk + Qpk = u qs ik + qpk Ap ( 5 13) : qs ik i, 5 6 ; qp k, qs ik (kpa) ( ) I L > < I L < I L < I L < I L I L < w < w e > e e < :, ; w : w = w/ w L ;, h, q sk : h( m )