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3 ,,,,,,,,,,,, /,,. :, ISBN G07 CIP / www hep edu cn / www hep com cn / ,

4 20,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,, ;,

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6 ,,,, 10,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,, 2000,,, 20 80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

7 / (1) 1 / (1) 2 / (6) 3 / (10 ) / (20) / (20) / (23) 1 / (23) 2 / (25) 3 / (34) 4 / (43) 5 / (48) / ( 50) / ( 50) / ( 51) / (65) 1 / (65) 2 / (76) 3 / (80) / (89) / (89) / (91)

8 / (98) 1 / (98) 2 / (110) 3 / (118) / (127) / (128) / (129) / (135) 1 / (135) 2 / (145) 3 / (157) / (168) / (168) / (169) / (175) 1 / (175) 2 / (193) 3 / (205) / (209) / (209) / (211)

9 / (226) 1 / (226) 2 / (231) 3 / (235) 4 / (245) / (247) / (247) / (250) / (258) 1 / (258) 2 / (261) 3 / (271) / (285) / (286) / (288) / (301) 1 / (301) 2 / (309) 3 / (315) / (323) / (325) / (326)

10 / (334) 1 / (334 ) 2 / (341 ) 3 / (349 ) / (354) / (354) / (356)

11 1,,,,,,? ( ) 1 (cultural traits) : ( Fellmann et al. 1999: 69 ) : ( ),,,, ; 1

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13 ( ) 1,,,,,, (1),,,,,,,,,, (2) 18,,, (, 2000: 6),,,,,,,,,,, (3), 3

14 4, ( ),,,,,,,, (4),,,,,, ( ),, 2 ( cultural studies ),,,,,,,,,,,,

15 ,, ( ),, ( Carl Sauer) :, (Sauerian),, 20 80, ( Jordan, 1994 ), ( ),,, (multicultural), ( political enterprise ),,,, ( map of meaning),,, ( Peet, 1998: 10 ) 20, ( 1-2), ( thoughts ) (, 12 13),, ;, ( )

16 , 2 6,,, 20 20, 19,,,,, 1906,,, 20 20, 1925,,

17 ( ) ( Carl O. Sauer, ), 1923,, :, 1924,,,,,,, ( ) 20 50,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, (, 2003: 14 ),, 7 20 ( ) 20

18 8 (environmental determinism), 19 ( nationalist cultural relativism),, (Semple E C) (Sauer C), ( cultural complex), (JohannGottfriedvonHerder) (FranzBoas) ( cultural relativism), (Mitchell, 2000) 1,, 1945 (Winston Chruchill),,,,, ( ),,,, ( Raymond Williams ) 1958 ( Williams, 1993) 20 80,, ( Encarta Dictionary, 2003 ), 20,,, (Cook, 2000;, 2000),

19 ,, , 80, ( Peter Jackson),,,,,, ( ), (maps of meaning) 1980,,,, (1983), (Denis Cosgrove) ( Jackson, 1985 ), ( ),, : 1,,,,,, , (Mitchell, 9 UCLA

20 1996) 2,,,,,, :, ( Cosgrove, 1987 ) (Matthew Arnold),,,,,,, 10 3,, ( ),,,, 19, 20 18,,,,,,

21 19 90,,, ;, 4 34,,,,,, 34, 27, 9,,, 1906,,, ;,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 11

22 1918,,,,,,,,, 20 20,, 19 30,, 1926,, (, 2000) 12 ( ) 1949,,,,, 20 80,,,,, 1949,, ,,,, ( ) 20 80,, 1986 T.G. (The Human Mosaic ),,, 20

23 ,, 1990,, 5 :,,,,,, 20 90, ( ) 20 90, 20 90,,,,,, 20 80, 5, :

24 : G ( ), K 14 G0 ( G19) G07 ( G1904) G122, : , ,,, 1981, 1983,,,,,,,,,,, -,,, : (, 1991) (, 1992 ) ;

25 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1997 ) (, 1997 ) (, 1995) 2,,,,,,,, ;, 1994,,,,,, (, 1995) 15

26 16,,,, 3,,,,,, 20 80,,,,,,,,, ( 1991 ), ;, ( Knapp R G) ( 1986 ) (1989),, ( 1994),,, :,,,,,

27 , ,, (, 1994 ), (, 1995),,,,,,,,,, (, 1991 ) (, 1994) (, 1995),,,,, 22, ( ) 1,, ( 1-2)

28 : , , 10, 511, 1 9%, %,,,, 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

29 , 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,, 19

30 1? ; ; ; 2?, 3? 4, 20 1 Cook, Ian, Crouch D, Naylor S, Ryan J R. Cultural Turns/ Geography Turns [ M]. London: Prentice Hall, Cosgrove, Dennis, Jackson P. New Directions in Cultural Geography [ J ]. Area, 1987 (19) : Fellmann J D, Getis A, Getis J, Human geography: Landscapes of Human Activities [M], Boston: McGraw Hill. 1999: 69 4 De Blij. :.. : Jackson, Peter. Maps of Meaning: An Introduction to Cultural Geography [ M]. London: Unwin Hyman, Jordan T G, Domash M, Rowntree L, The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography [M]. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, Microsoft Encarta Reference Library Microsoft Corporation 8 Don M. The lie of the Land: Migrant Workers and the California Landscape [M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Don M. Cultural Geography [M]. Oxford : Blackwell, Peet R. Modern Geographic Thought [ M]. Oxford : Blackwell. 1998: Williams, Raymond. Culture is Ordinary, in Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan, ( eds.), Studying Culture: An introductory Reader [ C ], London: Edward Arnold, ( Originally published in 1959) 12. [M]. :, ,. [M]. : (1) 15. [M]. : [M].. :,

31 [M]. : [M]. : (2) 20, (4) 21. [C]. :, [M]. :, [M]. : (1) (1) 26. [M]. : [M]. : [M].. : : , (8) 31. [M]. : [M]. : [M]. : ,, (1) 35. [C]. :, [M]. : : [M]. : (3) 40. [M]. : ,. [M]. :, (4, 5) 21

32 (1) 44.. : ,.. : ,. [M]. : ,. [M]. : ,. [M]. : [M]. : [M]. : (1) 52. [M]. :

33 1,,,,, (, 2000),,,,, (,,,,, ),,,, 23

34 24,,, (, 1988 ),,, : ( ), ; ( ), ( ) ( ) ; ( ), ( ) ( ); ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ),,,, ; ; ; (, 2001 ),,,,,,,

35 , (1992) (1992) ( 1993 ),,,,,,,,,, 2,, Fishor A G B (, 2001) Clark C G (, 1999) (, 1991),,,,, IT,, IT,,,,, 25 ( ), 1 2,

36 26 (Carl O. Sauer) 1952 : 1, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4,, ; 5, ; 6 6,,,, , 7 000,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ;, ( ) 1,,,,,, 21,,,, (1 ),

37 ,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2), :,,,,, (3 ) :,,,,,, 2,,, (1),,,,, (2),,,,, 27

38 28,, (3),,,,,,,,,, 3, culture ; agriculture, agri,, culture,,, ;,,, ;,,, (1), : ; :,,,,,,,, (, 2001),,,, ;

