( ),, ( CI P ) /. :, ISBN T U3 CIP (2004) : 122 : / mail.whut.edu.c

Transcription

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2 ( ),, ( CI P ) /. :, ISBN T U3 CIP (2004) : 122 : / yangxuezh@ mail.whut.edu.cn : : : / 16 : : 1 : 493 : : : 3000 : ,, : (027) ,

3 ,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, : 2 3, , 8 ; ; ; 1,,,,,

4 0 0.1 ( 1) 0.2 ( 3) 0.3 ( 4) ( 5) 1 ( 6) 1.1 ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) 1.2 ( 6) ( 7) ( 7) ( 7) ( 7) 1.3 ( 8) ( 8) ( 8) ( 8) ( 9) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) 1.4 (11) (11) (12) 1.5 (13) (13) (15) 1.6 (16) (16) (17) ( 1)

5 1.7 (18) (18) (18) 1.8 (21) (21) (22) (23) (24) (24) (25) (27) (28) 2 (31) 2.1 (31) (31) (31) 2.2 (34) (34) (36) 2.3 (38) (38) (42) (44) (47) (57) (57) 3 (58) 3.1 (58) (58) (59) (62) 3.2 (66) (66) (72) (83) (91) 3.3 (92) (92) 2

6 3.3.2 (94) (96) (97) (99) ( 100) 4 ( 102) 4.1 ( 102) ( 102) ( 105) 4.2 ( 107) ( 107) ( 110) ( 113) 4.3 ( 118) ( 118) ( 119) ( 124) 4.4 ( 125) ( 125) ( 126) ( 126) ( 128) ( 129) 5 ( 130) 5.1 ( 130) ( 130) ( 131) 5.2 ( 132) ( 132) ( 133) ( 133) ( 134) ( 134) 6 ( 135) 6.1 ( 135) ( 135) ( 136) 6.2 ( 137) 3

7 6.2.1 ( 137) ( 137) ( 138) ( 139) 7 ( ) ( 140) 7.1 ( 141) ( 141) ( 141) ( 145) 7.2 ( 147) ( 147) ( 148) ( 149) ( 149) 7.3 ( 151) ( 151) ( 152) ( 153) ( 154) ( 157) 8 ( 158) 8.1 ( 158) ( 158) ( 159) ( 160) ( 161) 8.2 ( 162) ( 162) ( 162) ( 164) 8.3 ( 165) 8.4 -( 166) ( 166) ( 167) 8.5 ( 168) ( 168) ( 171) ( 184) 4

8 ( 185) 9.1 ( 185) 9.2 ( 188) ( 188) ( 191) 9.3 ( 191) ( 191) ( 196) ( 198) 10 ( 199) 10.1 ( 199) 10.2 ( 200) ( 200) ( 200) ( 202) 10.3 ( 205) ( 205) ( 207) ( 210) 10.4 ( 211) ( 211) ( 213) ( 215) ( 222) 11 ( 223) 11.1 ( 223) ( 223) ( 228) 11.2 ( 230) ( 230) ( 230) ( 232) ( 232) ( 235) ( 241) 12 ( 242) 12.1 ( 242) ( 242) 5

9 ( 243) ( 244) ( 244) ( 244) ( 245) ( 245) 12.2 ( 246) ( 246) ( 253) ( 257) 13 ( 258) 13.1 ( 258) ( 258) ( 258) ( 259) 13.2 ( 259) 13.3 ( 260) ( 260) ( 262) 13.4 () ( 265) () ( 265) () ( 265) () ( 267) 13.5 ( 269) ( 269) ( 269) ( 269) 13.6 ( 271) 13.7 ( 271) ( 274) ( 277) ( 277) 13.8 ( 283) ( 283) ( 286) ( 287) ( 289) 1 ( 290) 2 ( 292) ( 302) 6

10 0.1, ( ),,,, ;, ;, (1 ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11 2 0,,,,, (2 ) (), :,,,,, 400,,,,,,,,,, 10,,, ( ), ( ) (3 ) :,,, ;, ; ;,, 21,, 250, ; 500,,, ( ) (4 ),,,,

12 ( ) 17, 17, 19 19, 1824, , 450m ( ), 305.4m( ), m () m, 88, 3,,, ;, 492m, 101,, 0. 1 : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ) 0. 1 C200, C N/ mm 2, 400 N/ mm 2,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 520N/ mm 2,, C60 C80, C100

13 N/ mm 2, 1000N/ mm 2,, 3060 N/ mm 2, 100 N/ mm 2, 40%,,,, H,,,,, (3 ) 100m,,, - ;,,, (4 ),,, 0.3,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,

14 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0.1?,?? 0.2???

15 ,, ; ;,, , ( ) ; ; :,,,,, 1.1.2, :,,,, ( N ) ( kn)1kn = 1000N, ;, ;, F F F 1.2,

16 ,,,,, 1.2.2,,,,,,,, 1.2.3,, :,,,,, 1.2.4,,, 1. 1,, ;,, :, 1. 1

17 ,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,, 1.3.2,,, FT 1. 2( a), FT 1 FT 2 FT 3 (1. 2 ( b) ), FT 4 (1. 2 ( c) ) ,,

18 1.3 9,, FN, , 1. 4 ( a) ( b),, 1. 4 ( c), 1. 4, 1. 5,,,,, FN K,,,,, 1. 5

19 , 1. 6 ( a) ( b) AB BC, 1. 6 ( c) ( d), ,, 1. 7 ( a), 1. 7 ( b),, (1. 7 ( a) )1. 7( c) , 1. 8 ( a) ( b),, 1. 8( c),, 1. 8( d), 1.3.8, (1. 9 ( a) ),,, 1. 9 ( b),,, 1. 9( c) 1.3.9,

20 ,, ,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ), ; (2 ) ;

21 ), F W,, ( a),,, ( ) F W, ( ) FTA () FNB ( 1. 10( b) ) A B F, A, B, ( a), A B,,, F; A, FA, FAx FAy ; B, FB,, ( b) ( c) ( a), AC CD C,, ACCD A D CD, F; D, F D ; C, FCx FCy, 1. 12( b) AC, q; B, ; A, F Ax F Ay ; C F C x F Cy F Cx F Cy 1. 12( c),, F q, ABD FAx FAy FB FD, C, 1. 12( d)

22 ( 1),, ( 2),,,, ( 3) ,,, ;, ;, (), ( a), F A, F x Oy, F A B x, a b, ab F x, Fx F y, Fy, A B y, ab, a b, :,

23 14 1 ;,. 13 F, x, : Fx = Fcos ( 1.1) Fy = Fsin ( 1.2),,,,, Fx Fy, F x : F = F 2 x + F 2 y ( 1.3) = arctan N, x y : Fy Fx ( 1.4) F 1x = F 1 cos45= = N F 1y = F 1 sin45= = N F 2x = - F 2 cos0= N F 2y = F 2 sin0= 0 F3x = F3 sin30= = 50N F3y = - F3 cos30= = N F 4x = - F 4 cos60= = - 50 N F 4y = - F 4 sin60= = N :

24 F = F1 + F2 + + Fn ( 1.5) Fx = F1 x + F2 x + + Fn x = Fx ( 1.6) Fy = F1y + F2y + + Fny = Fy ( 1.7),, x y,, , F1 = F2 = 100 N, F3 = 150N, F4 = 200 N, xoy : F x = F x = F 1 + F 2 cos50- F 3 cos60- F 4 cos20 = = N Fy = Fy = F2 sin50+ F3 sin60- F4 sin20 x : = = N F = F 2 x + F 2 y = ( ) = 169.7N = arctan F y F x = arctan1.4 = F x,f y,,(1. 15 ( b) ) F1 F2, 1. 13( b), : F1 = Fcos ( 1.8) F2 = Fsin ( 1.9), ; F1 F2 Fx Fy,

25 ,,,, ,,, ( 1. 16), F, O, O F d,, F O F d O F d, F O F d Fd F O, MO ( F), MO ( F) = Fd (1. 10) O, :, ;, : ( Nm) ( knm),,,,, :, : F = F1 + F2 + + Fn (1.11) MO ( F) = MO ( F1 ) + MO ( F2 ) + + MO ( Fn ) (1.12),,,,,,

26 m F, 160kN, F F A, F A M A ( F) = M A ( F 1 ) + M A ( F 2 ) = F 1 h 3 - F 2 b = 160 cos = 87kNm sin , ( F, F ) d,,,, ,,,,,,,, M( F, F ) M, M( F, F ) = Fd (1.13) :,, ;,, (1 ),, 1.18 (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 1. 18

27 ,,,,,,,, : M = M1 + M2 + + Mn = Mi (1.14) 1.7,, :,,,,, :,,, , :, : Fx = 0 ( 1.15 a) Fy = 0 ( 1.15 b) MO ( F) = 0 (1.15c),,, - - :

