國立中山大學學位論文典藏.doc

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3 III V I

4 II

5 age III

.... 98 5-2-10.... 99 5-2.2-1... 100 5-2.2-2.. 102 5-2.2-3.. 103 5-2.2-4.... 104 5-2.2-5.

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... 128 5-2.4-8...... 129 5-2.4-9...... 130 5-2.4-10.... 131 5-3-1. 132 5-3-2. 134 5-3-3. 135 5-3-4... 136 5-3-5.

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9 2

10 Abstract 1

11 2

12 ,, 1

13 OOO ; (Give. (Take) 2

14 ; 10 3

15 ; : : : : 4

16 (ethics) right wrong the philosophical study of morality good life What are goods? (should) (ought) (value statements) factual statements moralis morality NO.1 pp.45 (Ethics) Ethics the formal study of morality Utilitarians 5

17 Dentology : Praktische Philosophie 6

18 : morals morality [ ] < > p1-2 "ethics" "morals"(morality) "ethical" "moral" "ethos" 7

19 "mores" (habit) (customs) (fitting) (right) (obligatory) (moral pluralism) (moral philosophy) ( ) ( any specific set of principles ) ( the systemic reflection on morals in general ) 1982 Ethics (John M Beazley) Ethics are the principles that govern our action and morality is the practice of ethics ( ) ( ) ( Wisdom is knowing what to do next,skill is knowing how to do it, and virtue is doing it ) (Plato) p.7 ; ( 1994) : ; 8

Ethics are the principles that govern our action and morality is the practice of ethics ( ) ( ) ( Wisdom

20 ; Utilitarianism Deontology Virtue Ethics 1. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism utilitarianism (utility) David Hume( ) Jeremy Bentham ( ) John Mill( ) consequences of the actions (Good) (right) (disutility) (the principle of utility) (The greatest happiness for the greatest number of people) consequentialism teleological theory 2. Deontology 9

(1748-1832) John Mill(1806-73) consequences of the actions (Good) (right) (disutility)

21 10 Immanuel Kant categorical imperative (free will) :?(What kind of person should I be?) 3. (Virtue Ethics) (Virtue Ethics) (Eudaemonism); (Aristotle, B.C.) ( )(Nicomachen Ethics) :

22 ? (happiness); ; ; ( ) ( ) 19 1 pratitya-samutpada paticca-samuppada Gotama sakyamuni Buddha nidana Imasmim sati idam hoti imass uppada idam uppajjati imasmim asati idam na hoti imassa nirodha idam nirujjhati

23 dharma dhamma ;

24 13...

25 . ; Tattvasangraha sraddha 2. Dandavaggo Samyutta-Nikaya

26 15 ( : ; : ( ) ( ) ; : ) ( sat-paramitah ) ( cat-varisamgraha ) ( ) 1960 applied ethics

27 (professions)- Abbott(1988 p8) (clients) moral philosophy 16

28 (Medical Ethics) (Dignity of Life) ; moral philosophy (the Code of Hammurabi) (Moses) (Mount Sinai) ; 17

29 8 (Priest-physician) ; Aesculapius (Troy) ( : "the Staff of Aesculapius" ) (Dr. Hippocrates) (Code of Medical Ethics) O (World Medical Association) 18

30 ( (The Declaration of Geneva) (Helsinki Declaration).. P.15 ( ) ( ) 19

31 ) ( ) ( ) ; ; ; ;

32 .... ; : : 9 21

33 1979 Tom L. Beauchamp James F Childress Raanan Gillon 20 (codes for professional ethics) 1. the principle of autonomy autonomy (the principle of autonomy ) (the principle of respect for patient's autonomy) RaanaGillon (autonomy of thought) (autonomy of will) (autonomy of action) : 2. The principle of nonmaleficience 3. The principle of beneficence beneficence 22

34 4. The principle of justice (fairness) (desert) (entitlement) Gillon ( ) ( ) ( )

35 ( ) 24

36 " " " " 25

38 2. 3. ; ; 4. 27

39 5. " " -- " ;

40 29 ( ; 10. " 1 " " " "," 2 " " " " 3 ; 4

41 5 11.? " 12. ( )

42 pan~ca vidya^-stha^ na^ni ( ) s/abda - vidya^ ( ) s/ilpakarma -vidya^ ( ) 31

43 ci kitsa^ -vidya^ ( ) hetu -vidya^ ( ) adhya^tma -vidya^ :

45 24 human 18 being person p41-43 fertilization zygote (Pre-embryo) (blastomere) (morula) 34

46 8-16 (compacting) blastocyst implantation (embryo) (fetus) 56 (8 )

47 20 [1] ( ) 36

48 [2] : [3] 74 : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 20 (1).. (2). 37