39 ,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, (2),,, ;,,,,, (,,, ),,, (3),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,, 6% (, 1992 ),, 29

40 ,,,,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,, ( ), 30 ( ),,,,, 18,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

41 ( ) 1,,,, ; ;,,,, 2,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 31 ( ), 1,, :,,

42 32,,,,, 2,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 2001) 5,,,,,,, 6

43 ,,,,,, 7,, 8,,,,,, 15, ( ),, (, 2000), ;,, ;,,, ,,,,,,,,,, (, 1993 ),, 33

44 3 34,,,,,,,,, ( ), ; ( ), ( ), ( ),,, :,,,,, ; ( ),

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46 36,,,,,,,,,, : (, 2001), ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;, (, 1996),,,,,, ( ),,,, (, 1995),,,, ( )?,?,,

47 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, (, 2001 ),,, 37 ( ),, ( ) ( ) 1, :,,,,,, 2 :

48 38 ;,, 3,, (, ), ( ),,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,, 3,,,,,

49 4, 5,,,,, 6 ( ),,,,,,,,, 1 ( ),,,,, 2 ;,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 3,, 39

50 ,,, (, 1996) 40 ( ), 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2,,,,, ( ) 2 5, 4, 15 3,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,

51 ,,,,, 4,,,,,,,, 5,,, :,,, : ( ),,,, :,,,, : ( ),,, 6,,,,,, (, 1995),,,,, ( ), 1, ( 2-1) 41

52 , , :,, ,,,,, ;,, ; ; ;,,,,, 3, ( 2-2) 2-2 :, ,,,,,,, 4,,,,

53 ,,, ;,, ;, ;,,, (, 1995) 4, ;, ;,,, : ( ),,,,,,,,,, : ( ),, ( ),,,, 43

54 44 ( ),, ( ) ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ( ),,,,,,, m, 230 m, 230 m 2, 2 5 t,,,,, m 2, 134, m, 100 ;

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56 46 ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) 17, : ;,,, 18,,,, ; ;,,,, ( ),,, 19,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,

57 , 782, 1300, : (, 1987 ), ( ),,,,,, :,,,, ;, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; :, : ( ), ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 72,,,,,,, 47

58 ,,,,, 5, 48, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,

59 ,,,,,,,, ( ), ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,, ;,, ;, 49

60 ,,,,,,,,, 1 2 3? 4, 50 1,,.. : : : : :. 2001: : ( 3 ). : : 574 5,,.. :. 2001: ,,.. :. 2001: , 1993; 12 ( 4) : :. 1987: , 2001; 20 (2 ) : :. 1999: :. 1995:

61 13.. :. 2001: :. 1993: :. 1992: :. 2001: , , 2000; 1: ,,.. :. 2000: 23, :. 2000: :. 1988: , 1992; 11 (3) : :. 1991: , , 1996; 11 ( 4 ) : ,.., 1995; 10 (3): H. J.... :. 1988: ,,,,,,,,,,

62 , 52,,,,, (, 1991: 44 ),,,, (, 1991: 44),, (, 1987: 1),,,,,,,, 10 (, 1276),,, 1984,, 1991, 39,,. [J],, 1999 (1 ) : ( ) (6 7) ( ) (9 10) ( ), ( ) :,,, ( 8,,, 11 )

63 :,,,, 6,,,,, :,,,,, (, 1954: )?, ; ; ( 2-1),,, ( 2-2), ;, ; ; (, 1983: 5 6) ( 2-2),, (, 1983: 216),, (, 6),,,,,, (, 1993: 504),, :,,, : ( 2-1) (, 1993: 503 ),,, 2-1,,,,,,, 53

64 , ,,,,,,, 50 ( 49 ), 2-1

65 2-2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 11 9,,,, 55

66 56,,,,,,,,,,,,, (,, 1991: 60),,,, 6,,,,,,, (, 1),,, (, 6),,,,,,,,,,,,, (,, 1991: 60),,,,,,, 55, 3, ( ) 12, 102, 46, ( ), 92,,,,,,,,

67 , ;,,, ( ),,, :,,,,, ( 10, ),,,,, : 132, , , , ;, 3 352, 1 783, ; 260, 153 ; 261, 170 ; ( ) 267, ( ) 236, ( ) 233, 130,, (, 13, ), ( 2-3),,,,, 378, 196, 125, 700, 40%,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,, ( 57

68 58 2-3, ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,

69 ,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 59

70 60,, :,,,, ( ),, 9,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

71 ,,,, 16,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 10, 11 ;,, ;,,,, 1 8, 7,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 61

72 , (, ),,,,,,, ;, ( 2, ),,,,, ( 10, ) ( 2-4) ,, ( 929 ), 20,,, ( 1975 ) 7 42, ( 1988 ) 29 30, ( ),

73 ,,,,,,,, ;,,, ( 2-4),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, : (M).. :, 1991: (M). :, 1987: 1 3. (M), (M). :, , (M). :. :, ; 38 5 : (M).. :, 1954., (M). :, 1983 : 5 6; (M). :, 1993: 504 ; (M).. (M). :, 1991: (M). :, , 11

74 10. (M). 6,, (M). : ,, 60 ; 2,, 26 ; 10,, 23, 12. (M). :, ,, (M).. :, 1987: (M). :, ; 1976 ; (M). :, ,, (M). :, ,, (M). :, , (M). :, , (M). :,

75 1, (, 1993),,, (, 2001),,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) , 4 200,,,, ( ),,,,,,

76 66, ( ) ;,,, ( ), ( ) ( ) -,,,,, ( ) -,,, ( ),,, ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ),, 12 (, 2000 ),,,,,,,, (, 1998) ( ),, 40 %, -, 90%, -, -

77 ( ) -,,, ( ) -, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ;,,,,,,,,, 67,, ( ), ( ),, ( ) (1989) (1996),,,,,,,,, (boat),

78 68,,,,,, 6 000, (aput) (gana) ( pisirpog),,, (, 1999),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,

79 , ( ), 3/ 4, 70%, 1/ 4,,,,,,,,,, 30% 40% (, 2001),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 69

80 70,,,, ( ),, ( 1986 ), :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 20,,,,

81 ,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, (, 1999),,,,,,,, ( ), (1997), : 1,, ;,,,,,,, 2 71

82 72,,,,,,, 3,,,, 4,, 5,,,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7,,,

83 ,,,, (1983 ),,,,,,, 9, 5, 4, 3, 2 2,,,, 5,,, 8,,,,, ( ),,, ( 1993),,,,,, 1,,,,, ;,, 2,,, ( ) 73

84 74,,, 3,,, :,, ;,, (1999),,, 80, 18,,, 4,,, 5,,, 90% N,,, 67, 12, 8, 6, 18, 1, 10, 1 56, 30, 65, 8,,,,,, (, 1993) 6,, 43%,,,,,,

85 1 500, , (, 1999) 7,,, (, 2001) 8,,,,,, 527, 87, 17%,,, ;,,,, 16,, (, 1986) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 75

86 2 76,,,, ( ),,,,, (, 1998),,,,,, (, 1990 ), : ; ; ; ;,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ; ;, (, 1996 ),,