28 x A B : A B C Fx 0 ( 1.16 a) MA ( F) = 0 ( 1.16 b) MB ( F) = 0 (1.16c) MA ( F) = 0 ( 1.17 a) MB ( F) = 0 ( 1.17 b) MC ( F) = 0 (1 ) (1.17c) O, MO ( F) = 0,, :, (2 ) Fx = 0 ( 1.18 a) Fy = 0 ( 1.18 b),,, x, x, Fx 0, : Fy = 0 ( 1.19 a) MO ( F) = 0 ( 1.19 b),, : MA ( F) = 0 ( 1.20 a) MB ( F) = 0 ( 1.20 b), A B, (3 ),

29 20 1, : : M = 0 (1.21),,, (a) (1 ) ( 2) ( 1. 19( b) ) A B FA FB, ( 3), : M B = F A 15 = 0 FA = = 28kN ( ) F y = 0 F A + F B = 0 FB = = 12kN () : M A = F B = = 0,,,,,,,, / ( N/ m ),,, : Fq, (1 ) A B = qa, a ( 2) ( 1. 20( b) ) F q m A B F Ax F Ay m ( 3), : F x = 0 F Ax = 0

30 1.8 21, : M A = 0 M A - M - Fl - ql l 2 = 0 M A = M + Fl ql2 Fy = 0 FAy - ql - F = 0 F Ay = F + ql MB = FAy l + M - MA ql2 = ( F + ql) l + M - ( M + Fl ql2 ) , : (1 ) (2 ) 1 2 ql2 = 0 (3 ),, (4 ) ,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,, (2 )

31 22 1,,,, (3 ) (4 ),,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, , : (1 )( ( a) ( b) ), ( ) (2 ) ( ( c) ), (3 ) ( ( d) ),, (4 ) ( ( e) ),,,

32 (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,,,, ;,,, ( Pa) 1Pa = 1N/ m 2, ( kpa) ( M Pa) (G Pa) 1kPa = 10 3 Pa 1M Pa = 10 6 Pa

33 G Pa = 10 9 Pa 1MPa = 1N/ mm 2,,,,, : ,, ;,, ( a) ( b), : l = l1 - l (1.22),l,, l, l = l l = l1 - l l (1.23) ( c),,,,, ,,,, : = E (1.24) E,, 1.8.5,, ( ), : (1 ), (2 ), (3 )

34 , ,,,,,,,,, ,, 1. 1 x C = a 3 y C = h 3 A = ah 2 yc = h 3 A = ah 2 yc = 4 r 3 A = r2 2

35 xc = 3 4 a y C = 3 10 b A = 1 3 ab xc = 3 5 a y C = 3 8 b A = 2 3 ab (1 ), :, (2 ) (3 ) :, : Fx = 0 : Fy = 0 MO ( F) = 0

36 27 : Fx 0 MA ( F) = 0 MB ( F) = 0 x A B A B C MA ( F) = 0 MB ( F) = 0 MC ( F) = 0, : : Fx = 0 Fy = 0 F y = 0 M O ( F) = 0, (4 ) M = 0,,,, (5 ) :, 1.1?? 1.2? 1.3? 1.4 : ( 1) ( 2) ?

37 28 1.7,,?? 1.8? 1.9? 1.10? 1.1 ( ) A B , F 1 = F 2 = F 3 = F 4 = F 5 = F 6,= 30, , F 1 = 10N, F 2 = 6N, F 3 = 8 N, F 4 = 12 N O 1.6 A BAC, AB C,A F W, A BAC 1.7 9m,BC F W1 = 8kN,F W2 = 37k N,F = 6kN, 1. 28, O FW = 5kN,

38 FW : F = 400 N, a = 1m, M = 100Nm, q = 1000 N/ m, A F W1 = 500k N, 1.5m, = 250kN, 10m,, F W3 x

39

40 , ;,,,, ; 2.1,, 2.1.1, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, ,,, ,,,,,

41 32 2 (1 ),, (),, ( GB ) ( ), ( ) 25kN/ m 3, 200mm 500mm = 2.5kN/ m (2 ) ( kn/ m 2 ) c f q 1 (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) (2 ) : (1 )(2m) (2 ) ( 6m6m) : 9 (1 ) (2 ) : 10 (1 ) (2 )

42 ( kn/ m 2 ) c f q : 11 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) : 12 (1 ) (2 ) :,, ;,,, ( kn/ m 2 ) c f q :,, ;,, ;, ;, ;, , q Qk, Qk q , q, 2kN/ m 2, q = 0.4, 20.4 = 0.8kN/ m ,,, ()

43 34 2, c Qk c, f Qk f, ,, () , ; ( ),,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,

44 2.2 35, ( ) ( ), ( GB ) ( ),,, ,,,,, : (1 ),, : ; ( ) ; ; ( ),,,,, (2 ),, : ; ( ) ; ;,,,,, , ( ) ( ), S,,, R

45 36 2 Z, S R, Z = g( S, R) = R - S ( 2.1), S R, Z, : Z > 0, ; Z < 0, ; Z = 0, g( S, R) = R - S = , : R, ; S S R ( 2.2),, (1 ) S = 0 ( G SGk + n Q1 SQ1 k + i = 2 Q i c i SQ ik ) ( 2.3) 0 100, 1.1; 50, 1.0; 5, 0.9;, ; G :, 1.2;, 1.35 :, 1.0 ;, 0.9; SGk Gk ; Q i i 1.4; 4 kn/ m 2 1.3;,,

46 SQ ik Qik SQ k ; c i Qi n 2.4, ; 2.4 : G Gk (2 ) S = 0 ( n G SGk + i = 1 Q i c i S Q ik ) ( 2.4),,, G SGk Q SQk, Q Qk, 2.1,, bh = 200mm400mm, l0 = 5m : 7kN/ m, 10k N/ m( ) c = 0.7, 0 = kN/ m 3, = 2k N/ m gk = = 12k N/ m M gk = 1 8 g k l 2 0 = = 37.5k Nm : 0 ( G M gk Mqk = 1 8 qk l2 0 = = kNm + c Q M qk ) = 1.0 ( ) = k Nm : 0 ( G M gk + Q M qk ) = 1.0 ( ) = kNm M = kNm ,, S Q1k, S Q1k,

47 38 2 : Sd C ( 2.5) Sd ; C,,, (1 ), ( ),,,,, (), H PB235H RB335 H RB400 RRB400 H PB235 Q235, 820mm, mm ; H RB335 20MnSi, 6 50mm, mm; H RB400 20MnSiV 20MnSiNb 20MnTi, H RB335 ; RRB400 GB13014 KL400, K20MnSi,, 840mm, mm, ( ), 2. 1 H PB235, H RB335 H RB400 RRB400 ( GB ) (), ( ) H RB400 H RB335, H PB235 RRB400

48 H RB400. 1,,,, ; HRB335 H RB400,,, ; H PB235,,, ; RRB400,, 1 (2 ) 1) Q ( F b ZTZ) Q ; ( N/ mm 2 ) ; A B C D, ; F b Z TZ,, Z TZ,, A,,, B C D,,, Q235 A B C D, A B, C, D : Q235A 235N/ mm 2, A, ; Q235BF 235N/ mm 2, B, ( 5% ),, Q, A E A, B C D E ( GB/ T ), Q295 Q345 Q390 Q420 Q460,

49 40 2 Q345E 345 N/ mm 2 E A B, C D E ( GB ) ( ), Q235 Q345 Q390 Q420 2) ( ) mm, 0.73m, 412m; mm, m, 0.54m,, 460mm, 30200mm, 39m, ( mm ), H T, ( ), L ( mm), L mm10mm ( ) L, L100808, 20200mm, 25 mm16mm200mm125mm [ ( cm), a b c, [30a 30cm [25Q, Q,,, I ( cm), I1620,, a b c ( a ), I30bI 25Q 1063, 1070 H H H H, H, H WHM H N H P H ( mm ), H W H H, H H WMN P wid e middle nar row pile

50 2.3 41,,, H H, T H H, TW TM TN T T T, H, TN mm 200mm 12mm T T T,, ( mm ), mm,, (2.3 ( a) ( i) ), 0.42mm,,,, ;,, (2.3 ( j) ), 0.42mm, 2.3 ( a) ( i) ; ( j) , ;,,,, 95%,, 97.73%, 95 %,, S S 1.15

51 (N/ mm 2 ) f yk f yk f y f y HPB235 ( Q235) H RB335(20MnSi) H RB400(20MnSiV MnSiNb 20 MnTi) RRB400 ( K20 MnSi) R :, 300N/ mm 2, 300N/ mm (N/ mm 2 ) ( ) (mm) f f v f ce Q235 > 1640 > > Q345 > 1635 > > Q390 > 1635 > > Q420 > 1635 > > :, f cu, k, C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80 14

52 C15 ; H RB335, C20; H RB400 RRB400, C ,,,, c, c = (N/ mm 2 ) C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80 fc, k ft, k (N/ mm 2 ) C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80 f c f t :, 300 mm, 0.8 ;, ,, ; a ; b ; ; C10

53 44 2 (1), 50, ( kg/ m 3 ) ( % ) ( kg/ m 3 ) C a C b C C : 0.06 %, 300kg/ m 3, 25 kg/ m 3,,, (2 ), 100 : C30, C % ;, 3.0kg/ m 3 40% ;, (3 )100 (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ), ; (7 ),, :,, (1 ), :

