Abstract The highly stigmatized marginal culture of tattoo artists have been undergoing an obvious process of professionalization in Taiwa

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1 * ** Sentimentalism and Fright Gender and Class Shifts in Contemporary Taiwanese Tattoo Culture by Josephine HO Keywords: tattoo, professionalization, narrativization, gentrification, class, gender, sentimentalism, body modification, feminization, subculture Received: March 16, 2009; in revised form: September 12, * H BH ** sexenter@cc.ncu.edu.tw

gender, sentimentalism, body modification, feminization, subculture 2009 3 16 2009 9 12 Received: March 16,

2 Abstract The highly stigmatized marginal culture of tattoo artists have been undergoing an obvious process of professionalization in Taiwan through the formation of professional community and its code of conduct as well as crafted management of media representation. Public presentations of tattoo are increasingly framed in narratives that seem to describe the unique creativity of individual tattoo consumers but are always couched in mainstream sentimentalism and emotional scripts that feature women as central agents. This feminization of tattoo not only brings forth changes in clientele, design, body area, and taste, but also helps make tattoo palatable for the general public through narrativization, sentimentalization, and beautification. Even the strictly masculine fright-oriented tattoos are also changing their class aura through a

Public presentations of tattoo are increasingly framed in narratives that seem to describe the unique creativity of individual tattoo consumers but are always couched in mainstream sentimentalism and

3 059 penchant for artistic presentation. Obscured in this process of upward mobility and mainstreaming are the traditional tattoos associated with crime and deviance. This essay attempts to investigate the development of this diversification and the shifts in gender and class position therein.

traditional tattoos associated with crime and deviance.

4 body modification SM PVC 5 Pitts, 2003: % 48% % scarification Pitts, 2000: Erik Sprague Hewitt, PVC

scarification Pitts, 2000: 299 3 2003 2003 5 14 4 25 2005 8 29

5 061 Turner, 1996, 1997, 1999: 2 Giddens 1991: 99 Hebdige 1979: 2 6 Halnon Cohen gentrification 2006: : 37 Halnon 2002: 511; Halnon & Cohen 2006: Halnon Cohen 6 Time Tattoo Renaissance article/0,9171,904617,00.html 1990 Pitts, 2000: 3

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6 Hebdige triumph Hebdige, 1979: Lees et. al., 2008: 9 Halnon 2002: 511

7 Anthony Giddens Pitts 2003: : 14 personal identity construction % %

8 Atkinson 2003:

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10 Gay & Whittington, 2002: DeMello, 2000: Gay & Whittington, 2002: 35 DeMello, 2000: Gay & Whittington, 2002: 37; DeMello, 2000: 67 15

Whittington, 2002: 35 DeMello, 2000: 63 15

11 067 DeMello, 2000: desirable 16

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20 OK Halnon Cohen modern primitives 2006: TATTOO DeMello, 2000: 8 30 DeMello, 2000: 97

21 SARS MADE IN TAIWAN roodo.com/chinpao1020/archives/ html

22 RAP Ettoday TATTOO TATTOO TATTOO Christ Garver Matthew Amey

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29 085 Atkinson, 2003: 45; Hewitt, 1996: 73-74

30 V. Vale & Andrea Juno, Modern Primitives 1990 Ripley s Believe It Or Not National Geographic Discovery

31 Queer Eye for the Straight Guy Travel and Life Miami Ink 2005 Inked 2007 L. A. Ink London Ink L.A. personal legends

32 DeMello, 2000: Do Not Resuscitate

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41 097 Pitts, 2003: 2 62 magical Freud, 113 spiritual territory Hewitt, 1996: 11 62

43 Hewitt, 1996: 73; DeMello, 2000:

47 [ ] 65 social oppression

48 PAPDr4-/article?mid=102 0&prev=1035&next= Accessed / Atkinson, Michael.Tattooed: The Sociogenesis of a Body Art.Toronto, Buffalo, London: U of Toronto P, DeMello, Margo.Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community. 66 Now News

49 105 Durham and London: Duke UP, Favazza, Armando R.Bodies Under Siege: Self-Mutilation and Body Modificiation in Culture and Psychiatry.Second Edition. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins UP, Foucault, Michel. Society Must Be Defended : Lectures at the College de France, Trans. By David Macey. New York: Picador, Freud, Sigmund. Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thoughts. Totem and Taboo. New York: W.W. Norton, Gay, Kathlyn & Christine Whittington. Body Marks: Tattooing, Piercing, and Scarification. Brookfield, CN: Millbrook Press, Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford: Stanford UP, Goffman, Erving. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster, Halnon, Karen Bettez. Poor Chic: The Rational Consumption of Poverty. Current Sociology 50 (2002): Halnon, Karen Bettez & Saundra Cohen. Muscles, Motorcycles and Tattoos: Gentrification in a New Frontier. Journal of Consumer Culture 6.1 (2006): Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London & New York: Methuen, Hewitt, Kim. Mutilating the Body: Identity in Blood and Ink. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State UP, Lees, Loretta, Tom Slater, & Elvin Wyly. Gentrification. New York, London: Routledge, Pitts, Victoria. In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, Tattoo Renaissance. Time Magazine. Dec. 21, article/0,9171,904617,00.html Turner, Bryan S. The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory. Second Edition. London: Sage, 1996, 1997, % Now News

50 southcn.com/sports/gossip/tattoo/ htm

1998 91 Goffman 1980 1980 2

* Hui-Ping Chen * phoebe714@pchome.com.tw 1998 91 Goffman 1980 1980 2 1 Susan R. Whyte Benedicte Ingstad 1995 9 1 11 3 2 3 1943 4 Claire H. Liachowitz 1998 28 1980 2 1992 840-841 1996 107 3 Susan Reynolds