87 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, (, 2000),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 77, (, 2000),

88 78,,,,,,, ( ), (, ),,,, ( ),,, ( ) ( ) (, 1993),,, (1991),,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

89 ,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 79,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,,, (2000),,,,, (

90 80, ),,,, (, 1998 ),,,,,, (, 1991, 1992),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, WTO,,,,, 3,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,

91 , (, 1988), 400,,, ;,,, (, 2001 ), (, ),, ,,,,,,,,,,,, (1984 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 81

92 82,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1999b), (1996),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;

93 , ;,,,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 83,,,,,, (, 2001 ),,, ( ), :, ;,, ( )

94 84,,,, :,, ;,, :,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1997 ),,,, ( ), :,!,,, 1,, ( ),, ( ) 2

95 ,, ;,,,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ;,, ( ),,,,,, ;, 3,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 85

96 86, (, 1994 ) ),,,,,,, ( ),, ;,,,, ;, ( ), ; ( ), (, 1992 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1995),,,,

97 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 87,,,

98 88, (, 1999),,, (, 1999),, ;, (, 2001),, ;, :,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,, ( 1996),,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,

99 ,,,,, ( ) 174, 106, 61% 41, 24%, 24 21, ( ) 300, 236, 79%, 64, 21% (, 1998),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1999 ),,,, (, ),, 89 1? 2?? 3? 4? 5

100 90 1.., 1992 (2): ,.. :, ( ), 1999, 19 (3) : ,,.. :, , :, :, :, ,.., 1999, 8 (1) : ,.., 1999, 11 (2): ,.., 1998, 56 (6) : :, ,,.. :, :, :, :, ,.. ( ), 1999, 1 (1) : , 1990, 9 (3) : , 2000, (4 ) : :, :, , , :,

101 22,,.. :, , :, , 2000 ( 2 ) : ,.., 1996 ( 11 ) S. I.: 62, , 2001, 16 (2) : , 1997, 27 ( 1 ) : ,.. :, 1999a ,.. :, 1999b , ( ), 1994, 22 (3 ) : , 1991, 6 (3) : :, ( )., 1991, 21 (4 ) : ( )., 1992, 22 (1 ) : :, , ,.. :, , , , 2001, 21 (1) : :, ,,

102 ,,,,,,,,,,, 92 ( ), (, 1998;, 1997) 1 2,,,, 19 ( Pavle Ivi, Cacute, 2000 ) 3,,, 20 90, ( cultural trait),,, ( ), ( ) 2002, 1999

103 , 1999 : (, 1999 ) 4,, (, 1999: 41 ) 5,,,, ( 3-1),, :,,, ;,,,, ,,,,,,, z c s zh ch sh, z c s,, z tz, tz j q x 3,

104 , j q x z c s h w, h f, h, w f,,,,,, (, 2000: 134) (, 2000) 8, 15 18, , ( ), (, 1999;, 2002) Tab.3-1 Thecategoryofvariablesinthestatisticsanalysis 94 sex 1( ),0( ) age 1( ),2( ),3( ) edu 1( ),2( ),3( ),4( ) to sxc to sh to nj to sw strength = ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4,, errno Q-Q Lilliefors, Lilliefors, Kolmogorov Smirnov 0 05 Q-Q, Q-Q,

105 ,, ;,, (rank), :,,, ( ) Independent Samples, Mann Whitney U K-S Mann Whitney U ; K-S, Asymp. Sig. < Tab.3-2 The sample test for two gender groups Tests of Normality Kolmogorov Smirnov ( a) 95 Statistic df Sig a Lilliefors Significance Correction

106 96 2 Spearman Kendall s Spearman : r s =1- (6 D 2 )/ [n (n 2-1)] D, n Kendall : rk = (Nc - Nd )/ [n(n-1)/2] Nc, Nd, n r 1, 0 r 1, -1, 0 :,,, ;,, Mann Whitney U ; K - S ( ) 3-1, Kendall, ( 3-3),,,,, 3-3 Tab.3-3 The Correlation Analysis of Out home Rate and other Variables Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2 - tailed) ( ) 314 ( ) 224 ( ) 434 ( ) :,,,, 0 027, P =0 844, 1,

107 ,,,,,,, (, 1998;, 1997) 11 12,,,,,,,, 1, [J]. ( ), 1998 (4) : , [J]., 1987 (1 ) 3 Pavle Ivi, Cacute. Dialect atlases. Encyclopaedia Britannic Online 4, [J]., 32, 1999 (4) : [M].. :, Harvey D. Explanation in geography. London: Edward Arnold, [J], 1998 (10),. [M]. :, ,,. [N]., , SPSS [M]. :, SPSS11, :, [J]., 1998, 17 (3) : [J]. ( ), 1997 (4 ) :

108 1 98,, E H 19 70, 1955, J H, (, 1987), (, 1997 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,

109 ,, ( ), ( 4-1) ,,,,,,,, (, 1995) :,,,,,

110 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1995 ),,,, ;, 1 2,, (, 1995),, ( ),,,, (H J, 1988),,,, ( )

111 ,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1991 ),,,,,,?,, ;,,,, :,, (, 1982),,?, (1937 ),, (1995),, (1997),,, ;,,, ;, 101

112 102,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ), ( 4-2) :, ;,,, ( );,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1995) ( ),,

113 ( 4-3),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1996 ),,,,,,,,,

114 ,,,, (, 1995 ), ;,,,, ;,,

115 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1999),,,, ;,,,, ; (, 1995 ),,, (, 1997),,,, (2001),, ;, ;, 1 800,,,,,,,,,,,, 105

116 ,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,, (, 1992) ( 4-4) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,

117 ,,,,,,,,, (, 1992),,,,,,,,,,, (, 1995),, ( ), -,,, ( ) (1973) 5 000,,,,, -, ;? :,,,,,,,,,, 107

118 108,,,,, -, (, 1992) (1996), ;, ; 4 000,,, (, 1946 ), - - ;, (, 1991 ), ;,,,, (, 1946) ( 4-5),,,, ( ),,?,,,, ( ),,,,

119 4-5,, (, 1997) 109,,, :,,, J H,,,,,,,,,,

120 110,, (, 1994),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,

121 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 16,,,,,,,,,,, 111

122 112,,,,,,, DC - 3,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,

123 ,,,,,,,, (, 1999),,, ;,,, (, 1999 ),,,,,,,,, (, 1995),, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, (, 1999),, ;,,,,,,,,,, (, 1991), 113

124 114,,,,, ;,, ( ), :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( );,,,, (, 1995),,,,,, 7 :,,,, ( ),,,,, (,,,, )

125 ,,,,, ;, ;,,,, (, 1996) (Montesquieu),,,, (, 1990 ),,, (, 1978) ;,,, ( Buckle H T, 1972 ), ( Ratzel F),,, ;,,,, (Semple E C),,,,,,,,,, ;, 115

126 116,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, (, 1996) ( ), ( Paul Vidal de la Blache), ;, ( ),, ( James P, 1982 ),,,,, (Brunhes J) :,, (, 1985), (, 1990) 1922, (Felvre L), :,, (, 1985),,, ; (, 1985)?, ;,,

