实验 1　显微镜的构造和使用

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2 m I 1 1-1, mm 170 mm

3 10mm 0.002mm

4 " /0.17" N. A=nsin /2 n d=0.61 /N.A, d nm nm N.A mm mm "" = cm - 4 -

5 2 3 5mm - 5 -

6 4 5 70~80%

7 6 II mm mm

8 1 2 mm

9 2 HB 2H 3H H 3H

10 2 HB 2H 3H Notonecta montandoni

11 ( ) 50 ml mm 6 g 20 ml 4 g 80 ml ( ) lm 0.5 m "a" min ( ) ( 32),

12 2 2 l l ( )( 2-1)

13 () 5 1??

14 ( 1.515) (N A=nsin /2, n ) d=0.61 /N.A (d nm nm N.A d Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus haemolyticus Corynebacterium sp. Spirillum sp. Sphaerotilus natans Bacillus megaterium Bacillus thuringiensis Proteus vulgaris Clostridium acetobutylicum Azotobacter chroococcum ( ) 1.5 cm 4 ( ) ( ) ( 0.2 mm) 5 ( ) 6 ( ) 7 ( ) 1 cm

15 " " ( ) ( ) ()( )( ) ( )( ) 1 2!

16 5 1 2 ph Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli S. aureus ( ) ( 5-1)

17 5 ( ) cm2( 5-2A B) ( 5-2C) 4 2min( 5-2D) 5 ( 5-2E) 6 ( 5-2F) 7 ( ) 1 (1) (2) 2 (1) (2) (3) (4)

19 C.Gram G+ G- - () - () - E coli S. aureus l-2 ( 95 ) ( ) 1 1cm 2 () 3 3 ( ) 1 1min 2 1min

20 3 95( 30s 1min 4 1min 5, ( ), ( )

21 7 1 2 Azolla sp.( Anabaena azollae) Nostoc flagelliformenostoc commune Spirogyra sp.allium cepai 2 -KI ( ) 1 2 N. commue 1mm????? ( )

22 ?? I2-KI?? 4 # 2-5mm 2 1 I 2 -KI

24 8 Hydrilla verticllata Cucurbita moschata Setcreasea purpurea Zebrima pendula 5% ( )

25 3 5% ( ) 1 30min ()

26 9 1 2 ()() 5mm mm 100 ( ) lmm 100 l0 m 0.0lmm S. aureus E.coli 1 () "0" ( 9-1)

27 ( m)=(10) / 20 3 l0 m =30 m =1.5( m) 2 (a,b ) ( R ) NP=V n / (V c -V n ) (V n V c ) ( m) ( m)

28 ( m)

29 10 Petrof Hausser mm l mm 2 1/400mm 2 0.1mm 0.1mm 3 1/4000mm /ml=100 / /ml=80 /

30 22mm 22mm Saccharomyces cerevisiae l ml g / ml -1 g

31 B 0.9% 0.1mol/L ( 0.1% 0.1% ) 0.02% B ( ) % () mol/L ( 0.1% 0.1% ) ( ) % B 20min

32 ( ) ( )

33 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( )

34 ( ) 1 () () 50~ ~8-34 -

35 ( ) ( ) 5 (H E ) C ( )

36 13 0.7% 1% ( )() min 10 20min ( ) o 40 o

37 3~5min 8~ min

38 Iris tectorumvicia faba Cucurbita moschata Euonymus japonicusapium graveoiens Pittos-porum tobiratriticum aestivum I 2 -KI0.1% ( )

39 ?? 2 2-5cm ( 1mm2 ) ?? 1 2?? 1 2??

40 ? ( ) 1 2? 3-4 V V 1-3 V V

41 ? 3 5? l

42 4 0.1% ( ) 1 2-3mm? (mm) 10-20mm?

43 C ?

44 ( )

45 ( )

46 ( ) ( )

47 ??? ?

49 ( )( ) I 2 -KI 0.1 ( ) 16-1 ( )

50 I2-KI I 2 -KI?

52 17 0.1%

53 2 1 2 ()

54 ()

55 / / / ()

56 , ( ) 1 )

57 2 " " ( ) Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy "" ""

58 1. () ()., ( X )., ( ) ,..:, :, :,

59 -I 2 -KI 2g 300ml 1g 300mL 2-10 sudan 1 III 0.1g 95 10ml 10ml 2 0.1g III IV 50ml 70% 50ml 3 III 70% 1aceto carmine 1g ml 2h Carbol fuchsine A 3g 100ml 70 B A10ml 90ml 5 C B 55ml 6ml 6ml 38 A C B C 10 20ml ml 1~1.8g neutral red 0.1g 100ml 10 Yeosin Y 0.25g ml

60 ruthenium red 5 10mg 25-50ml gentian violet 0.2~1 g 100ml aniline blue 1 g ml phloroglucin 5g ml G orange G G 1g ml safranin O G g 100ml g ml 3 5 g ml 20ml + 450ml fast green g ml 2 1 g 100ml 4ml hematoxylin Heidenhain's 2-4g 100ml 0.5-1g 95 10ml 90ml

61 0.1g 100ml B Janus green B 5.18gJanus 100ml 0.25 () 100ml 1%NaHCO g 100mL ()0.5mL mL 2mL 2mL 20.(Loeffier) A (methylene blue, )0.3g 95% 30mL; B 0.01%KOH100mL A B (1) (cristal violet)( 2g 20mL95% )20mL 1% 80mL 24h (2)(Lugol) 1g KI 2g 300mL KI 300mL (3)95%(4) (5) (4)( 1g 95% 10mL 5% 90mL)10mL 90mL (5) O(safranine O O)2.5g 95% 100mL 20mL 80mL (G+ ) (G- ) 22.(Ziehl) 0.3g 95% 10mL A 0.01%KOH 100mL B A B 23. (Giemsa) (1) 0.5g 33mL 33mL h

62 (2) ( ) 1mL 19mLpH7.4 = %(Wright's) 6g( 600mL) ( ) 7 3 ( ) 1.--FAA 385ml 5ml ml ml FAA 2.--FPA 5ml 5ml 70 90ml 24h FAA ml ml 92.5ml 10 7 ml ml 83 ml ml ml 60 m h 1h h h ( ) 1. - (1) 10 ml (2) 10 ml

63 ( ) 1 :95% mol L ml 1 000ml 2 0.2mol L ml 1 000m1 20min 0.2mol L min ( ) mol/L g ml 2 ( ) ml 10ml 70 70ml 25ml 50 50ml 45ml 30 30ml 65ml ( ) % NaCl 0.7g 100mL 2. 1% 1,

64 2g KI 1.5g 75% 75% 100mL g2g 100ml 15ml g 15ml ~1% ml+4 g 0.5 2min h 0.5 h 2 70 ~95 100ml 2ml 4h min 0.5 h 95 4 (K 2 Cr 2 O g 100ml 100ml min

65 H 4H HB

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<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D20CEA2C9FACEEFD1A7CAB5D1E9D6B8B5BCB4F3C8AB2E646F63> 微生物学实验指导黄文芳张松编著华南师范大学生命科学学院第一部分基础实验实验 1 培养基的配制一实验目的和内容目的 : 学习和掌握配制培养基的一般方法和步骤内容 :1. 牛肉膏蛋白陈培养基的配制 2. 高氏 1 号培养基的配制

实验 1 显微镜的构造和使用

实验 1　显微镜的构造和使用