54 ; ; 50% (2 ) ( , ),,, (3 ),, , ( a) ; ( b),,,,,, (1 ), la : la ; la = f y f t f y ; d ( 2.6) f t, C40, C40 ; d ;, (2.6 ), 0.7, 250mm: H RB335HRB400 RRB400, 25mm 1.1,

55 ; H RB335HRB400 RRB ; () 1.1;,,, ( ) H RB335HRB400 RRB400 ( 2.5 ), (2.6 ) ( a) 135; ( b) ; ( c) (2 ), ( 2.6 ) ,, ; 28mm 32mm (1 ), 2. 6, ( a) ; ( b), (2.6 ) ll, 300mm ll = la 300mm ( 2.7) la ;, ( % )

56 2.3 47, ( 2.7) 0.7, 200mm 1.3, (2.7 ) ( ),, 25% ;, 50 %, 50% ;, 2.7, 0.25, s 5, 100mm (2.8 ) ;, s 10, 200mm mm, 100mm ( d ) (2 ) 35 d( d ), 50%, ; 50% (3 ) 35 d( d ) 500mm 50%,

57 ) :, 78% 1),, 240mm115mm 53 mm, m 3 512,,,, MU30MU25MU20MU15 MU10,,, MU25MU20MU15 MU MU25MU20MU15, MU10,,,,, MU20MU15MU10 MU7.5, ( GB ) ( ) MU7.5,,, 200,,,,, ( 25%, ), mm, mm, 90mm KM1KP1 K P2 (2.9 ), 1/ 4 1/ 3,, 40%, 20%,, MU30MU25MU20MU15 MU10,

58 ).9 ( a) K M1 ; ( b) K M1 ; ( c) K P1 ; ( d) K P2 ; ( e) ( f ) KP2, mm,, mm 900mm,,,,, 390mm 190mm190mm ( 2.10 ), MU20MU15MU10 MU7.5 MU5 3) 2. 10,,, : MU100MU80MU60 MU50 MU40MU30 MU20,, 10mm, 200mm, 1/ 4, 15mm, 20mm,, 200mm, 25mm

59 mm (2 ),,,,,, : 1),,,, 2),,,,,, 3),,,,, 4),,,, Mb 70.7 mm 28d, M15 M10 M7.5M5 M2.5,, 6m : MU10, MU7.5, MU30, M5 50,, MU10 MU10 MU7.5 MU30 M5 MU15 MU10 MU7.5 MU30 M7.5 MU20 MU15 MU10 MU40 M10 :,,,,, Cb20 50, (1 )

60 ), 120mm ( ) 240mm ( ) 370mm ( ) 490 mm ( )620mm (), 180 mm 300mm 420 mm,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 2),, 34mm, 68mm (2.11 ),,, ( a) ; ( b), (2.12 ( a) ( b) ( c) ),,, (),

61 ( a) ( b) ( c) ; ( d) (), ( 2.12 ( d) ),, (2.13 ), 2.13,,, 1020 (2 ) 1),,,,,,,, 15%,,, 20%, 2),,,

62 2.3 53,,, 3), ;,,,, 50%,,,,, 812mm; 5mm, 20mm 4), ( GB ) 80%, A B C, ( 2.14), A, 5%, C, 2.14 A B C, ;, ;,,, ; ;,, ;,,,,, ; ; ;, 20 % 70% (3 ) 28d, B, (, ) 80 % 65 %, 20 %

63 f(mpa) M15 M10 M7.5 M5 M2.5 0 MU MU MU MU MU f( MPa) M15 M10 M7.5 M5 0 MU MU MU MU f (MPa) Mb15 Mb10 Mb7.5 Mb5 0 MU MU MU MU MU :, 0.8;, 0.7; T, 0.85; % f( MPa) Mb10 Mb7.5 Mb5 0 MU MU MU : ;, 0.8

64 f( MPa) M7.5 M5 M2.5 0 MU MU MU MU MU MU MU :, : 1.5, 1.3, 1.2, f (MPa) M7.5 M5 M2.5 0 MU MU MU MU MU MU MU a : 1), 9m, 7.5m,, a = 0.9; 2), A 0.3m 2, a = A, A m 2 ; 3), a = 0.9 ; 4), a = 1.1 ; 5) C, a = 0.89 C

65 ), : (2 ),,, (), 1 (3 ),, (4 ),, ;,, (5 ) ( )( ) (6 )Z Z > 0, ; Z < 0, ; Z = 0, (7 ) : SR, S, : S = 0 ( G SGk S = 0 ( + Q1 SQ1 k + G SGk + n i = 1 n i = 2 Q i Q i c i S Q ik ) c i SQ ik ) (8 )H PB235 HRB335 H RB400 RRB400 H PB235, (9 ), (10),

66 57 11) fcu, k, C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80 14 C15 ; HRB335, C20 ; HRB400 RRB400, C20 (12),, (13), (14) (15) : ; ; ; 2.1? 2.2?? 2.3?? 2.4?? 2.5?? 2.6?? ? 2.9?? 2.10??? 2.11?? 2.12??? 2.13?? 2.1,M gk = 45k Nm, M qk = 25kNm, c = 0.7, M 2.2, bh = 200mm500mm, l0 = 4m, ( ) 14kN/ m, 9k N/ m, c = 0.7,

67 ,,,,, ,,,,, ( ) (), , ( 3.2 ( a) ( b) ( c) ), (3.2 ( d) ) ( ),,,,,, ;, ;

68 ( a) ( b) ( c) ; ( d),,,, ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ( d) ( a) m-m (3.4 ( b) ), V M,, V M 3.4 ( c)v, ; M, ( N ) ( kn ) ; ( N m) ( knm) :, (3. 5 ( a) ( b) ) ;, 3. 4

69 60 3 (3. 5 ( c) ( d) ) : (1 ); (2 ), ; (3 ), ; (4 ), ( a), F 1 = F 2 = 8k N, 1-1 (1 ) A B, F A F B ( a) ( b) ; ( c) ( d) M A = 0 : 2 F F 2-8 F B = 0 F B = (2 F F 2 )/ 8 = ( )/ 8 = 7k N F y = 0 : F A + F B - F 1 - F 2 = 0 FA = F1 + F2 - FB = = 9k N ( 2) , V M 3.6 ( b) ( ) F y = 0 : M A F A - F 1 - V = 0 V = - F 1 + F A = = 1kN = 0 : M - 2 F 1-4V = 0 M = 2 F1 + 4V = = 20kNm VM,,, ( a) ,, V M, 3.7( b) F y = 0 : V - 2q - F = 0 V = 2 q + F = = 36kN M1-1 = 0 :

70 M - 2q 1 - F2 = 0 M = - ( ) = - 56kNm V, M, : (1 )V, (), V = F, (2 )M, ( ), M = Mc ( F) M,,,,, AB EF F = 5kN, m = 6kNm, q = 4kN/ m (1 ), FA FB MB = 0 : 6 F A + 2 q F - m - 8 F = 0 F A = ( - 2 q F + m + 8 F)/ 6 = ( = 8kN )/ F y = 0 : FA + FB - F - F - 2 q = 0 F B = - F A + F + F + 2 q = = 10kN ( 2), A : V A = - F = - 5kN M A = - F2 = - 52 = - 10k Nm A : V A = - F + F A = = 3kN MA = - F2 = - 52 = - 10k Nm

71 62 3 E V E = - F + F A = = 3k N M E = - F4 + F A 2 = = - 4kNm E : V E= - F + FA = = 3k N M E = - F4 + F A 2 - m = = - 10k Nm F : VF= - F + FA = = 3k N M F = - F6 + F A 4 - m = = - 4kNm F : VF= - F + FA - F = = - 2kN MF= - F6 + FA 4 - m = = - 4kNm B : V B = - F + F A - F = = - 2k N MB= - F8 + FA 6 - m - F2 = = - 8kNm B : V B = - F + F A - F + F B = = 8kN MB= - F8 + FA 6 - m - F2 = = - 8kNm,,, ;,, 3.1.3,, x, x, : V x = V ( x) ( 3.1) Mx = M( x) ( 3.2) (3. 1 )(3. 2 ),,, x, x ; : (1 )( ) (2 ), ( ),,

72 (3 ), ( 4) V M V max Mmax ( a), (1 ),F A = F B = 1 2 ql( ) ( 2) A x, V( x) = F A - qx = 1 2 ql - qx (0 < x < l) M( x) = F A x - ( 3) 1 2 qx2 = 1 2 ql x qx2 ( 0 x l),, x = 0 +, V ( x) = V A = 1 2 ql; x = l -, V ( x) = V B = ql,, x = 0, M( x) = M A = 0; x = l/ 2, M( x) = M C = 1 8 ql2 ; x = l, M( x) = MB = 0 3.9( b) ( c),,, Vmax = 1 2 ql;, Mmax = 1 8 ql ( a) (1 ) M A = 0 : FB l - Fa = 0 F B = Fa () l M B = 0 : ( 2) Fb - FA l = 0 F A = Fb () l x 0 x l