127 (, 1987) ( ),,,,, (, 1995),,,, ( ),,,,,, ;, (H J, 1988),,,,, :, 20,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1996) 117

128 118 ( ),, havmonia,,,,,,,,,, (, 1987 ),,, : ;, ;,, (, 1996),,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,

129 ,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1987),,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, (, 1988), ;,,,,,, 119

130 ,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1988), (1987),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( 4-6, 4-7)

131 4-7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 121

132 122,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, (, 1986),, (1994), ;,,,,,, ;,

133 ,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ;, (, 1994 ) (1946 ),,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, ,, 50, ;,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,, ; ;, (, 1994),,, ( 4-8),, 123

134 ,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, 300,, (, 1994),, (1946),,,,

135 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1999,,,, 125,,, :,,, ;,,, (, 1994),,,, :, ;

136 126, ;, (, 1946),,,, (, 1994 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1994),, 1972,, ( Aldo Leopold),,,,,,,, (, 1999 ),, 1987, (WCED),,,,,,,,

137 1? 2? 3? 4? 5?? 6? 7 :,,,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, (, 1999) (1),? (2)? (3),,? (4)?? 8, (1),,? (2) 9? 127

138 :, :., 1996: 11 (1) 3.. ( ), 1999 (1 ) 4.. :, , 1996 (1) : :, , 1997, 12 (3) (4) : 1 9. ( ). :, , 1999, 19 (1) 11.., 1995 (4) : , 1995 (4) : :, , 2001, 16 (5) 15.. :, :. :, , 1997 ( 1) : :, :, , 1995 (2) : :, :, :, :, , 126,

139 :, :, :, , , 1996, 11 (1) 29.., 1995 (7) : , 1992 (3) : :, :, :, , 1997, 12 (1) :, :, , 1973 ( 2 ) : Buckle H T. History of Civilization in England. London : Longman 1972 Ed, HJ :.. :, James P.. :, ,,,,,,,,,,

140 130,,,,,, ;,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ), ;, ( ),,,,,, ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,,, (.. [C]. :, 1983.

141 ),,,, ;,,, ,, :,,, ;,, ( South

142 132 limit), 80 % ; 1 200mm, ;,,,,,,, ;,, (1546 ) ; : ( ),,,, ( 990) ( 1730 ), : (1207),,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ( rural landscape),,,,, ; (1282),,, ;, ;, ( ) (1836),,,,,,,, ( ) (1560),,,,, ;,, ( ) (1647 ),, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( )

143 ,,, (1529 ),,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,, ( ), , 80, 7 6 ; 6 7 ; 9 3 ; 13 8, 736, 73, 10,,,, ( ), , 72, , 6 3,, ( 4-10),,,,,,,,,, 4-10 A, 10 A B, 10 15,,,, 4-10,, 133

144

145 ,,, 1 (hearth of culture), ( ) ( ) 20,,,,,,,,, 135 ( ) ( cultural traits),, 5-1 (a), 5-1 (b),,

146 (a) (b) ,, ; ;,,,,,,,, ( ), ( identifier),,,,,,,,, ( ) 1,,,

147 ,,,,,,,,, (, 1998: 174 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 000,, 3 000,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 ;,, (, 2003) ,, 20 80, (, 2000: ),, (, 1993)

148 138,,, 19,,, ( ) 6 ( ),,,, 15,, 2,, (, 2001: 17 24) 5 000, : ( ), ( : ) :,,,,,,,,,, ( 32 7 ), 12,, (, 1994: 35), (, 1990: 19 ), (1) ( ),,,, (, 1991: 243 ), ( ),,,,,,,, ;,

149 (, 1994: 39 ) :, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, 23, :, ( ) ;,, (, 1994: 41;, 1991: ) (2),, ( ), (, 1991: 230 ), ( ),,,,,,,,, (, 1990: 32;, 1991: ) ( 184 ),,, (, 1991: 238),, :,,,,, 139 ( ) ( culture complex),,,,,,

150 140 ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 (culture realms) ( ),,,, (trappings of civilizations) :,,,,,,, ( ) 8 10,

151 , ;,,,,, (Julian Steward, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, -, ( ),

152 142, ,,,,,,,, 3000,,,,,,,,, 3 500, ( ),, 1,,,,,,, 6 7, 9 10, 11,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,

153 : 40, 12, 30, 5,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2300,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 3000,,,,,,,,,,, 143

154 144,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, china ( ), (, 2003) ( ),,, 7,,,,,,,

155 2 ( ),,,, 30%,,, 1, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,, 3,,, 4 000m, 145

156 146 ( ) 4 000m 4,,,,,,,,, ( ), 5,,,,,,, :, (, 1995: 10),,,,,, 5-3 (BW BS ) (Af) (ET EF Df Dw) 4 000m, , ( ) -,,,,,

157 (Wheeler, 1986: 18), -,

158 , 1 ( domestication),,,,?, 1,,,,, (Sauer C O), ( Blij, 2003: 330 ),,, ,,

159 ( Spencer, Thomas Jr., 1969: ), ; ;, ; ; ;,,, :,,, ,,,,,,,,,, 8000,,,

160 150,,,,,, :, 2 (metal smelting),, 3500,,,,,,, ,,, 2 000,,,,, ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,

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174 164, (, 2000: )? ( ),?,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 20 30,,, 1964, 50,,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

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178 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 2002) 168 1?? 2?? 3?? 4? 1 Blij, Harm J. Human Geography: Culture, Society, and Space [ M]. New York: Wiley, Shao X M, Zhang H Y. On arable land changes in Shandong Province and their driving forces [ J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2001, 7 ( 11), No. 3: Spencer J E Thomas W Jr. Cultural Geography [ M]. New York : John Wiley & Sons, Walsh S J, Evens T P, Welsh W F, Entwisle B, Rindfuss R. Scale dependent relationships between population and environment in Northeastern Thailand [ J ]. Photogram metric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 1999, 65 ( 1) : Wheeler J O Muller P O Economic Geography [M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Zha X C, Tang K L. Eco environment Change and Soil Erosion Process in the Reclaimed Forestland of the Loess Plateau [ J ]. Chinese Geographical Science (3) : [M]. :, 1990

179 8. [J]., 2002 (6): [J]., 2003 (2) : ,. [J]., (7), No. 1: , [M]. :, [J] (5) : ,,. [J] , 11 (54), No. 6: [M]. :, [J]. :, 2001 (4), [M], :, [M]. :, [M]. :, [M]. :, [M]. :, ( ). [M]. :, [M]. :, [M]. :, [N]. NEWS.SOHU.COM ,,,. [J] ( 17), No. 4: [J] (1 ) : , :, [M]. :, ,,

180 ,,,,,,?,,? 170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, (www. tibetinfo. com/ / )

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182 172, ( ) 3 (Chiagxian),,,,,,, 1992, 4,, ( ),,,, :, ( ),,, - : ( ) - Mug; -jia; -xim; -zoang; - pa; - ajei; - Roang; -nga; -tang; -ma; -jang; - dong; - lapug; - mang; -med; - nzho; -shi; -yod, ( ) masbyang,,,, :,,,

