2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1986 ) ( ) (1988 ) ( 1991 ) ( 1995 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, ( ),: ( ) 6, 1964,

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1 ,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 45

2 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1986 ) ( ) (1988 ) ( 1991 ) ( 1995 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, ( ),: ( ) 6, 1964,

3 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :1,2000, ( ),5, 1964,2206 ; ( ),6,2806,52, ,F. O. 17/ 214,, 1965,6 47

4 2004 2,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :1,418 :, 1958, ( ),5, :,1931,164 ( ),6,

5 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), :4,1988,611 ( ),6,3174 :1,451 ( ),5,2259 (), :,153 Rodney Gilbert, The U nequal Treaties : China and the Foreigner ( London : John Murray, 1929), p

6 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :1,427 ( ),6, ( ), 6,3081 ( ), :, :, 1983,348 50

7 ,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,, 100,,,,, 12,,,,,, :,, : (), 14 24, ;,,: 1,1978, 211 : 1,375,15, , F. O. 17/ 213,,9 : 1,773 51

8 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),5,2683 ( ),6, ( ),6,2943 ( ),6,2891 :, ( :, ) 52

9 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,!,, ( ), ( ), 1,39 ( ),5,2683 ( ), 6,3056 (), 6,3057 (),6, ( ),6,

10 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,?,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 6,3067, :4,563 ( ),6, (),6, ,, 1977,4578,, (, ),( ),,

11 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),: 1, 1996,48 49, (), : ( ) 1, 1979,50 (),1,55 (),1,

12 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12,,,, (),1,220 ( ) ( ), : 6,1983,18 ( ),1,297 (), 1,324 (), 1,342 ( ), 1,354 ( ), 2, 1979,466 56

13 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4, ( ),3, 1979,748 :,,,,,,,? ( :, ) 57

14 2004 2,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,, :, (), 3,966 ( ),4, 1979,

15 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),4, ( ), 3,1133 (), 4,

16 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4,, (),3,905, (), 3,983 :,, (),4, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),4,

17 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 4,1184 (),4,1202 (),4,1191 (), 4,1154 (), 4,

18 2004 2,,, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),7, 1979, 2270 (),7,2502 (),7,2503 ( ), 8, 1979, ( ),8,2889 ( ),8,

19 ,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),8,

20 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),: ( ) 3, 1930, :2,149 ( ),49,6 64

21 ,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),3,37 ( ),3,26 (),30,35 36 (),30,31 ( ),41,31 65

22 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),11,32 ( ),15,42 ( ),41,27 ( ),35,41 66

23 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,?, (),40, (),40,33 ( ),35,36 67

24 2004 2, ;,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),35,37 38 ( ),41,30 ( ),37,24 68

25 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 2,283 ( ),41,31 32 ( ),41,33 34 ( ),41,35 69

26 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),40,11 (),, 1994, (),,5646,, ( ),, 1991,5785, ( ),, 1994,

27 ,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),45,43 ( ),41, ( ),31,30 ; ( ),45,53 ( ),42,51 53 ( ),43,3 71

28 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),43,5 6 7 ( ),49, 1987, ( ),43,29 ( ),1, 104 ( ), 1,834 ( ), 1,

29 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 1, ( ), : 3,1935,9 10 ( ), : 1, 1958,

30 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), 7,24 23 ( ), 7,26 (), 7,29 ( ), 67,17 74

31 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 1959,66 :, 1983,46 ( ), :, 1959,203 (), 4, 1958, ( ), 2, 1998,643 ( ), 2,

32 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), 4, ( ), 5, 1958,

33 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 :,,,,,, 1050, 1280,,,,,, (),4, 1312 (), 4,1194 (),4, 1312 :1, 1957,146 77

34 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,7,,,,,,, ( ),7,2578 (),7,2579 ( ),7,2621 (),7,

35 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),7, 2630 (), 5,444 ( ),3,28 79

36 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),41,29 (),85,5 6 80

37 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 1, 70 (), 10,13, ;, ;,,,,, 81

38 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), 4, (), 135,1 2 (),30,31 82

39 ,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),30,33 (),30,32 ( ),71,30 32 ( ),: 1,944,,, ( ),30,35,,, 83

40 2004 2,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),41,

41 ,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), 10,13 14 ( ), 4,

42 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 5,

43 ,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, (), :,1998,306 : (),,, 1971,378 87