73 C F, AC CB AC : A x1,, V( x1 ) M( x1 ), 3.10( b) CB : A x ( c) ( 3) V ( x1 ) = FA = Fb l (0 < x1 < a) M( x 1 ) = F A x 1 = Fb x 1 ( 0 x 1 a) l,, V ( x 2 )M( x 2 ), V( x 2 ) = F A - F = Fb l - F = - Fa l ( a < x 2 < l) M( x 2 ) = F A x 2 - F( x 2 - a) = Fa( l - x 2 )/ l ( a x 2 l) V : AC CB AC CB 3.10 ( d) V( x 1 ) = Fb/ l V( x 2 ) = - Fa/ l M : AC CB,, x 1 = 0, M A = 0; x 1 = a x 2 = a, M C = Fab/ l; x 2 = l, M B = ( e), V M :, V, M ;, V, M ;, V, ; M () ;, V, M, ;

74 3.1 65,, ,,,,,

75 T T L I, 3.11, T,,, ,,, 3.2, h mm, h 800mm 50mm, h > 800mm 100mm ; T b mm, 250mm 50mm h/ b, 23.5, T 2.54, mm, mm,,

76 h/ l 0 h/ l 0 1/ 12 1/ 15 1/ 6 1/ 20 1/ 25 1/ 8 1/ 12 1/ 15 1/ 6 1/ 351/ 40 1/ 401/ 50 1/ 101/ 12 1/ 321/ 40 1/ 301/ 35 : l 0 l 0 9 m, (mm) 700mm > 700mm 500mm > 500mm (1 ), (3.13 ),, ; 3. 13

77 68 3,,,, ;,, 1225mm h < 300mm, d8mm; h300mm, d10mm ;, 2mm, 2, 34,,,,,, 3.14, 3. 14,,,, (mm) ( m) < 4 46 > 6 ( mm) ,, 45, h > 800mm 60, () 3.5 V > 0. 7 f t bh0 50mm, 3. 15, 3.15

78 s max (mm) h( mm) V > 0.7 f t bh0 V0.7 f t bh0 150 < h < h < h h > , h > 300mm, ; h = mm, 1/ 4, 1/ 2, ; h < 150mm, H PB235 H RB335 H RB400 h800mm, 6mm; h > 800 mm, 8mm, 1/ 4, 12mm6 8 10mm 3.5, 15 d( d ), 400mm; 5 18mm, 10 d, 3.16 T,, b150mm, ; b400mm, 4, ; b> 400mm, 3, 400mm 4, 3.16 ( )50mm, la s, 0.25, 10,, 3.17,, 135, 50mm, 5 d

79 ,,,, hw 450mm, ( ),, 3.18 ( ) bhw 0.1 %, 200mmhw :, T, I, 3.19, (2 ) 3.19 h w, 3.20, mm,,, 3.20

80 h50 mm, 200mm; h > 150mm, 1.5 h, 250mm70 mm,,, ; ; H PB235H RB335, 6 8 mm 15%, 0.15% 6mm, 250mm;,, 200 mm,, ,, ; ;,, (mm) C20 C25C45 C50 C20 C25C45 C50 C20 C25C45 C a b : 40 mm; 70 mm, C20, 5 mm, 15 mm;,, 10 mm ; 10 mm, 10 mm 15 mm

81 72 3, : C20, 30mm, 20 mm; C25, 25mm, 15mm 3.2.2, :,, ;,,,, (1 ), = As, As bh0 ; b ; h0,,,, ( ) :,,, 3.22( a),,, tu,,, a a, Mcr, 3.22 ( b) () :, tu,,,,,,,,,, 3.22 ( c)

82 f y, My, a, 3.22 ( d) ( ) :,,,,, (3.22( e) ) ( a ),,,, (3.23 ( a) ),, Mu a (3.22( f ) ) 3.23 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c), ( My Mu ),,,,,,, ( 3.23 ( b) ),,,,,,,,,,,,

83 74 3, 3.23 ( c),, (2 ) A., a, xn 3.24 ( b),, 3.24 ( c) x = 1 xn, 1 fc, fc, 1, 1, a ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C ( c),, : M ; f c, 2.8 ; f y, 2.5 ; x 1 fc bx = f y As ( 3.3) M 1 fc bx( h0 - x/ 2) ( 3.4) M As f y ( h0 - x/ 2 ) ( 3.5)

84 ) ( 3.5) : 1), b x b h0 ; 2), min As As, min b m in, b = m in bh, mi n,,,,, x h0,,= x/ h0, b b > b,, ; b,, b b b C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80 HPB H RB H RB400 RRB : (3.4 ), x = b h0, : Mu, max = 1 fc bh 2 0 b ( b ) ( 3.6),,, min, : min, a Mcr ( Mcr a ) min,,,,,,, mi n min 3.9, min : B. m in = max( 0.45 f t/ f y, 0.2% ) ( 3.7), :, 1)

85 ( % ) ft/ fy, 0.2 :, H RB400 R RB400, 0.1 ; C60, 0.1 ; ;, : M,,, b h : As : h0 h; h0 = h - as ( 3.8) as,, as as (mm) C20 C x, x = h0 - h M 1 f c b ( 3.9) x b h0, ;,,, As, As = 1 fc bx/ f y (3.10) As m in bh, ;, As 2) = m in bh : b h, As,,, M : : h0

86 As m in bh, x b h0, ; x > b h0, ; As < m in bh, x As fy 1 fc b (3.11) Mu Mu = As f y ( h0 - x/ 2) (3.12) Mu = Mu, max = 1 fc bh 2 0 b ( b ) (3.13), ( ) MMu, 3.6, M = 80kNm, bh = 200mm 450mm, C25, H RB400 f c = 11.9 N/ mm 2, f t ( 1) h 0 = 1.27N/ mm 2, f y = 360 N/ mm 2, 1 = 1.0, b = 0.518,h 0 = h - 35 = = 415mm ( 2) x, x = h 0 - h = 91.0mm < b h 0 ( 3) A s, A s 2 M 1 fc b = = = 215.0mm = 1 f c bx/ f y = / 360 = 601.6mm f t/ fy = / 360 = 0.16% < 0.2%, min = 0.2 % A s, min = 0.2% = 180mm 2 < A s = 601.6mm 2 ( 4) 4 14 ( As = 615mm 2 ), ,, bh = 250mm550mm, 10kN/ m( ), kN/ m, l 0 = 6m, C20, H RB335 fc = 9.6N/ mm 2, f t = 1.10 N/ mm 2, f y = 300 N/ mm 2, b = 0.550, 1 = 1.0, 0 = 1.0, c = 0.7 ( 1) M 25kN/ m 3, g k = = kN/ m :

87 78 3 M gk 1 8 g k l 2 0 = ( G Mgk 0 ( G M gk = k Nm M qk = 1 8 q k l 2 0 = = 54k Nm + Q c Mqk ) = 1.0 ( ) = k Nm + Q M qk ) = 1.0 ( ) = kNm M = kNm ( 2) h 0,h0 = h - 40 = = 510mm ( 3) x, x = h0 - h = 140.4mm < b h 0 ( 4) A s, As 2 M 1 f c b = = = 280.5mm = 1 fc bx/ fy = / 300 = mm f t / f y = / 300 = 0.17% < 0.2 %, min = 0.2% min bh = 0.2 % = 275mm 2 < A s = mm 2 ( 5) ( A s = 1137mm 2 ), , bh = 200mm 500mm, C25, 3 18, 25mm M = 105k Nm fc = 11.9 N/ mm 2, ft ( 1) h 0,h0 = h - 35 = = 465mm ( 2) = 1.27N/ mm 2, fy = 360 N/ mm 2, b = 0.518, 1 = 1.0, As = 763mm 2 x = As f y 1 f c b = = 115.4mm < b h = = 240.9mm 0.45 f t / f y = / 360 = 0.16 % < 0.2 %, min = 0.2% min bh = 0.2% = 200mm 2 < A s = 763mm 2 ( 3) M u,, M u = f y A s ( h 0 - x/ 2) = ( / 2 ) = Nmm = kNm > M = 105k Nm

88 T,,,,, T T, T ( 3.27 ( a) ), ( 3.27 ( b) ) ( 3.27 ( c) ) (3.27( d) -) T, T,,, bh (3.27( d)-) (1 ) 3.27 T, T,,,,,,,,, bf, T I L b f T I L 1 l0 l0/ 3 l0/ 3 l0/ 6 2 ( ) s n b + s n b + s n / 2 3 h f : b ( 3.28 ) (2 ) T h f / h b+ 12 h f 0.05h f / h 0 < 0.1 b + 12 h f b+ 6 h f b + 5 h f h f / h 0 < 0.05 b + 12 h f b b + 5 h f, T ( 3.28 ), (3.29 ) T, T,, xhf, T, T

89 80 3 x; f y As hft fc bf hf (3.14) M 1 fc bf hf ( h0 - hf / 2 ) (3.15) (3.14) ( 3.15 ) T (3.14 ), (3.15) (3 ) 1) T 3.28, T, bf x,, T bfh, : 1 f c bf x = fy As (3.16) M 1 f c bf x h0 - x 2 (3.17) T 3.28 T T, : As1, Mu1 ; As 2, Mu2 3.29, Mu = Mu1 + Mu2, As = As1 + As2, : 2) 1 f c hf ( bf- b) + 1 fc bx = fy As (3.18) M 1 fc hf ( bf- b) ( h0 - : x b h0 hf 2 ) + 1 fc bx h0 - x 2 (3.19) T,