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185 1 ( ) ;,,,,, 20 80,,, (Cavalli - Sforza L L, Feldman M W, 1981) -,,, ( ) 3 : Lumsden Wilson -, - 175

186 176 (Lumsden, Wilson, 1981) Boyd Richerson -, ( Boyd, Richerson, 1985) Cavalli - Sforza Feldman Boyd Richerson -, Cavalli - Sforza Feldman, ( Laland, Kevin N, 1993 ) Cavalli - Sforza Peldman (1981), :,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,, Cavalli - Sforza Feldman, 3 : ( 1 ), ( 1 ) ( 1 ), ( 1 ),, 4 : 4, Cavalli - Sforza Feldman 3 :, ;,,

187 ,,,,, Cavalli Sforza Feldman (, 1993) ( ) (cultural diffusion),,,, ( relocation diffusion ), ( expansion diffusion) ( 6-1),,,,,,,

188 178, 2 ( contagious diffusion ) (hierarchical diffusion) ( stimulating diffusion) (1),,, 19 20,,,,,,, (2),,,,,,,,,,,, (3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

189 ,,,,,,, ( ) (Hechter M), (The Diffusion Model), (Hechter, 1957),, (Theory of Cultural Diffusion) ( Theory of Social Structural Diffusion), (Hechter, 1975: 22 23),, (core periphery) ;, (Hechter, 1975: 22 ), (Integration of Societies) (Hechter, 1975: 22 23),,,,,,,,,, ( );,, 179,,

190 180 (Hechter, 1975: 23) (acculturation),, ( Social Mobilization ),,, (Hechter, 1975: 25), (A National Political Culture) ( Hechter, 1975: 25),,,,,, (techniques of mass persuasion ) (Hechter, 1975: 25),,,,, ( Filters Down ) (Hechter, 1975: 26 ),,, ( ),,,,,, ( Hechter, 1975: ),,,,,,

191 ,, (, 1997: 219),, 1952, 1952,, (, 1997: 182 ), ( ), (, 1997: 184 ),, (, 1997: 189 ),,,,,,, :,, ( ), (Diffusion Industrialization Model) ;,, (Diffusion Supply Model) (, 1997: 223) ( ) ( ), ( )?,, ; 181

192 182,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 2000) ( ), 1959, (Edward Hall) (The Silent Language ),,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ) :

193 1 ( BMIC, the Behavioral Model of Intercultural Communication) BMIC , : emic etic emic,, ( Donal Carbaugh ) (Knstinc Fitch) ( Tamar Katriel ), (Philipsen G),,,, etic etic,,, (Hoisted G) : (Culture s Consequences International Differences in Work Related Values ) 13 (,, ), : ; ; ;, ( Beyond Culture ) ( high context ) (low context ),,,,, ;,,,, 183

194 184 (miscommunication),?, ( Spitzberg B),,,,,,,, ( ) (,,,, ), 2 ( CMIC, the Cognitive Model of Intercultural Communication), : (1) (2) (3), (4 ) ( ) (5),, (6),,, (Charles Berger), ( Stephen), 20 80,,,,,,,,

195 ( Sunnafrank),,,,,, (host culture) (Kim),,,,,,,,,,?,, ( ),,,, 3 ( IMIC, the Interpretive Model of Intercultural Communication), : ( Constructionism) (CMM), (Cronen V) (Chen V) (Pearce W), 185

196 186,,, : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5), (6),,,, 1984 (Liberman K B),,,,,,,,,, (, 2003) ( ),,,,,,,,,,

197 , (Movius H),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, (,, 2001) ( ),, Cavalli Sforza Feldman ( Cavalli Sforza L L, Marcus, Feldman W, Chen K H, Dombusch S M, 1982),,,, ( ),,,,,,, :,, 187

198 188,, 6, 10, ; 31, Cavalli - Sforza Feldman, :,,, (Chen K H, Cavalli Sforza L L, Marcus, Feldman W, 1982),,, ( ) 20 90,,, 10,, (Zeng Y, Tu P, Gu B C, Xu Y, Li B H, Li Y P, 1993) Feldman,,,,,,,,,,, (,,, 1999) -

199 ,,,, (Laland et al, 1995),,,,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ), : ;,,,,, 1,,,,, ;,,,, 189

200 190,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,, :, :, :,,,,,,, :,. [C] ,.

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202 192,,, (, 2000), 211,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,, 17, 607,, 645, ( ),,, 672,,, (, 1997), (613 ),, (, 1997) (684 ),,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,

203 2 ( ) (media),,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;, 20 60, ;,,, ,,, 193

204 194,,,,,,, ,, ;,,,,,, 21,,,, ;, ;, 20 90, (internet), ,,, 10 20,,, 1969 ( Arpanet ), 1989 ( ) Internet,, 1993, , 10, 2000, 4, , 400, (, 1999) 2001, 2 650, 2 1% (, 2002),, :, ;,,,,

205 ,,,,,,,,,, 1969,,, ;,,,,,,, TCP/ IP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ), ( 6-2),,,,, 195

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209 ( ) 20,, 1909,,,,, 20,,, (, 2001), ( ),, 1928,, 4,,,,, ,, :,,,,, ,, 5, 199

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219 ,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, (, 2003) 1 2,? 3,? 4? 5? 6? Boyd R, Richerson P J. Culture and the Evolution Process. Chicago: University of Chicago, Cavalli Sforza L L, Feldman M W. Cultural Transmission and Evolution : A Quantitative Approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Cavalli Sforza L L, Feldman M W, Chen K H, Dombusch S M. Theory and Observation in Cultural transmission [ J]. Science, 1982 (218 ) : Chen K H, Cavalli Sforza L L, Feldman M W. A Study of Cultural Transmission in Taiwan [ J]. Human Ecology, 1982, 10 (3) : Hechter M. Internal Colonialism [ M]. Berkeley : University of California Press, Lumsden C, Wilson E O. Genes, Mind and Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University, Laland, Kevin N. The Mathematical Modeling of Human Culture and its Implications

220 210 for Psychology and the Human Sciences [ J ]. British Journal of Psychology, 1993 (84 ) : Zeng Y, Tu P, Gu B C, Xu Y, Li B H, and Li Y P.Causes and Implications of the Recent Increase in the Reported Sex Ratio at Birth in China [ J ]. Population and Development Review, 1993, 19 ( 2) : [J]., 1999 (1): [M]. :, [J]., 2000 ( 27 ) : [J]. ( ), 2003, 17 (3) : ,. [J]., 2001, 8 (2) : 17 14,,. [J]., 1999 ( s) : [J]. :, 1987 ( 3) 16. [M]. : (25) 17. [J]., 2003, 181 (1) : [J]. ( ), 2000, 2 (7) : [M].. :, [M]. :, : [J]., 1999 (6): [ J ] ( 5).. [J]., 2002, 4 (3) : [J]. ( ), 2001, 22 (5) : [N] : [M]. :, [M]. :, [J] (12) (1) [C]