49 ., biological human being social human being surrogate mother

50 ? (Clone ) Dolly A ( DNA) B C A A Dolly Dolly 21 ( New Scientist-Cloning Special Report ) 39

51 DNA N N 2 Human Cloning 21 40

52 21 Human cloning : : Dolly Dolly

53 2. 33 {P71-3-1} Science

54 : ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( 76) ( autigen) ( autibody)

55 44 ( ) ( ) ; : 1. ( ) 2. (anuria) ( ) ( 76) (shingrafting) ( 75) (Alexis Carrel) 0

56 (Barnald,Chieufi)

57 4. ; ; 46

58 47

59 2000/2 p (Hospice, " ) 1902 St. Joseph's Hospice 1967 Dame Cicely Saunders St. Christopher's Hospice 48

60 Saint Christopher's Hospice Saint Christ Hospice Hospice 1990 Hospice 1981 Vihara 26 Hospice 27 (Hospice Care)

61 28 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

62 (hospice)

63 ( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) ( ) (1) (2) (3) 52

64 (4) ( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (cardiopulmonary death) 2 (brain death) 3 (brain stem death) :25 1. (irreversibility) 2 (universality) 3. (non functionality) 53

65 4. (causality) Cheyne-Stokes respiration

66 8. : 55

67 1.地藏菩薩本願經:...臨命終時,父母眷屬,宜為設福,以資前路...若能更為身死之後,七七日內,廣造眾善,能使是諸眾生永離惡趣,得生人天,受勝妙樂,現在眷屬, 利益無量.是故...臨終之日慎勿殺害,乃造惡緣,祭拜鬼神,求諸魍魎.何以故,爾所殺害,乃至祭拜,無纖毫之力利益己人,但結惡緣,轉增深重. 2.地藏菩薩本願經:若有臨命終人,家中眷屬,乃至一人,為是病人高聲念一佛名,是命終人,除五間罪, 餘業報等悉得消除. 3.無量壽經:設我得佛,十方眾生,至心信樂,欲生我國,乃至十念,若不生者,不取正覺,唯除五惡,誹謗正法. 4.過去現在因果經:諸行無常.是生滅法.生滅滅已.寂滅為樂.一切造善惡.皆從心想生.是故真出家.皆以心為本.於諸福田中.佛福田為最.若欲求大果.當供佛福田 5.觀無量壽佛經:一日乃至七日,即得往生. 6.地藏菩薩本願經:未來現在諸眾生等,臨命終日,得聞一佛名,一菩薩名,一辟支佛名,不問有罪無罪,悉得解脫. 7.識:真識.現識.分別事識. 8.華嚴經:應觀法界性,一切唯心造. 56

68 9. :,,,. 10. :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 11. :,,. 12. :,,,,?,,,, :

69 : (catvara bhavan) ( )

71 (euthanasia) (Webster s Dictionary) 30 (Posidipp,Ca.300B.C.) (Philo) (Sueton) 31 (felici vel honesta morte mori) (passive) (active)

72 4. A:\.htm 61

73 62 p0752c apapika parajka p0752c self-adminis-trated-suicide voluntary euthanasia 50,, :, ( ) 1. ( )2.

75 , 2. SPSS conventional sampling N= ( ) 1 64% 27% 18% 18% 2. a % % b. 23.3% % 50 64

76 ( ) ( ) N= % ± age Valid Total Valid Cumulativ Frequency Percent Percent e Percent Valid Total ( ) Valid Cumulativ Frequency Percent Percent e Percent

77 ± ± ± ± a b c d p83 age SPSS ANOVA Eigenvalue over 1 varimax rotation Rotated Component Matrix a p84 N=1626K-M-O=0.857Tall =

78 CPR p p88 1. CPR

80 5-1-5 p p

81 p p92 ( ) p p p p96 1. CPR 2.51 ±1.01 CPR p97

82 p p p a 4. b p101

83 p p ( ) ( ) 2. ( ) p p p p108

84 p p p p112 1.

85 p p p p p p p120 1.

86 p p p p p126 ( ) p p128 75

87 p p p p132 1 b c a 2. b a p133

88 : p p p ( ) ( )

89 p p p CPR p

90 p p143 1 b a 2. a 79

91 80 3. c p p =.293 =-.135 =.680 p =.829 =-.080 p p =.738 p =-.047 p 0.01 =.742 =-.120 p p =.040 p 0.05 =.622 =.139 p =.731 =.104 = -.146

92 p p =-.419 =.142 =.575 p =.516 =.157 =.095 p p149 =-.106 =.171 =.679 p

93 5-1-1 age N=1626 (age)