90 As min bh min.29 T ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) T,,, bh T bh, T, = As bh0, b T, : M,,, : As , 3.31, 4.8m, 100k Nm, C25 H RB400 f c = 11.9 N/ mm 2, f t = 1.27N/ mm 2, f y = 360 N/ mm 2, 1 = 1.0, b = 0.518

91 T ( 1) b f 3.11 : ,h0 = h - 35 = = 365mm l 0 : b f = l 0 / 3 = 4800/ 3 = 1600mm s n : b f = b+ s n = 3000mm hf : hf / h0 = 80/ 365 = > 0.1, b f = 1600mm ( 2) T 1 fc bf hf ( h0 - hf / 2 ) = (365-80/ 2 ) T ( 3) x = Nmm > M = 100k Nm x = h 0 - h = 14.68mm ( 4) As, 2 M 1 fc b =

92 A s = 1 f c b f x/ f y = / 360 = 782.8mm f t/ fy = / 360 = 0.16% < 0.2%, min = 0.2 % min bh = 0.2% = 160mm 2 < As = 782.8mm ( As = 763mm , = 2.5% < 5 %, ), T, 3.32, 7m, 695kNm, C25 H RB400, f c = 11.9 N/ mm 2, f t = 1.27N/ mm 2, f y = 360 N/ mm 2, 1 = 1.0, b = 0.518,h 0 = = 740mm ( 1) b f l 0 : b f = l 0 / 3 = 7000/ 3 = mm : h f / h 0 = 100/ 740 = > 0.1, b f = b+ 12 h f = = 1500mm 600mm, b f = 600mm ( 2) T T ( 3) x 1 f c b f h f ( h 0 - h f / 2) = ( / 2) = Nmm < M = 695k Nm x = h 0 - h 2 0-2[ M - 1 f c ( b f - b) h f ( h 0 - h f / 2 ) ] 1 fc b ( 4) As = [ ( ) 100 ( / 2 ) ] = mm < b h 0 As = = mm = 1 fc bx/ f y + 1 fc ( bf- b) hf / f y = / ( ) 100/ 360 = mm ( A s = 2945mm 2 ), ,,,,, M, V, 3.33 ( a)m V,,,,

93 ( b) ),,,,, 3.33 ( a) ; ( b),,,,, = a/ h0, a,, (1 ), (> 3),,,,,, 3.34 ( a), (2 ), (= 13),, ( ),,,,

94 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c), 3.34( b), (3 ) (< 1 ),,,, 3.34( c),, , s v,,, (1 ), (3.35), : V u = Vc + Vs v + Vs b (3.20) Vu ; Vc, ; Vs v ; Vs b 3.35, ( 3.20 )Vc V sv,, V cs = V c + Vs v, : V u = V cs + V sb (3.21), T I, :

95 86 3 V Vcs 0.7 f t bh f yv As v s h0 (3.22) (, 75% ), : V V cs = f t, 2.8 ; f t bh0 + As v fyv h0 (3.23) s Asv As v = n As v1, n, s; As v1 ; f yv 2.5, fyv 360N/ mm 2 ; < 1.5, = 1.5; > 3, = 3, f y ; V Vu = Vcs fy As b sin s (3.24) As b (3.24) 0.8,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, T I, : hw/ b4.0(, ) hw/ b6.0() 4.0 < hw/ b< 6.0 b, T I ; V 0.25 c fc bh0 (3.25) V 0.2 c f c bh0 (3.26) V c ( 14 - hw/ b) fc bh0 (3.27) hw h0, T, I ( 3.19 ) ; c C50, c = 1.0; C80, c = 0.8,,

96 s v = Asv bs = nas v1 bs s v, m in = 0.24 f t/ fyv (3.28) As v As v = n As v1, n, As v1 ; b, T I ; s (1 ), :, ;, ;, ;, (2 ) 3.36 : V,,,, : : (3.25) (3.27),,,,, (3 ) V 0.7 f t bh0 (3.29) V f t bh0 (3.30) Asv s V f t bh fyv h0 (3.31)

97 88 3 As v s V f t bh0 fyv h0 (3.32) As v s, n d, s, n s, d3.2.1,, (3.28) 3.11, 250mm500mm, h0 = 465mm,, kNC25, H PB235 f c = 11.9 N/ mm 2, f t ( 1) ( 3.25) ( 2) ( 3) A sv s = 1.27N/ mm 2, f yv = 210N/ mm 2, c = 1.0 h w / b = h 0 / b = 465/ 250 = 1.86 < c fc bh0 = = N = kN > V = k N 0.7 f t bh 0 = V f t bh fyv h0 = N = k N < V = kN = , 6mm, 8 ( A sv1 s Asv smax = 200mm,s= 140mm ( 4) sv = na sv1 bs = nas v = = = 0.676mm 2 / mm = 50.3mm 2 ), = 149mm = 0.29 % sv, min = 0.24 f t / f yv = / 210 = 0.15% < sv = 0.29 % ,,, (1 )

98 3.2 89,, ( ),,,,,,, 3.37,, 3.37,,,, 20 d, 10 d( d ), 10 d, ( a) ; ( b) 3.39,,,, 3.39 (2 ),,,, MC MD (3.40 ),

99 90 3,,, las 3.12, 2, b < 100mm 1,,,, l as V0.7 f t bh 0 V > 0.7 f t bh 0 ( ) 5 d 15 d 12 d C25, 15 d : d ;, 1.5 h, 75 % 3.41 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) la s 5 d( d

100 3.2 91, 400mm, 1/ 3;, (3 ),,,,,, ( ), 2, 12 d, ,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, : f [ f ] (3.33) [ f ] [ f ] = ( 1/ 200 1/ 400) l0, [ f ] = (1/ 5001/ 600) l0, l0 (3.33),,,,, ( T I ),,

101 : ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ),,, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), (2 ) (3 ),, wmax : wl im, wlim wmax wl im (3.34) = mm (3.34),, : ;, ; ; ; ;, ,,,

102 3.3 93,,,,,, ( 3.43 ( a) ) H (3.43 ( b) ) ( 3.43 ( c) ), H,,,, H ( H N ),,,,, () (3.43( d)( f ) ), (3.43( g) ), T (3.43( h) ), ( 3.43 ( i) ) (3.43( j) ) (3.43 ( k) ),,, 3.43 ( a) ( b) ( c) ( d) ( e) ( f) ; ( g) ( h) ( i) ( j) ( k),,,,, ,,, 3.44,,,,, ( ) (3.45 ( a) ( d) ) ( 3.45 ( e) ) (3.45( f ) )

103 ,, T T, () H,, (),,, ,,, 3.46,,, y,,,,,,,,, 3.46

104 ( ), (3.47( a) ) ;,, ( 3.47 ( b) ) 3.47 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 ; ,,,, (3.48 ), 3.48 ( a) ; ( b)

105 96 3,,,,,,, :, ;, b t b/ t13 235/ f y, 3.49,,, 3.49,, 3.50,,,,, bs/ 3 (40mm) bs/ 2 (60mm) (3.50) ( ),, 50100mm 3.3.3,,,

106 :, 3. 51,, 20m, 4050mm,, 2440 m, 40m,, 3.3.4, ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d),,,,,,,, ( a) ; ( b)

107 98 3,,,, 10 tw ( tw ), 3. 53, ( ( a) ), V, 500mm,,, 3.54 ( b),,,,,,,, (3.55) (1 ), (2 ), :, ;,, (3 ) : V, (), V = F; M, ( ), M = Mc ( F) (4 )

108 99 V M :, V, M ;, V, M ;, V,, M ( ) ;, V, M, ;, (5 ),,,,, (6 ) : ;, ;, ; : ; ; Mu ; (7 ) T : T, T bfh, T (8 ),, (9 ), :,,, (10),, (11) (12),,,,, :, 3.1? 3.2? 3.3? 3.4?? 3.5???? 3.6?? 3.7,???? 3.8?