221 29. [J]., 2003, 21 ( 2 ) : 9 12, ( Cavalli Sforza ) (Marcus W. Feldman),,,,,,,,, ; 211 (Li et al., 1997 ),, Y y, Y p, Y, y p, y, y, p, y p,, y p,,,, 1999

222 212, y, p, y, p, p %, , %, , 121, 121, 119, , 2, 5 y ( ), p ( Warren, 1985; Poston et al., 1997), 1989, , 1989, 1990, , 117, ( Park and Cho, 1995), p 1989, GNP 360, 4 400,, (Das Gupta et al., 1997);, p, p,, p ( Cavalli Sforza, Feldman, 1981; Kumm et al., 1994 ) ( ), p, p, yi p,,,,,

223 ,,,,,,, p 1 p 1 (Cavalli Sforza, Feldman, 1981; Kumm et al., 1994), : 1:, 45 t : n1 (t) 0 14, n2 (t) 15 29, n3 (t) f1 (t) f2 (t) f3 (t) N ( t +1) = p N ( t) (1) 0 p2 0 N ( t) = (n1 (t), n2 (t), n3 (t)) fh (t) h, p1 p2, n ( t) n2 (t) (1), n (t) n ( t+ 1) = f1 (t-1) n ( t) + p1 f2 (t-1) n ( t -1) + p1 p2 f3 (t-1) n ( t -2) (2) (2), f h (t),,,,, fh (t) fh (t),, p, 0,, y 213

224 214 p N =1- p (3) : 2:,,,,, t t -1 ( 2 ), f 1 (t-1) n ( t) (t-1) t, [t-1, t) (t+1), [t-1, t), p ( t) t A (A17 ), S ( S O f2 + p ( t) y1 )/ (F2 - p ( t) y1 ) SO ( ), F2, y 1, A ( A14 ) F2/ (1+ s) = (F2 - p ( t) y1 )/ (1+ so ) (4) [ t -1, t) f 1 (t-1) =0 5 l2 (F2 - y1 )/ ( 1+ so ) + [0 5 l2 y1/ (1+ so )] p N (t) (5) l i i c 11 =0 5 l2 (F2 - y1 )/ (1+ so ), c21 =0 5 l2 y1/ (1+ so ) (6) f 1 (t-1) = c11 + c21 p N (t) (7) p 1 f2 (t-1) = c12 + c22 p N (t -1) (8) c 12 =0 5 [ ( l2 F2 + l3 F3 ) - (l2 y1 + l3 y2 )] / (1+ so), c22 =0 5 (l2 y1 + l3 y2 )/ (1+ so) (9) F3, y2, A (A15) p1 p2 f3 (t-1) = c13 + c23 p N (t-2) (10) c 13 =0 5 l3 (F3 - y2 )/ (1+ so ),

225 c23 =0 5 l3 y2/ (1+ so ) (11) (6) - (11), (2 ) n( t + 1) = 3 [c h=1 1 h + c2 hp N (t - h+1)] n( t - h + 1 ) (12) h [c1 hn + c2 h p N (t- h +1)/ l2, p N, c0 h = c1 h + c2 h, h=1, 2, 3 (13) [t-1, t), s ( t) s( t) = (1 + so ) 3 h=1 c 0 hn( t - h + 1) 3 c h=1 1 hn( t - h + 1) + 3 c - h=1 2 hn( t - h + 1) p N (t - h+1 ) 1(14), h =1, 2, 3, p N (t- h +1) =1, s ( t) = so, p N (t- h +1) <1, s ( t) > so, p N (t- h +1) =0, s ( t), n ( t - h +1) = n y, y = (y1 + y2 ) T, T = (F2 + F3 ), (Li et al., 1997), (T so + y) / ( T - y) p N (t+1) p N (t+1), h =1, 2, 3, f h (t - h +1) ( 7) ( 8) (10) n ( t +2) (12) p N (t+1), n ( t+1) n ( t+1) p N (t+1) ( 2, ) 0,, n ( t+1), c h=1 0 h n( t - h + 1 )p N (t - h+1), 0 Y,,,

226 0 Y, 0 ( ) Y y ( y i ), y 3 c h=1 0 hn( t - h + 1) pn (t - h+1) C v (0 Cv 1) 0, Cv, 0 Cv y 3 h=1 c 0 h n( t - h + 1 )pn (t - h+1) n ( t +1) 0 Y, n( t + 1) - y 3 h=1 c 0 hn( t - h + 1) pn (t - h+1) = 3 h=1 c 1 h n( t - h + 1 ) - 3 h= 1 c 3 hn( t - h + 1 ) pn (t - h+1) 216 = 3 n( t - h + 1 )[ c h= 1 1 h - c3 hpn (t - h+1)] (15) c 3 h = yc0 h - c2 h,h=1,2, 3 (16) 0 P N (t), PN (t) = 3 h= 1 l hn( t - h + 1) pn (t - h+1 ) 3 h= 1 l hn( t - h + 1) (15) 0 Co 3 h= 1 n( t - h + 1 )[ c 1 h - c3 hpn (t - h+1)] P N (t),0 Co 1 (17), Co 0 Y, Mo 0 ( 0 0, 0 ), Mo [1 - Co PN (t)]{ 3 h= 1 n( t - h + 1 )[ c 1 h - c3 hpn (t - h+1)]}, 0 Mo 1 n( t + 1) 0, n(t +1 )pn (t+1) pn (t) pn (t+1 ) = Cv y 3 h=1 c 0 hn( t - h + 1) pn (t - h+1 ) n( t + 1) +

227 [Mo + Co( 1 - Mo ) PN (t)] 3 n( t - h + 1)[ h=1 c1 h - c3 hpn (t - h+1)] (18) n( t + 1) Mo =0, 0 (18 ), Mo =0, h =1, 2, 3, pn (t- h +1) =0, pn (t+1) =0, p N 0< p N 1 (19) (1) Leslie, n ( t) pn (t) pn, n ( t+1) = n ( t) (20) (12) 1= G1 ( ) + G2 ( ) p N (21) (18) p N (t) p N p N = CvyG0 ( ) p N + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo ) p N ] [G1 ( ) - G3 ( ) p N ] (22) 217 Gk ( ) = 3 h= 1 ckh - h,k=0,1, 2,3 (23) 0< p N 1 pn [0, 1 ] (pn ), (24) G 1 ( ) + png2 ( ) =1 (24) 2 (pn ), (25) pn = CvypNG0 ( ) + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo ) pn ] [G1 ( ) - G3 ( ) pn] (25) p N 1 (pn ) = 2 (pn ) (26) 10, 1 (pn ) pn =0, G1 ( 10) =1, G1 ( 1 (0)) = G1 ( 10) =1 (27) 11 = 1 (1 ), (13) G1 ( 11) + G2 ( 11 ) = G0 ( 11 ) =1 (28) (27) (28) G1 ( 10 ) > G1 ( 11), (23) 11 > 10 >0 (29) (24), Gh ( ) / < 0 (h=0, 1, 2, 3),