44 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 83,22 88

45 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 89

46 2004 2,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : : (1892 ), :, 1994,157 90

47 Modern Chinese History Studies No. 2, 2004 Interaction between Public Opinion and Official Action in t he Late Qing Period : The Example of Zhang Zengyang and Qiu Jin L i Xiz hu (1) Against the background of the Qing court s preparation for constitutional government, the governor of Zhejiang province, Zhang Zengyang, summarily ex2 ecuted Qiu Jin, a member of the revolutionary faction who had not participated in an uprising. This sparked a public outcry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Pub2 lic opinion insisted on using the constitutional spirit as a weapon to criticize the Zhejiang authoritieshandling of the Qiu Jin case. The authorities were at a loss to respond and faced an extremely awkward situation. This case sped up the con2 stitutional reform of the Qing government to an extent, and indicated that the public opinion gradually developed during the period of preparation for constitu2 tional government had become an important political power. Examining this case, we see that the public opinion reflected by S hi B ao, S hen B ao and other Shang2 hai media mainly spoke for the constitutional faction, especially the constitutional faction s branches in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. The interaction between the public opinion formed around the Qiu Jin case and official action also indicates that although the constitutional faction and the Qing government were sometimes apparently in harmony in the beginning of preparations for constitutional govern2 ment, at heart they were at odds. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand how the constitutional faction could suddenly change their position and cooperate with the revolutionary faction. On Changes in the Qing Government s Policy of Adhering to Treaties L i Y um i n (45) Conscientious adherence to treaties was a diplomatic policy adopted by the Qing government to deal with the new treaty relations between China and foreign countries. The policy had different meanings and manifest itself in different ways in different periods. Between the two Opium Wars, in order to bolster the Impe2 rial system and maintain its closed society, the Qing government mainly demand2 ed that other parties to stick to the treaties, while clearly intending to secretly cast off the yoke of treaty restrictions itself. After the Second Opium War, this policy changed, and the Qing government began to demand that its own side ad2 here to the treaties. In the early years of the Tongzhi period, with the Chaozhou Incident as a turning point, the government gradually became conscious of the 1

48 importance of performing its treaty duties. After the Margary case, the Qing government paid more attention to performing treaty duties, and began to take measures to raise local officials awareness of treaty compliance. Besides promul2 gating the treaties to all provincial and local offices, the government began to take systemic measures to enhance local officialsconsciousness about treaty compli2 ance. The Qing government s policy of adhering to treaties, and the wrongness of it, have left a profound lesson for later generations. The Canton General Chamber of Commerce of Foreign Resident s and Sino2British Relations before t he First Opium War W u Yi xiong (91) In 1836, foreign merchants in Guangzhou established thecanton General Chamber of Commerce of Foreign Residents. Against the background of the changing basic framework of the Sino2British relations, the founding of this asso2 ciation, dominated by British merchants, reflected the willingness of Western merchants in China to band together to protect their interests. During its more than two years of existence, the Chamber played an important role in maintaining order in business, formulating business regulations, mediating between various parties, and protecting the interests of foreign merchants. As the representative of the foreign merchants, the Chamber was also involved in Sino2British negotia2 tions and conflicts. Its activities exerted a definite influence on the course of Sino2 Western relations. New Clan Schools and Rural Clans in Hubei and Hunan Provinces during t he Nationalist Government Period L i n Ji (117) In the Nationalist Government period, the new clan schools carrying out modern education in Hubei and Hunan provinces had already attained a consider2 able scale and level of quality. However, the new clan schools were not purely ed2 ucational organizations. They had close relations with prominent clans in the countryside, and took the form of clan organizations. The new clan schools gath2 ered the elites of modern clans in both cities and countryside. Of these, the new rural gentry played a very important role in the new clan schools and on their boards of trustees. The new clan schools and their boards of trustees also became the new focal points of the rural clans. To a certain degree, the clans old func2 tions of offering sacrifices were replaced by educational functions. The new rural gentry also promoted the reformation of the clan system and the transformation of the rural clans. The Anti2Japanese Society from 1928 to 1929 Zhou B i n (145) On the surface, the Anti2Japanese Society was established by local Guomin2 2

2004 2,,,, 1907,, 7 6,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 13,,, 15,, :,,2001, ,:,, 1981,

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