109 ??? 3.10???? 3.11?? 3.12,?? 3.13? 3.14?? 3.15?? 3.16?? M = 100kNm, bh = 200mm500mm, C25, H RB , bh = 200mm450mm, 6m, : 8.5kN/ m( ),7k N/ m, c = 0.7C25, H RB , bh = 200mm450mm, M = 90kN m, 4 16, C20 3.6, bh = 200mm350mm, C20 H RB () 3.7 T, 3.58 C30, H RB k Nm, b f = 600mm

110 T, 610kN m , bh = 250mm 550mm, C25 71kN, a s = 40mm, H PB , bh = 200mm 550mm, 5.76m, 16kN/ m( ), 8.4k N/ m C25, 6 18 ()H PB

111 ,, ; ;,,, 4.1,, ; e0,,,, 4.1 ( e 0 = 0) ( e 0 0 ),, (, ) ( ) ( ) 4.1( a)f l b

112 m-m ( 4.1 ( b) ), F N,,, () : (1 ), 4.1 ( a)m-m,,, (2 ). 1 ( ), 4.1 ( b) N, N, ;, (3 ) x, ; y, y N, ( a), bh, H,, F, (1 ) 4. 2 x, ( 4.2 ( b) ) FW ( x) = bhx, N( x),( ) ( 2) Fx = 0 : - N ( x) + F W ( x) + F = 0 N( x) = FW ( x) + F = bhx + F ( 0xH) x = 0, N B = F ;x = H, N A = F + bh H

113 104 4 ( 3) N x),, N( x), : ; x, N A N B, 4. 2,N( x) = F,, , ( 11 ),,, :,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ),,,,, (), ( b) ( a),,, 4.3 ( 1) F x = 0 F Ax = 0 Fy = 0 FAy = FB = = 3 ( 2), ( ),;, 1 (4.3( c) ), N 12 ( ), N 13 F y = 0: F Ay - N 12 = 0 N 12 = F Ay = 3( N 12,, N 12 ) F x = 0 : N 13 = 0( N 13 = 0, 0 ) 2 (4.3( d) ) F y = 0: N21 - N23 sin- 0.5 = 0 F x = 0: N 23 cos- N 24 = 0 N 23 = N sin = 2.52 = = 3.54( N 23, ) 2 N 24 = N 23 cos= 2.5( N 24,,)

114 (4.3( e) ) F y = 0: N 32 sin- N 34 = 0 N34 = N32 sin= = 2.5 ( N34,,) F x = 0: N 35 - N 32 cos= 0 N 35 4 (4.3( f) ) F y = 0: N 43 - N 45 sin- 1 = 0 = N 32 cos= = 2.5 ( N 35,, ) N 45 = N (2.5-1) = sin 2 F x = 0: N45 cos+ N46 + N42 = 0 N 46 = - N 45 cos- N 42 = = = 2.12( N 45,,) = - 4 ( N 46,,), 4.3 ( b) (, ) ,, (4.4 ( b) ) ( 4.4( a) ) ( 4.4 ( c) ),

115 ,,,, 4.3, 4.5 ( a) ( b) F 1, M, F, FW, (1 ), F 1 F W, M F,, 4. 5 ( c) ( d) ( e) ( 2) F1,F1 + FW,, N M,,,, M V = F,,,, V 4. 5

116 ,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, C20 C25 C30 H RB335 H RB400 RRB400,,,,,,, 400N/ mm mm 250mm,, l0/ b30, l0/ h25, b h, l , (1 )( 4.2) 4.2 ( ) ( 1), ; ( 1),, ; ; ( 2),,, ( 2),

117 ( ) ( 1 ), 300mm ; 300mm ; ( 2 ) ( 2) h600mm, 1016mm 12mm,4 ( ),, ;,, ( 1 ) = As bh min = ( 1), ( 3) 12mm,4, ; ; ( 2 ) max = 5 %, ( 3),,, 1.0% 2.0% ;, = 0.5 % 2.0 %, A s ( 1) min = 0.6%, 5 % ; As As ( 2) = 0.2%,= 0.2%, bh bh 0. 6 %,, A s, A s 0.5% 1.0% ; ( 4), H RB400 RRB400, min = 0.5 % ; C60, min = 0.7% ( 1) 50mm,; ( 2) mm ( 1),, 135, : < 3%, 5 d; 3%, 10 d ( d ) ; ( 2) T L,,, ( 4.8 ) ( 1) < 3%, 6mm d/ 4 ; ( 2) 3%, 8mm d/ 4 ( d ) ( 1) s 400mm 15 d; ( 2), s 200mm 10 d; s 100mm 5 d( d ) 400mm 3, 400mm 4, (2 ),,, 4,,

118 ( a) ; 58,, 4.9( b) ; 912,, 4.9 ( c),,, 4.9 ( d),, 4.9 ( e) 50 %,, 50%,

119 ,,,,,,,,,,,, : l0/ b8 ( b ) ; l0/ d7 ( d ) ,,,,, ;,,,,, s = s Es > c= c Ec, ;, ;, cu = 0.002,,,,

120 s s Es = = 400N/ mm 2, H PB235 H RB335 H RB400 RRB400, 400N/ mm 2 N/ mm 2, 400 :,,, ;,, ( 4.3 ) 4.3 l 0 / b l 0 / d l0/ i : i ; b ; l : N ; N Nu ; f c ; f y ; As ; = 0.9( f c A + f y As ) ( 4.1) A, > 3% A A - As ; 0.9 (4. 1 ) 0.6% =, max 5 % (1 ) As 3% > 3%, A A - As A N, f yf c, l0 bh As : l0/ b l0/ d 4.3 As < 3%, ( 4.1):

121 112 4 As N fc A f y 0.6% = As 3%, As A 3% <= A s 5%, As : A N fc A As f y- fc 4.4 bh = 350mm350mm, l0 ( 4.2) ( 4.3) = 7000mm, C20 ( fc = 9.6 N/ mm 2 ),H RB335 ( fy = 300N/ mm 2 ), N = 1500kN, (1 ) l 0 / b= 7000/ 350 = 20 > 8, 4.3 = 0.75 ( 2) A s N fc A A s = f y = = 3487mm 2 ( 3) = As A = 3487 = 2.8 % > 0.6 %, 3 %, ( A s = 3484mm 2, 5%, ), 4.10 (2 ) bh, As,, l0, N, Nu = As 0.6 %, 3 %, Nu bh = 0.9 ( fc A + f y As ) ; = As > 3 % 5%, Nu bh = 0.9[ f c ( A - As ) + fy As ] NNu, ;, 4.5 bh = 400mm400mm, l 0 = 4000mm, C20 ( f c = 9. 6 N/ mm 2 ), 4 20 ( A s = 1256mm 2, f y = 300 N/ mm 2 ), N = 1650kN, (1 ) N u = A s / A = 1256/ = 0.78 % > 0.6 % 3 %, l 0 / b = 4000/ 400 = 10, 4.3 = 0.98

122 N u 0.9 ( f c A + f y A s ) = ( ) = 1711kN ( 2) N = 1650k N < N u = 1711kN ( ) ( ) e 0, A s e 0, A s ;e 0 A s,,,a s A s, f y, ; A s,, ( 1),, ;, ;, f y, A s ;, ; ( 2),, (2) e 0,,, (1),,, A s f y A s,,, ( 1),,,,,,,,; ( 2),,,,,,,,,

123 114 4,,,, :,,,, b b ; > b ,,,, ei ei + f, Nu ei N u ( ei + f ), 4. 11, f, f, ei + f = ei ( 1 + f/ ei ) = ei,,, l0/ h5,= 1.0 ;,> 1, : = = ei 0.5 fc A N h0 l0 h (4.4 ) 1.0 (4.5 ) = l0 h 1.0 (4.6 ) h0 ; ei, ei = e0 + ea ; e0, e0 = M/ N; ea, ea 20mm h/ 30 ; 1 ; ,,,, (),, (1 ),, 1 fc, x

124 ) 4.12, : N Nu = 1 fc bx + fy A s- f y As ( 4. 7) Ne Nu e = 1 fc bx ( h0 - x/ 2) + fy A s ( h0 - as ) ( 4. 8) Nu ; N ; e N As, e= ei + h/ 2 - as ; as ; asas, fy As= fy As, Nu = N, ( 4. 7)x = N/ 1 fc b, (4. 8 ) As= As = Ne - 1 fc bx h0 - x 2 fy ( h0 - as ) Asf y,, : As : ( 4.9) x 2 as (4.10) fy,, x, x xb = b h0 (4.11) (4. 13), As f y, x = 2 as, As, : Ne Nu e= f y As ( h0 - as ) (4. 12) e N A s, e=ei (4. 12) As= As = (3 ) Ne f y ( h0 - as ) - ( h/ 2 - as ) (4.13),, As f y,,, As, s 4.14, : N = Nu, (4.15) : N Nu Ne Nu e = 1 fc bx h0 - = 1 fc bx + f y As- s As (4.14) x 2 + fy A s ( h0 - as ) (4.15)

125 () 4.14 As = As = x Ne - 1 fc bx h0-2 fy ( h0 - as ),,: = = N - b f c bh0 Ne fc bh 2 0 ( 1 - b ) ( h0 - as (4 )( ) Ne - 1 fc bh2 0 (1-0.5 ) fy ( h0 - as ) ) + (4.16) + b (4.17) 1 fc bh0 bh,, l0, M, NAs = As : N x = 1 fc b N b h0 ; x = 1 f c b > b h0 As = As N x2 as, x = (4. 13) As = As 1 fc b, ( 4.16 ) ( 4.17 )As As = As bh ( 4.9 ) As = As ; x < 2 as = As