228 1 (pn )/ pn = - G2 ( ) / [ G1 ( ) / ) + ( G2 ( ) / ) pn] >0 (30) Mo >0, 2 (0) = 20 (25) G1 ( 20 ) =0 (31), 20 =,, 10 < 20 (32) 21 = 2 (1 ), (25) { (1- y) [ M o + Co (1 - Mo)] + Cv y} G0 ( ( 21) ) =1 (33) (1 - y) [ Mo + Co (1 - Mo )] + Cvy 1 (34) (35) 218, 1 (pn ) 2 (pn ) pn [ 0, 1 ], (32 ), p N =0, 1 2, (35 ), pn =1, 1 2, 1 (pn ) pn [ 0, 1 ] 2 (pn ) 1 (pn ) 2 (pn ) pn (26 ), ( 26) ( 0, 1 ] (25) = 2 (pn ) pn 1- Co (1 - Mo )[G1 ( ) - G3 ( ) pn ] + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo) pn ]G3 ( ) C v ypn ( G0 ( )/ ) + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo) pn I( G1 ( )/ ) - ( G3 ( )/ ) pn ] (36) 1- C o (1- Mo )[G1 ( ) - G3 ( ) pn ] + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo) pn ]G3 ( ) = CvyG0 ( ) + MoG1 ( )/ pn + Co (1 - Mo )png3 ( ) >0 (37) CvypN ( G0 ( )/ ) + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo )pn ][( G1 ( )/ ) - ( G3 ( )/ ) pn ] CvypN ( G0( )/ ) + [Mo + Co(1 - Mo)pN][( G1( )/ ) - ( G3( )/ )] = {Cv ypn + [Mo + Co (1 - Mo )pn ](1- y)}( G0 ( )/ ) <0 (38) 2 (pn )/ pn <0 (39) (30) (39), M o >0, 1 (pn ) pn [ 0, 1 ], 2 (pn ) pn [ 0, 1 ] 1 (pn )

229 2 (pn ),, (26 ) ( 0, 1] p N, p N =1 (1 - y) [ Mo + Co (1 - Mo )] + Cvy =1 (40) Mo =0,, ( 31) C v yg0 ( 20) + CoG1 ( 20) =1 (41), (32) (31),, p N >0 Co =1, Cv >0 (42) G1 ( 10) =1= Cv yg0 ( 20 ) + CoC1 ( 20) > G1 ( 20 ) (43) (32), Co, (41) ( 20 / Cv ) = - yg0 ( 20 ) C v y ( G0 ( ) / ) + Co ( G1 ( ) / ) Cv ( 32), p N >0 (44) >0 20 Co Cv, 20 (Cv, Co ) Cv > Cv mi n, p N >0 C vmin 20 (Cvmin, Co ) = 10 (45) 219, C o, Cvmin >1, Co Comin, 20 ( 1, Comin ) = 10 (46) Co < Comin, p N >0, Cv =1 : p N =1, Cv =1 Co =1 Mo =1 pn >0, Mo >0 ;, Mo >0, p N >0, Co Cv, Mo =0, p N >0 C o > Co min,, Cv, ( Cv min, 1], p N >0,, (Living with a son, LS),,, (Living with a son in law, LSL ),, : LS LSL, LS,

230 220,,, LS, LSL,,, LS LSL?, :, LSL,, : LSL, LS, LS LSL,,,,?, LSL LS LSL, LSL, LS, LSL, LSL, LSL,? LSL, p N, LSL y p N, y p N LSL, ( ) LS, LSL, p N, LS, y p N LSL, LSL LS p N 1996 (, 1997),,, LSL 1992, ,

231 4 700 LSL, 10 4% LSL, , 135 LSL ( 19 ) LSL 28 9%,,, y LSL, y p N, y, p N, 1, p,, p p N 6-1,,, 1995, 0 132, , , 0 307, ,, LSL : 221, LSL?, ( ), (, 1997 ) 1996, 59%, 17%, 24% 30, 58%, 17% 25% LSL?,?,,, LSL, LSL, 20% (, 1995 ),

232 : A (Lietal., 1997), ( ) [, k) a, K {a [, k)}; C, R, D ( i) K i,, k ( k) i 222 F j T i (k) = k j (i) j= = Pr{ R = i a = } + Pr{ R i a = } Pr{(R= i a = +1) (R i a = )} + + Pr { R i a = k -1} Pr { ( R= i a = k) (R i a = k -1} = Pr { R = i K} (A1) (i) j i Pr { ( R = i +1 K) (R= i K)} = Pr { ( R = i +1 K) (R= i K)} = Pr { ( R = i +1 K) (R= i K)} Pr { R = i K} ( A2) (R= i +1 K) (R= i K) ( A3) Pr { R = i +1 K} Pr { R = i K} = Ti +1 (k) T i (k) = p i (k) (A4) ( A3 ) K = {a [x, k)}, x >,, i x [,, : 1: k k) Pr { ( R = i +1 K) (D (i) = i K) } = a i p i (k) (A5) ai k, a i 1 Pr { R = i +1 R = i}, Pr { R = i +1 (D (i) = i)} 1 Pr { R = i +1 (D (i) < i)} 0 a i D ( i) = i,, Pr { D ( i) = i K} = Pr { D ( i -1) = i -1 K} Pr { ( R = i i ) D ( i -1) = i -1 K} = [1/ (1+ s o ) ] Pr { ( R = i D ( i -1) = i -1 K)} Pr { D ( i -1) = i -1 K} = [a i - 1 p i -1 (k)/ (1+ s o )] Pr { D ( i -1) = i -1 K} = = i-1 j=0 a j Ti (k)/ (1+ so ) i ( A6), Y ( k), K k k,

233 , k, : 2 : K, K Y( k) = [(C=1 K) (D(0) =0 K) ] [( C=2 K) ( D(1) =1 K)] ( A7) B (B1 ) [( C= i +1 K) (D(i)= i K) ] [( C= j +1 K) ( D(j)= j K)] =,i j (A8), y ( k) y( k) = i=0 Pr{ ( C = i + 1 K) (D(i) = i K)} (A9) B (B8 ) y( k) = i= 0 [ i j= 0 aj/ (1 + so ) i ][ Ti+1 (k) - Ti+2 (k)(ai+1 +sobi+1 )/ ( 1 + so )] (A10) ( ) : K 1 = {a [, k 1 ) }, K 2 = {a [k 1, k 2 ) }, K 3 = {a [k 2, )}, k1 < k2, y (, k1 ), y ( k1, k 2 ), y (k 2, ) (A10) y (, k 1 ), y ( k 1 ) p y = Pr { Y} = 3 h=1 Pr{ K h }Pr{( Y) K h } 223 = 3 Pr{ Y K h } h=1 = 3 Pr{ Y kh }Pr{( ( Y Kh ))} h=1 (A11) {Y Kh }, p ( ), Pr { (Y K h )} p p y= p 3 Pr{ Y K h } = h=1 p 3 yh i=1 = p 3 Pr{ K h }Pr{Y K h } h=1 = p[( k 1 - ) Pr{Y K 1 }+(k 2 - k 1 )Pr{Y k 2 }+( - k 2 )Pr{Y K 3 }]/ ( - ) = p[( k 2 - ) Pr{Y (K 1 K 2 )} + ( - k 2 )Pr{Y K 3 }]/ ( - ) (A12), Pr { Y (K 1 K 2 )} = y ( k 2 ), y 3 = Pr{ Y K 3 } = ( - k 2 )Pr{Y K 3 }/ ( - ) = y - (k 2 - ) y(k 2 )/ ( - ) (A13) Pr { Y K 1 } = y ( k 1 ), y1 = Pr { Y K1 } = (k1 - ) y ( k1 )/ ( - ) (A14) y 2 = Pr { Y K 2 } = Pr { Y (K 2 K 1 )} - Pr { Y K 1 } = [ ( k 2 - ) y ( k 2 ) - (k 1 - ) y ( k 1 )] / ( - ) (A15) K h n

