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1 * % * 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison 538

2 % % 0. 9% 3. 6% the US Census Bureau SAT II AP AP Critical Language 1994 SAT II SAT II 1994 National Council of Associations of Chinese Language Schools Chinese School Association in the United States 2003 The College Board AP AP AP 2006 AP AP 25% 2009 AP Modern Language Association % % National Security Language Initiative 1 http / / www. census. gov / prod /2001pubs / cenbr01-1. pdf http / / www. census. gov / prod /2004pubs / censr pdf http / / factfinder. census. gov / servlet / DTTable _bm = y& - geo_id = D& - ds_name = D& - _lang = en& - mt_name = ACS_2007_1YR_G2000_C16001 http / / factfinder. census. gov / servlet / DTTable _bm = y& - geo_id = D& - ds_name = D& - _lang = en& - mt_name = ACS_2003 _EST _G2000 _ P

3 STARTALK K Flagship Language Program K heritage students with a particular family relevance Fishman learners with a heritage motivation Van Deusen-Scholl % % % Kondo-Brown

4 Gardner 1985 Wen 1997 Wen 2011a Positive learning attitudes and experience 2 Instrumentality 3 Interest in current culture 4 Intended strategic efforts 5 Social milieu 6 Language requirement CBLs Chinese bilingual learners CHCLs Chinese heritage connected learners NCHLs Non-Chinese heritage learners Wen 2011a Gardner Gardner D rnyei D rnyei & Clément 2001 D rnyei & Csizér 2002 Csizér & D rnyei

5 % Furman Goldberg & Lusin % Samimy & Tabuse Wen 2011a Coefficients Beta t Beta t Beta t * ** ** * * * ** R F *** * ** * * * * ** p. 001 * * p. 01 * p. 05 Clément 1980 Csizér & D rnyei 2005 Gardner 1985 Wen 3 542

6 Wen 2011a 1 Wen Coefficients Beta t Beta t * * * * * * * * * * * * R F * ** * * * * ** p. 001 * * p. 01 * p

7 Summer Institute STARTALK 2. 4 AP AP K-12 Flagship Language Program K-12 Immersion FLAP Programs AP AP 3. 1 Prabhu 1987 Piaget 1973 assimilation / accomodation Vygotsky 1978 Deci & Ryan 1985 SDT the self-determination theory 544

8 1 2 Nice try Pienemann Ellis 2010 Pütz & Sicola 2010 Long Long a 1996 Pica & Doughty 1985 negotiation for meaning Long 1983b interactional modifications Na- tion 2001 negotiation for meaning Slavin 1996 Oakley et al Felder & Brent 2009 Lee & VanPatten 2003 Spada

9 Gass & Serlinker 2008 comprehensible input noticing hypothesis pushed output constructivist theory of learning ACTFL American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages 21 communication cultures communities comparisons connections form meaning and function Formfocused instruction Doughty & Williams 1998 Williams 2005 CLT Communicative Language Teaching Garrett 1991 Mapping 546

10 mapping rules S. V. Obj. 2 S. + Time + PL. + V. + Obj. 3 Sentence 4 N. 1 S. PL adv. 1 2 Modifier N 3 S. N. 2 4 N / N. N 5 N. N Subj. V. 2 3 S. V. Obj. V time duration / 3 4 Subj. V. time duration N. 5 / one form one meaning / function Andersen

11 Nattinger & DeCarrico to leave to leave

12 D rnyei 1994 D rnyei & Ottó 1998 Mandell 2002 Wen 2011a D rnyei & Ottó 1998 Mandell K-12 research-based instruction

13 AP Andersen R. W The one to one principle of interlanguage construction. Language Learning Clément R Ethnicity contact and communicative competence in a second language. In H. M. Giles W. P. Robinson & P. M. Smith eds. Language Social psychological perspectives Oxford UK Pergamon. Csizér K. & Z. D rnyei 2005 The internal structure of language learning motivation and its relationship with language choice and learning effort. The Modern Language Journal Deci E. L. & R. M. Ryan 1985 Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior. New York Plenum Press. D rnyei Z Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal D rnyei Z. & I. Ottó 1998 Motivation in action A process model of L2 motivation. Working Papers in Applied Linguistics D rnyei Z. & K. Csizér 2002 Some dynamics of language attitudes and motivation Results of a longitudinal nationwide survey. Applied Linguistics D rnyei Z. & R. Clément 2001 Motivational characteristics of learning different target languages Results of a nationwide survey. In Z. D rnyei & R. Schmidt eds. Motivation and Second Language Acquisition Tech. Rep. No Honolulu HI Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center The University of Hawaii. Doughty C. & J. Williams eds Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Ellis N. C Construction learning as category learning. In M. Pütz and L. Sicola eds. Cognitive Processing and Second Language Acquisition Inside the Learner s Mind. Amsterdam John Benjamins. Felder R. M. & R. Brent 2009 Active learning An introduction. ASQ Higher Education Brief Fishman J plus years of heritage language education in the United States. In J. K. Peyton D. A. Ranard & S. McGinnis eds. Heritage languages in America Preserving a national resource. McHenry IL CAL. Furman N. D. Goldberg & N. Lusin 2010 Enrollments in Languages other than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education Modern Language Association Downloaded from http / / www. mla. org / homepage. 550

