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34 2005 6, ,, :,,,,,, : 3,1996,185 :, :,1985,500 :, 2,2003,78 :,:, 1993,

35 Modern Chinese History Studies No. 6, 2005 The Increase in the Number of Regular Markets in North China in t he Late Qing Period and An Interpretation of It s Significance W ang Qi ngcheng (1) The article suggests that the increase in the number of markets was related first to population, but not completely in a positive correlation. In many a cases, one market could serve for X people, but could also serve for 2X or 3X people. The increase in the number of markets indicates the commercialization of rural products and an increase in the circulation of commodities, a picture of economic prosperity. However, in the late Qing, the area of cultivated farmland per capita decreased, and the degree of peasant poverty increased. In order to support their families, peasants became more and more deeply involved in the commodity econ2 omy, and devoted more surplus labor to sideline production and to developing var2 ious low2cost household handicrafts. All these played roles in the increase in the number of markets and in the volume of trade. Therefore, poverty was one of reasons for the increase in the circulation of commodities in North China in the late Qing period. The Hankou2Daye2Pingxiang Company s Steel Sales and China s Modern Steel Market ( ) Dai L u (39) After the reorganization of the Hankou2Daye2Pingxiang company, the sales mechanism for its products and its rules and regulations were gradually improved, and it expanded its sales activities on many fronts. Income from steel sales domi2 nated its sales of steel, coke and ore products, and made up the main source of the company s operating expenses for many years. The domestic market was very small at the time, the foreign powers worked to depress steel sales, and the government constrained steel sales as well (mainly sales of steel rails). Overseas, the company was the target of all manner of exploitation, particularly in sales to Japan. As a result, China s sole integrated steel and coking enterprise was re2 duced under pressure to a simple mining operation supplying iron ore. The Chinese Communist Party s Policy of Rent and Interest Reduc2 tion during the Resistance War against Japan, and Changes of Land Ownership : A Case Study of J unan County in the Shan2 dong Base Area W ang Youm i ng (75) 1

36 Affected by geographical conditions and historical and cultural background, the distribution of land ownership presented completely different characteristics in the plains and the hill country of J unan County. In the plains, land ownership was concentrated. There were many big landowners. Tenancy relationships were well2developed. Land was mainly rented out in large tracts. Most tenants were rich peasants who operated in a capitalist manner. Landowners exploited their tenants mainly through land rents. In the hill country, landownership was com2 paratively decentralized. Most landowners were independent farmers. Tenancy relationships were limited. Lands were mainly rented in small plots. The majori2 ty of residents were owner2peasants. Landowners exploited their tenants mainly through employment. While carrying out a land policy of reducing rents and in2 terest, the local CCP organizations had to consider the local conditions and char2 acteristics at the same time as they guaranteed the implementation of the Central Committee s policies. Therefore, they had to take flexible measures. Because there were many big landowners in the plains, they adopted measures todis2 tribute land,and in view of the great number of large tenants in the hill coun2 try, they actually adopted measures toincrease capital. They also took other measures, such aslooking for labor,borrowing grain,uncovering prob2 lems, holding public struggle meetings,and so on. All these measures forced the gradual transfer of the land holdings and other property of the rich peasants to poor peasants and farm laborers, with the result that the rent and interest reduc2 tion movement objectively achieved the goal of land reform. The Impact of t he Russo2J apanese War on Sino2Korean Relations Q uan Hexi u (109) Although the Qing government and the Korean government declaredneu2 tralityduring the Russo2Japanese War, they became twoneutral countries which were directly attacked by both the Japanese and Russian armies in the im2 perialist war. Moreover, bilateral relations between the two were also directly af2 fected. For instance, the border issue and disputes over fishing rights were not negotiated and handled by the central governments in a timely manner, and have since become longstanding unsettled issues between the two countries. The Treaty of Portsmouth signed by Japan and Russia in September 1905, further re2 duced China and Korea s territory and sovereignty to spoils of the war between Russian and Japanese imperialism. This resulted directly in Korea being reduced to Japan sprotectorateand led to the end of Sino2Korean diplomatic relations at the ministerial level. As a result, Sino2Korean bilateral relations became more and more marginal in the modern international relations of East Asia, an even in the world at large. On the Relationship between the Chinese Communist Pary and the Gelaohui in t he Shaan2Gan2Ning Border Region during t he 1930s and the 1940s Park S ang2soo (134) 2

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