234 n F h+1 = n j K h F i (j) (A16) i=1 F h +1 h, n p y h K h, n ( s o F h +1 + p y h ) / (1+ s o ) 224 so, n ( F h +1 - p y h ) / (1+ s o ) s = (s o F h +1 + p y h ) / ( F h +1 - p y h ) (A17) B A 2, {K} ( ) i, (R i) (R i +1) j >1 (C= i +1 D( i) = i) (C= j +1 D( j) = j) = (R i +2 R = i +1 D( i) = i) (R j +2 R = j +1 D( j) = j) (R j +1 R = j +1) ( R= i +1 D( i) = i R j +2 D( j) = j) = (B1) ( ) Pr{ C = i +1 D( i) = i} = Pr{ R i +2 R = i +1 D( i) = i} = Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} Pr{ R i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i)} = Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} (1 - Pr{ R = i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i)}) = Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} - Pr{ R = i +2 D( i) = i} = r{ D( i) = i} ( Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} - Pr{ R = i +2 D( i) = i}) = { T i [1/ (1 + s o )] i i-1 a j=0 j }(a i p i - Pr{R = i + 2 D( i) = i}) (B2) ( ) (D(i)= i) = (R= i +1 D( i) = i) + (R i +1 D( i) = i) (B3) Pr{ R = i +2 D( i) = i} = Pr{ R = i +1 D( i) = i} Pr{ R = i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i) } = a i p i Pr{ R = i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i) } (B4) (R= i +1 D( i) = i) = (D(i+1) = i +1 D( i) = i) + (D(i+1) = i D( i) = i) (B5) Pr{ R = i +2 (R= i +1 D( i) = i) } = Pr{ D( i +1) = i +1 D( i) = i} Pr{ R = i +2 (D(i+1) = i +1 D( i) = i) } +

235 Pr{ D( i +1) = i D( i) = i} Pr{ R = i +2 (D(i+1) = i D( i) = i)} = [1/ (1+ s o )] Pr{ R= i +2 (D(i+1) = i +1 D( i) = i)} + [so/ (1+ so )]Pr{R= i +2 (D(i+1) = i D( i) = i)} = [1/ (1+ s o )] Pr{ R= i +2 D( i +1) = i +1} + [s o / (1+ s o )]Pr{R= i +2 D( i +1) < i +1} = [1/ (1+ s o )] a i +1 p i +1 + [s o /(1+ s o )] b i +1 p i +1 (B6) Pr{ R = i +2 D( i) = i} = ai [ai +1 + sobi +1]pi pi +1/ (1+ so ) (B7) ( ) ( ) ( ) Pr{ C = i +1 D( i) = i} = ( i j= 0 a j )[ T i+1 - ( a i+ 1 + s o b i+1 )T i+ 2 / (1 +s o )]/ (1 + s o ) i (B8) :, , (5) 3 Das Gupta, M. et al. Family system, economic factors and son preference in China, South Korea and India. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of Population Association of America, Washington, D. C, Li N, Feldman M W, Tuljapurkar S. Sex ratio at birth and son preference. Working paper series No. 72, Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, Stanford University, Cavalli Sforza L L, Feldman M W. Cultural Transmission and Evolution. Princetion University Press, Princeton, Kumm J, Lalaud K N, Feldman M W. Geneculture coevolution and sex ratios : The effects of infanticide, sex selective abortion, sex selection and sex biased parental investment on the evolution of sex ratios. Theoritical Population Biology, 1994, 46 : Park C B, Cho N H. Consequences of son preference in a low fertility society : Imbalance of the sex ration at birth in Korea. Population and Development Review, 1995, 21: Poston D L, Gu B, Liu P P, McDanial T. Sonpreference and the sex ratio at birth in China: A provincial level analysis. Social Biology, 1997, 44 (1 2): Warren M A Gendercide. Roman & Allanheld, New Jersey 225

236 ,, 1 226, (, 1985;, 1989;, 1990), (, 1983; 1987, 1988 ), (1993 ), (1995a), ( 1998), (2000 ) (, 1999),, (, 1998;, 2000;, 1995 ), (, 1998), (, 1999),,,, :

237 1895, 1922,,,, (, 1993), ( ) 20 80,, : ( cultural system),,,,, ( 1986 ), :,,,,,,,,,,, (1989),,,,, (, 1990 ),,,,, (,, 1991),,,, ( ) (, 1999) 227.., :,

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264 ,,, 20 50,,,,,, (, 1986), ,,,,,,,,,,

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266 256,,,, :,,, 89 ( ) ( 1990 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :.. :,

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268 1 258,,,,,,,, ( place),,, (1994 ),, (space) ;,, diastema, ; chora, ; topos, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,

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272 262,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1998 ),,, ( ),,,,,,, (, 1998 ), ( 8-1), ;, ;, :,,,, (, 1998)

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274 264 cognition), ( images), ( schemata) (D. J., 1988 ) (space behavior),, ;,, Walmsley D J,,,,, ( ),,, ( ), Gold J R,,, (Gold J R, 1980),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 8-1)

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276 266,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1995),,,,,, ( ) (Durkheim E) (collective representation ),, (, 1990),,

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291 1987,,, ;, ;, (, 1998), 10 (, 1998 ),,, 5, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, (, ) ,, ;,,,, 20 90, 281

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297 [M]. :, : [M]. :, [M]. :, : [N] , , [N] , [N] , [J]., 1998 (9) : [M]. :, [J] (2) 30. [M]. :, [M]. :, [N] [N] [M]. :, [M]. :, [N] [M]. :, [N] [N] [N] [J]., 1997 (1) : [J]., 1998,

298 (4): [M]. :, [M]. :, D.J.. [M].. :, Durkheim E. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life [M]. New York : Collier, Gold J R. An Introduction to behavioral geography [ M]. Oxford University Press, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,, (, 1989: 106, 109 ) , 9 :,. : [J]., 2003, 23 ( 2) :

299 , (, 1993: 115) 2,, (, 1984: 180) 3,,, (, 1988: 23 24) 4 ;, ( linear hamlet or string village) ( cluster village, round village or walled village ) ( tessellated village) ( Fellmann, 1999: 400 ) 5 ;, (, 2001) 6 ( public space), (Habermas J) ( public sphere ) (Habermas, 1989) 7,,,,,, :, ( Habermas, 1984: 86 ) 8, (, 1985: 5 ) 9,,,, ;,,, ;, (, 1997: ) 10,, 289

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