126 , As + As,,,, 4.6 bh = 300mm400mm, C20 ( f c = 9.6N/ mm 2, 1 = 1. 0 ), H RB335( f y = f y = 300 N/ mm 2 ), l 0 = 3000mm, M = 150k Nm, N = 260kN, as = as = 40mmAs = As (1 ) N x = 1 fc b = x > 2 a s = 80mm, Asf y ( 2) = 90.3mm < xb = b h0 = 0.55( ) = 198mm e 0 = M/ N = / ( ) = 577mm, e a = max(20, h/ 30) = max(20,400/ 30 ) = 20mm e i = e 0 + e a = = 597mm l 0 h = = 7.5 > 5, ( 4.4) 1 = 0.5 f c A = N = 2.22 > 1.0, 1 = = l 0 h = e i h 0 ( 3) A s = A s l 0 h = = e = e i + h 2 - a s = As = As= ( 4) x Ne - 1 fc bx h0-2 f y ( h0 - as ) = > 1, 2 = = 771mm = = 300(360-40) As + As= = 2470mm 2 > min = 0.6 % bh = 0.6% = 720mm 2 < max = 5 % bh = 5 % = 6000mm 2 A s = A s = 1235mm 2 > min = 0.2% bh = 0. 2% = 240mm 2, = 1251mm 2, 8, ( 5) l0/ b= 3000/ 300 = 10, 4. 3 := 0.98 N u = 0.9 [ f c A + f y ( A s + A s ) ] = [ ( ) ] = N = k N > 260kN, 4.7,N = 200kN,As = As (1 ) = 1235mm x = N/ 1 f c b= / ( ) = 69.4mm < x b = b h 0 = 0.55( ) = 198mm, x <

127 118 4 a s = 80mm,, A s f y ( 2) e 0 = M/ N = / ( ) = 750mm, e a = max(20, h/ 30) = max(20,400/ 30 ) = 20mm ei = e0 + ea = = 770mm 1 = 0.5 f c A = N = 2.89 > 1.0, 1 = = l0 h = e i h 0 ( 3) A s = A s l0 h = = 1 + e= e i - ( h 2 - a s ) = A s = A s = = > 1, 2 = = 525mm Ne f y ( h 0 - a s ) = ( ) = 1049mm =

128 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) , ; ( 2 ) ( ; (2 ),, ) ; ( 2 ),,, , ; ; ( 3 ),, ( 3),, ; (3 ),,,,,,, ;, (1 ), 2 (2 ) ( e = M/ N ),, ;, ; ;,,, : e0.6 y( y ) (3 ) H 0, 3,> 3, = H0/ b( b ) ; (h ) : = H0/ h, = H0/ b()= H0/ h( h ), ;,,, (4 ),,, : 3 = e h 2 (4.18)

129 120 4 > 3 = e h , : 0 = (4.19) 1 (4.20) M5,= ; M2.5, = ( e 0.6 y) f () ; A (4.21) : N Nu = f A (4.21) (1 ), (, ), (, e = 0, ), h, e, b, (2 ),,,, = h, 4.6 H ( ), bh = 370mm620mm, H0 = 5m( ), N = 108kN, M = 15kNm, MU10 M5 ( f = 1.5N/ mm 2 ), (1 ) e = M/ N = / = 139mm < 0.6 y = = 186mm, = H0/ h = / 620 = 8 > 3, e/ h = 139/ 620 = 0.024, ( 4.20) : 0 = = = = e h A = = 0.23m = = < 0.7m 2, f a = A = 0.93

130 N u f A = = N = 147kN > N = 108k N ( 2) = H0/ b = / 370 = 13.5 > 3 0 = 1 = 1 + 2,= 0, = = N u = f A = = N = 252kN > N = 108k N ,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,,, : = A0, 4.16; Al A0 Al - 1 (4.22) 4.16 :,,, A/ Al,,, ; A/ Al,,

131 122 4,, 4.16 (2 ) Nl A l, : Nl f A l (4.23) N l ; f () (3 ) a0,,,, a0 a, Al = a0 b( b ), a0 : a0 = 10 hc, mm; a, mm hc f (4.24) 4.17,,, N0 : A0/ Al 3,= 0 = : A0 Al,, 0 (4.25) Nl + N0 f A l (4. 26),, 0.7, 1.0,,, 4.7

132 (1) t b 180mm, ct b ; (2),120mm ; (3), bh c = 200mm 500mm, a = 240mm, N l = 100kN, ( ) N = 160kN, 1200mm 370mm, MU10, M5 ( f = 1.5N/ mm 2 ) a0 = 10 hc f = = 183mm < a = 240mm A l = a 0 b = = 36600mm 2 A0 = ( b + 2 h) h = = mm 2 ( b + 2 h = = 940mm < 1200mm, b + 2 h = 940mm ) A 0 / A l = / = 9.5 > 3, = 0 = 2.0 = A 0 A l - 1 = = 2.02 > 2 N 0 + N l = 100kN > f A l = = N = 77kN

133 ,, : (1 ) 0.1%, 1% 5, 400mm, ;,, (2 )34mm( 8mm ), ;,, (3 ) 120 mm 30mm, ;,, M7.5, 2mm ( ), (1 ) M10, mm H PB235, 0.1% (2 ) C20, > 45mm, 0.2%, H PB235, HRB335 (3 ) M7.5 8 mm, 30 mm, 0.1% 4mm 0.2, 6mm, 120mm, 500mm 20 d( d ) (4 ) 4, ( ),,, 500mm,

134 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () ( ) (4.20( a) ( b) ) ( 4.20 ( c) ) ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c)

135 ,,, 3050,,,, 4.20,, (x -x ), ; ( y -y ), 4.4.2,,, (),, ,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ),, ; (3 ),,, ; (4 ), ,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,

136 ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ), ; ( 3 ) ( ),, ; ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ),,,, ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ) ; ( 3 ) ; ( 4 ),,,, ( 1 ), ;, ( 2 )

137 ( 1 ), ; N, ( 2 ),, d 0 = ( ) d ( d ) (1 ) ( 2) ; ( 3 ), ;, N ( 4 ), ;, ( 5 ) (1 ),, (2 ) : 400N/ mm 2 N Nu = 0.9( f c A + f y As ), 400N/ mm 2 (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ) : N Nu = f A (6 ),, (7 ), 4.1, 4.2

138 129.3? 4.4,? 4.5?,? 4.6? 4.7,,? 4.8,? , = 76k N/ m 3, d = 30mm, l = 4m, F W, F, F y b 6 K, , mm400mm, l0 = 6400mm, C20, H RB335, N = 1500kN, ( HPB235 ) , l 0 = 6.8m, bh = 400mm500mm,C30,H RB335, N = 315k N( ),M = 155kNm(), 4.7, l0 = 3m, bh = 300mm400mm, C20, H RB335,N = 200kN( ), M = 160kNm( ), 4.8, H0 = 3.6m, bh = 370mm490mm, MU10, M2.5, N = 180kN ( ),

139 ,,,,, (1 )Me 5.1( a)l1 F e, 5.1 ( b) L1 Me = Fe, ( ), L1, F (5.1 ( c) ),, 5.1

140 ) me me q e, me = qe,, 5.2( a) ( b), 5.2( c) , T, knm :,,, ; ( a),te = Fe, (1 ) M e 5. 3 ( b) , F() F A F B,

141 132 5 M A 0 : F B ( a + b) = Fa MB = 0 : FB = Fa a + b FA ( a + b) = Fb F A = Fb a + b ( 2) M e = Fe T A T B () ( 3) T A = F A e = Fb a + b e T B = F B e = Fa a + b e 1-1 ( ),, x, T 1 T 1, 5.3 ( c) ( d) : - T1 + TA = 0 T 1 = T A ( T 1,, T 1 ) 2-2 ( ),T 2,, T 2, 5.3( c) ( e) T 2 - T e + T A = 0 : ( 4), 5.3 ( f ) T2 = Te - TA = TB T,,,, 5.4,, ( b) h/ b= 2.0 / max

142 , 45 45,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.2.3, Ast l, 200mm, 4, ( 5.5), 135, 10 d( d ) 5. 5 (1 ) (2 ),, 135, 10 d( d )

143 ? me = 2.66kNm/ m, 5.2, M e = 2kNm( 5.7),

144 ,, ,,,,,,,,, mm, N/ mm 2, ( ),, ( ),, ( ) + =,,, 2-1, 1, f1 2, f2 f 2 - f 1 = f ( 1) ( ) ; ( 2 ), ; ( 3),, ; (4),, ; ( 5), ; ( 6), ; ( 7),, (1),, ; (2) ( :,, ) ; (3),,, ;

145 , (1 ) : 75 %,, 6.1,,, ( ),, (2 ), 75 %, ( ) : ( ),, 6.2, ( a),, ; ( b) ; ( c) ( ),,,,, (),,,,,,

146 (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,, (1 ) ( H T ) ( 40Si2Mn 48Si2Mn 45Si2Cr ), ( f Py = 1040N/ mm 2 ), ( ), 610mm,,, (2 ) ( P )( H ) ( I ),, ( ), ( fp y (3 ) = 1250N/ mm 2, f P y 1110N/ mm 2 ), 49mm,,,, 13 17, S, mm, fp y = N/ mm 2,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,, : C30, C40

147 ),,, (1 ) mm 15mm 20mm 25mm ( 1) ( 2), d d eq 1.5,d eq = 1.4 dd eq = 1.7 d (2 ) ( 6.3), 150mm 4, 6.3( a) ;, 4, 120mm, 6. 3( b) 6. 3, 10 d 35, 6. 3( c), 100mm, 6. 3( d) ( ) (1 ) mm 30mm 1015mm 12m

148 139 (2 ),, ( 10 mm), ( 6.4 ( a) ) ( 6.4 ( b) ) 6. 4 (3 ) (4 ), M20, ,, (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, 6.1?? 6.2,? ? 6.5? 6.6?