94 5-1-2 N=1626 K-M-O=0.857 Tall = Cronbach s CPR

96 CPR

97 Cronba N=1626 KMO=0.853 Cronba Cronbach s 86

98 5-1-4 N=1626 KMO= CPR E-02 87

99 Cronba

100 * P 0.05 ** P

101 5-2-1 F p Scheffe P 0.05 P 0.01 P

102 5-2-2 F p Tall Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

103 5-2-3 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

104 5-2-4 F P Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

105 5-2-5 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

106 5-2-6 F p Scheffe Tall Tall CPR Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

107 5-2-7 F p Scheffe P 0.05 P 0.01 P

108 5-2-8 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

109 5-2-9 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

110 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

111 F p Scheffe > > P 0.05 P 0.01 P

112 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

113 F p Scheffe Tall > Tall > > > > Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

114 (0.784) (0.874) (0.823) (0.862) (0.835) (0.727) (0.585) (0.558) (0.694) (0.617) (0.823) (0.801) (0.708) 1..* P 0.05 ** P

115 F P Scheffe > > Tall > > > Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

116 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

117 F p Scheffe > Tall > Tall CPR Tall > Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

118 F p Scheffe > > P 0.05 P 0.01 P

119 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

120 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

121 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

122 F p Scheffe P 0.05 P 0.01 P

123 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

124 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

125 F P Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

126 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

127 F p Scheffe Tall Tall CPR Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

128 F p Scheffe P 0.05 P 0.01 P

129 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

130 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

131 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

132 p125 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall

133 Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

134 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

135 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

136 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

137 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

138 F p Scheffe Tall Tall CPR Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

139 F p Scheffe P 0.05 P 0.01 P

140 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

141 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

142 F p Scheffe Tall Tall Tall P 0.05 P 0.01 P

143 P P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 : 132

144 P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 133

145 5-3-2 P P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 134

146 5-3-3 P P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 135

147 5-3-4 P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 136

148 5-3-5 P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 137

149 5-3-6 CPR P P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 138

150 5-3-7 P P P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 139

151 5-3-8 P P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 140

152 5-3-9 P P P F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 141

153 Sig Sig Sig F P R R Adj R Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 142

154 t P t P Std.E F P R R Adj R p 0.05 p 0.01 p Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 Std.E Standard Error 143

155 t P t P Std.E F P R R Adj R p 0.05 p 0.01 p Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 Std.E Standard Error 144

156 t P t P Std.E F P R R Adj R p 0.05 p 0.01 p Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 Std.E Standard Error 145

157 t P t P Std.E F P R R Adj R p 0.05 p 0.01 p Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 Std.E Standard Error 146

158 t P t P Std.E F P R R Adj R p 0.05 p 0.01 p Adj R 2 =Adjusted R 2 Std.E Standard Error 147

159

160

161 ( )

162 ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 4 ( ) 3 151

163 152 ( ) ( )

164

165 CPR ± CPR

166 CPR

167

168

169 a b c a

170

171

172 I ±

173 Prolonging Life Prolonging Dying Optimal care Maximal Treatment

174 ( ) ( )

175

176 CPR CPR 165

177 166

178

179 p

180 II

181

182 ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 171

183 ; - 172

184 ; ; 173

185 ---,,,,,, 174

186

187 ; 176

188 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( )

189 178 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) --

190 a. b. c. d. 179

191 180

192 181 a. b c d

193 182

194 183

195 184

196 185

197 24 2 : (compacting) ; (Primitive Treak)

198 : {P } ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )! 5 187

199 March 2001.Volume2.Number p.2-4 Medical Ethics / p A:\.htm : p34.

200 A:\ _.htm p13 11 pp ( ) A:\.htm 1998 A:\.htm /5/ ( ) CBETA

201 p p ( Latimer, Elizabeth J. MD 1998 Ethical care at the end of life Canadian Medical Association Volume 158(13) pp Abrams, Fredrick R. MD,Reviewer 1998 Life Without Disease: The Pursuit of Medical Utopia Copyright 1998 by the American Medical Association. Volume 280(12) 23/30 September pp American College of Physicians 1998 Ethics Manual: Fourth Edition Volume 128(7)1 April 1998 pp This paper is also available at Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:

202 : : ( V) PS: 191

203 ( ) 12. ( )

204 , 36.

205 37. ( ) CPR : * 194

206 1. : : ( ) ( ) 2. ( ) ( ) ( )

207 : 25.33% 2. 16% % 4. & 19.33% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 3. & 21.18% % 5. ( )9.85% % % % % % % % % 14. ( )3.44% % 16. ( ) EQ PPF

208 % 197

12

1 下學期宗教科技與生命倫理教材導論 :1. 基本倫理學宗教倫理學專業倫理學 2. 科技與生命倫理學的發展一生命倫理的理論基礎 3. 宗教的理論基礎與倫理自然律二生命的誕生 4. 基因科技的倫理問題 5. 試管嬰兒代理孕母的倫理問