14 Gardner R. C Social Psychology and Second Language Learning. London Edward Arnold. Gardner R. C Language learning motivation The student the teacher and the researcher. The keynote address to the Texas Foreign Language Education Conference University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas March 23. Web page http / / publish. uwo. ca / ~ gardner /. Garrett N Theoretical and pedagogical problems of separating grammar from communication. In B. Freed ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Lexington Mass D. Heath and Company. Gass S. & L. Serlinker 2008 Second Language Acquisition An Introductory Course. Mahuah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Previous edition Kondo-Brown K Differences in language skills Heritage language learner subgroups and foreign language learners. The Modern Language Journal Lee J. & B. VanPatten 2003 Making Communicative Language Teaching Happen 2nd ed.. New York McGraw-Hill. Long M Questions in foreigner talk discourse. Language Learning Long M. 1983a Does second language instruction make a difference A review of the research. TESOL Quarterly Long M. 1983b Native speaker / non-native speaker conversation and the negotiation of comprehensible input. Applied Linguistics Long M The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. In Ritchie W. C. & T. K. Bahtia eds. Handbook of Second Language Acquisition New York Academic Press. Mandell P On the background and motivation of students in a beginning Spanish program. Foreign Language Annals Nation P Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Nattinger J. R. & J. S. DeCarrico 1992 Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching. Oxford Oxford University Press. Oakley B. R. Felder R. Brent & I. Elhajj 2004 Turning Student Groups into Effective Teams. Journal of Student-Centered Learning Piaget J The Child and Reality. New York Penguin Books. Pica T. & C. Doughty 1985 Input and interaction in the communicative classroom A comparison of teacherfronted and group activities. In S. Gass and C. Madden eds. Input in second language acquisition Rowley MA Newbury House. Pienemann M Psychological constraints on the teachability of language. In C. W. Pfaff ed. First and Second Language Acquisition Processes. Rowley MA. Newbury House. Pienemann M Language processing capacity. In C. Doughty and M. Long eds. The handbook of Second Language Acquisition Oxford Blackwell Publishing. Prabhu N Second Language Pedagogy. Oxford Oxford University Press. Pütz M. & L. Sicola 2010 Cognitive Processing and Second Language Acquisition Inside the Learner s Mind. Amsterdam John Benjamins. Samimy K. & M. Tabuse 1992 Affective Variables and a less commonly taught language study in beginning Japanese classes. Language Learning Slavin R Research on cooperative Learning and achievement What we know what we need to know. Contemporary Educational Psychology

15 Spada N Communicative language teaching Current status and future prospects. In J. Cummins & C. Davison eds. International Handbook of English Language Teaching New York Springer. Van Deusen-Scholl Nelleke 2003 Toward a definition of heritage language Sociopolitical and pedagogical considerations. Journal of Language Identity and Education Vygotsky L. S Mind and society The Development of Higher Mental Processes. Cambridge MA Harvard University Press. Wen X Motivation and language learning with students of Chinese. Foreign Language Annals Wen X. 2011a Chinese language learning motivation A comparative study of heritage and non-heritage learners. to appear in Heritage Language Journal. Wen X. 2011b Chinese Language Learning Motivation Studies of Ethnic Background and Proficiency Level. Manuscript. Williams J Form-focused instruction. In E. Hinkel ed. Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum. Challenges and Changes in Teaching Chinese as A Second Language in the USA Wen Xiaohong Abstract The present study analyzes the challenges confronting teachers in the field of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. They include 1 multiple backgrounds of learners in socio-ethnic cultural and motivational diversity 2 enrollment retention and sustainment of Chinese education development 3 teacher training and 4 K-16 articulation across different academic institutions. The study proposes changes and strategies to meet challenges and accommodate learners needs. Changes should not only be at the theoretical level but also at the level of classroom practice. Student-centered curriculum form-focused instruction and meaning-driven class activities help learners develop form-function-context mappings in an interactive classroom where language use cognitive and meta-cognitive skills are emphasized and practiced. Key words Chinese education in the USA challenge learning motivation language use language learning strategies University of Houston 30 Department of Modern & Classical Languages University of Houston Houston TX

59 1 MSLQ 2. MSLQ 2. 1 被试 196 107 20. 9 Kuhl 1987 Corno & Kanfer 1993 D rnyei 2001 31 10 % 111 commitment control strategies 37% 65 21% 112 37% metac

59 1 MSLQ 2. MSLQ 2. 1 被试 196 107 20. 9 Kuhl 1987 Corno & Kanfer 1993 D rnyei 2001 31 10 % 111 commitment control strategies 37% 65 21% 112 37% metac 58 * 英语词汇习得自我调节能力与四级英语成绩的关系石运章本研究以 D rnyei 自我调节策略系统为理论指导, 对通过整群随机抽样得到的 8 个专业 300 名非英语专业二年级大学生词汇学习自我调节能力与四级英语成绩的关系进行