149 ( ) () ; ; (), ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d) ; ( e)

150 ,,, l1 l2,,,, l2/ l1 2.0 ; 2. 0 < l2/ l1 < 3. 0 ; l2/ l1 3. 0, ;,,, , ; ;, : m, 3m; 46m; 58m : (1 ), 7.3( a),,,,,,, (2 ), 7.3( b),,, (3 ),

151 142 7 ( ).3( c), (1 ) 7.3 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c), l0/ 35l0/ 40, l0/ 10l0/ 12( l0 ) 120mm (2 ), 612mm, 8mm, h150mm, 200mm; h > 150mm, 1.5 h, 250mm, 70mm 5 d( d ),,,, 7.4,,,,,,,, 7.4, a, 20%, : q/ g3, a= ln/ 4 ; q/ g > 3, a= ln/ 3 ln ; q g (3 ), 15%, m 3, 250mm, 6 mm,,,

152 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c), 8mm, 200mm, 1/ 3, l0 1/ 4, 7.5, ; 2 ; 3 ;4, l0/ 7, 7.6, l0/ 4, / 151/ 20, 1/ 31/ 2 0.6% 1.5%

153 144 7 ( ) %, q/ g3, ( a) ; ( b),, / 81/ 12, 1/ 31/ 2

154 ,,,,, ( ), s = 2 h1 + 3b, (1 ),, (2 )7.10,,, 45,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ) mm, l01/ 45, l01/ 50( l0 1 )

155 146 7 ( ).10 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c),,,, l01 l0 2 l01/ 4 ( l01 ), 7.11, m,, 7.11,, , 45,,, 7.12,

156 , : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, 7.14 (3 )

157 148 7 ( ) ,,,, (4 ) 7.16,,,, T, 7.17,, 7.17,,,,,,, 7.18, 7.19,,,,

158 ( a) ; ( b),, 7.2.3, , ( ) (1 ), C15 M15, ( a),, 7.21 ( b) (2 )

159 150 7 ( ).21 ( a) ; ( b) 1020mm, 100mm, 6080mm, 7.22, 7.22 (), 7.23 ( a) 5 m,,, ( b) ;,,, 7.23 ( c) 7.23 ( a) ; ( b) 5 m ; ( c) 5m

160 ),, (4 ),,,, , ;,,, 7.25

161 152 7 ( ).25 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d), 3m,,, ( 1/ 251/ 30 ),,,,,,,,, (1 ), ;, ;,, h(1/ 251/ 30) l0, h = mm,, ln/ 4 ( ln ), 6 8,

162 , (2 ), 7.27,, ln/ 4, , (7.29 ), (1 )

163 154 7 ( ) 3040 mm 2 6, 300mm 6,,, (2 ) 7.31 (3 ), ( a) ; ( b),,,,, 7.3.4

164 (1 ), mm, 240mm (2 ),, mm, (3 ),,

165 156 7 ( ) (4 ),,

166 (1 ),, 7.7 ;, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), ? 7.2??? 7.3??? 7.4? 7.5? 7.6? 7.7?

167 , -, ; m,,, ( ), 8.1 ( N, M) (),,,, 8.1, 8.1 : -, 8.1.1,,,,, ,,,,,,

168 ,,,,,,, 60 m,,,, (),,,,, 615, 1520 L T Z, mm, ,,, 38m,,,,,,,, 1050, 1030

169 ,,,,, 6m ,,,,,,,, -( - ), ,,,,,,,,,,, , 30

170 ,,, ( a) ; ( b),,,, ( m ), m, -,,

171 , (1 ),,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ), :, ;,,,, ;,, (),,,, () (),,,

172 ,,,,,,, :,,,, 8. 8 ( a),,, 8. 8( b),,,,,,,,,,,,, 8.8,,,, ( a) ; ( b) 8.9 ( a) ( b),

173 ,, 8.10 ( a) ; ( b) 8.2.3,,, (8.11) : (1 ) ; la,, ;, 0.5 la, 12 (2 ),, 1.5 la ;, 1.2%,, 20 (3 ), la, 5 ;,, 0.4 la, 15 (4 ), 12

174 , la ;, 0.4 la, , 1/ 25, 140mm,, 60%, C20, 8.12 ( a) ( b) ( c) ( d),,,, :, 0.25%, 0.20% ; 300mm, 8 mm, 8.12,,,,

175 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d),,, 2 12, 600mm la, ( a) ; ( b) : l ae ( ),,,, ,, -,

176 ,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,, 160mm, h/ 20 ( h ) 0.2%, 8mm, 300mm,, 6mm, 600mm (), la la :, l ae 500mm, mm, 1/ 2 la, 150, 150mm,, 8.15, ( 800mm),, 8.15, :, l ae 12 mm, 8.16( a), 1/ 3, 200mm,, 8.16( b)

177 ( a) ; ( b) :, l ae 4 12mm, 6mm250mm ( ), ( ),, ( 90% ),,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) , M, ,, ;5, 8.9

178 ,,,, ;,, ; ; ;, ;, 6,, , ,, ,, , 10 ;, , , ; ;, ; ;, (cm/ s 2 ) 31 (2244) 63 (4589) 125 ( ) ; 250 ( ), 500 ; ( ) ;, 1000 ; ( ),, 12,, (cm/ s) 3 ( 24 ) 6 ( 59 ) 13 (1018) 25 (1935) 50 (3671) 100 (72141) : 15 ; 6 10, ; ,,, 0, 1,,,,, 1km 2 : : 10 % ; : 10 % 50 % ; : 50 % 70 % ; : 70 % 90 % ; : 90 %

179 (1 ) (50 ) ( 10% ) (2 ),,, (3 ),,, ;, 68,, 9, 9, ;,, 68,, 9, 9 ;,,,,,, ;, 6 6,, (4 ),,,,, ;,, ;,

180 : (1 ) ; ;,,, ;, 1.0km 2,,, (m) (m/ s ) vs e > < v s e 500 < < vs e250 < 3 35 > 5 v s e 140 < > 1580 > 80 (2 ), (3 ), 8.5.2, (1 ),,,,, 8 8,,,

181 172 8,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,, 8 8,,,,,, (2 ) -, -,, : 1976, 8 7,,,,, ; -,,,, -, 25cm 2 / m 2 1.3M Pa, -,,,,, (1 ) A B B A, A 8.3, -

182 , B B 8.4 A B A (m) : ( ) ; - ; ; ;,, 8.4 B (m) :, ; ;, ;, 6 7,8 ;,, 8.5 A

183 174 8 (2 ).6 B , A ( m) 30 > > > ( m) 60 > > > ( m) 80 > > > : I, 6 1, ;, ;,

184 B :,, : -,, 50%,,,, ;,,,,, 8.3, 8 8.3, (3 ), ;, :, 15m, 70mm; 15m, m 4m 3m 2m, 20mm - 70%, 50%, 70 mm, (4 ) 8 9,,,,

185 176 8,, (5 ) lae : lae = la ( 8.1) 1.15, 1.05, 1.0; la,, ;,,,, 50%, : lle ; (6 ) 135, 10 d( d ), 75mm, , 5, 100mm (1 ) lle = lae ( 8.2) ) : 200mm; 4; 4,,,,, : bb 2 bc bb bc + hb hb 16 d bc, 0.8 ; bb hb ;

186 d ) : 2.5%,, 0.25, 0. 35;,, 0.5, 0.3 :, 2 14, 1/ 4, 2 12,, 1/ 20;, 1/ 20 3), 8.9, 2%, 2 mm 8.9 ( ) ( mm) 2 h b, 500 () ( mm) h b / 4, 6 d,100 (mm) h b,500 h b / 4, 8 d, h b,500 h b / 4, 8 d, h b,500 h b / 4, 8 d,150 6 : d, h b, 200mm 20, 250mm 20, 300mm 4) : 300mm; 350mm; 2 ; ;, : ;, 2 C60 ; ; 1.5, 200mm 100 mm 12 mm,, 100mm 200 mm 12mm,, 80 mm 200 mm 10 mm, 0.10, 0.8 %, 0.05;, 0.15,

187 , 0.2% ;, ( ) : HR B , C ) : ; 400mm, 200mm; 5% ; 2, 1.2% ;, 25% ; ) :, ( ) 1/ 6 500mm ;,1/ 3, 500mm; 2 4,, (, mm) (mm) 6 d,100 8 d,100 8 d,150( 100) 8 d,150( 100) ( 8) : d ;

188 mm 200mm, 150mm; 400 mm, 6mm; 2, 8mm 2, 100mm, 200mm, 250mm 20, 300mm ;, : v v fc/ f yv ( 8.4) v 0.8%, 0.6%, 0.4% ;, fc C35, C35 f yv 360N/ mm 2, 360N/ mm 2 v : ; ; ;, 0.02, 1.5 % 2, 1.2 %, %, % ;, 10, 15 7) lae, 5 d, 8.19( a),, 1/ 20,