Linux操作系统使用

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1 Linux

3 vi shell Linux

5 Linux Linux 5

6 UNIX time-stamp UNICS Sep UNIX Time- Sharing System First Edition(V1) Nov 3, 1971 FreeBSD 5.1 Jun 9,2003 BSD/OS 5.0 (BSDI) May 2, V6 May 1976 BSD Version OpenBSD 3.4 beta Aug 11,2003 Solaris 10 Preview Jul 29, BSD 1993 System V Release 4 (SVR 4) 1988 HP-UX 11i v2 for Intel Itanium May 19,2003 IRIX May 7,2003 Mac OS X Aug 18,2003 AIX 5L v5.2 Update May 23,2003 NetBSD Apr 14,2003 True Unix V5.1B Jan 20,2003 SCO UnixWare 7.1.3/OKP Jul 31,2003 6

4 BSD 1993 System V Release 4 (SVR 4) 1988 HP-UX 11i v2 for Intel Itanium May 19,2003 IRIX 6.5.20 May 7,2003 Mac OS X 10.2.7 Aug 18,2003 AIX 5L v5.

7 Linus Torvalds Alan Cox Helsinki, Finland Richard Stallman Eric Raymond Gnu(Gnu is Not Unix),FSF 7

8 Linus version 2.0 8

9 Open Source Open Source 9

10 Open Source 10

11 Open Source Tim Oreilly 11

com http://www.apache.org http://www.samba.org http://www.linuxaid.

12 Linux Shell 12

13 Linux (Distributions) (SuSE,SCO,TurboLinux,Conectivia) 13

14 kernel / patch beta test

15 Linux time-stamp Linux 0.01 Aug 1, 1991 Linux Aug 1, 1994 Linux Apr 3, 1994 Linux Apr 17, Linux 1.2 Mar 7, 1995 Linux Apr 6, Linux Mar 2, 1995 Linux 1.2 Mar 7, 1995 Linux Aug 2, Linux 1.3 Jun 12, Linux Mar 17, 2003 Linux Jun 13, 2003 Linux Jul 10, 2003 Linux test1 Jul 13,

2 Mar 7, 1995 Linux 1.2.13 Aug 2, 1995... Linux 1.3 Jun 12, 1995...... Linux 2.2.25 Mar 17, 2003 Linux 2.

16 Shell Shell Bourne Shell sh Steve Bourne Bourne Again Shell bash Korn Shell ksh Korn C Shell csh BSD tcsh tcsh BSD Shell ---- bash Shell 16

17 Linux Windows Linux shell 17

19 root Linux 19

20 root root UNIX script 20

21 telnet NIS(Network Information System) rsh 21

22 IP telnet VIP VIP Login: root Password: 22

23 #rsh c0305 ( rsh,c0305 ) $exit $logout ctrl-d $ %, # 23

24 : passwd $passwd yangkun s old password: yangkun s new password: Enter the new password again: 24

25 $command options arguments $ls l news $mail -f newmail ( ) $mail - f newmail $mail -f newmail $mail newmail -f ( ) ( ) ( ) options $who -m -u $who -mu $who -m-u $who -m u ( ) ( ) 25

26 shell Enter shell ls LS Ls ls \ Enter > 26

27 Ctrl-c Ctrl-d Ctrl-s Ctrl-q Ctrl-u Ctrl-l backspace 27

29 Linux 29

30 / /tmp /bin /home /etc /usr /var yang zhang share man data 30

31 Linux / /home /bin /sbin /usr /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/lib /usr/doc Linux /usr/man /usr/spool 31

32 Linux /var /dev /etc 32

33 255 / /usr/share/doc 33

34 - inode index node - 34

35 Linux 26 _ *? > < / ; $ \

36 txt,pdf,jpg /dev/tty1 #file // 36

37 ASCII 37

38 i / i i i 38

39 / /etc, /usr/share pwd./ /home/yang./data/today data/today /home/yang/data/today ( /home/yang) $cd /home/yang/data/today $cd data/today $cd./data/today 39

40 ls pwd cd mkdir rmdir 40

41 ls list ls a.... -l -R 41

42 ls /root ]# ls la t [root@lenovo /root ]# ls t* 42

43 pwd Print Working Directory 43

44 cd Changing Directory cd cd [ ] cd ~ $cd $cd ~ $cd /usr/share $cd.. // // // /usr/share // 44

45 mkdir Make Directory mkdir mkdir [-p] [-m][ ] -p -m chmod 45

46 mkdir( ) data, rwx $mkdir m 777 data /home/yang/data /home #mkdir p /home/yang/data // shell # 46

47 rmdir Remove Directory rmdir rmdir [-p] [ ] -p new data data new #rmdir p new/data 47

48 cp mv rm ln find touch 48

49 cp copy cp cp [ ] [ ] cp r [ ] [ ] file1,file2 data data new $cp file1 file2 data $cp file* data $cp r data new 49

50 mv move mv, mv [ ] [ ] file1 $mv file1 file data file1 file2 new $mv data/file1 file2 /new 50

51 rm remove rm [ ][ ] -r -i file1 $rm file1 /home/yang/data $rm rf /home/yang/data 51

52 ln link ln ln [ ] ln [ ] -s -d file1,file2 data, new $ln s /home/file1 /home/file2 /home/data new dir3 dir4 $ln d dir3 dir4 52

53 find find find [ ] [ ] locate,whereis 53

54 find -atime n -ctime n -amin n -cmin n -empty -name name -type x n*24 n*24 n n x d, f x c, x b, x p x l, x s 54

55 find /home 7 : $find /home -atime 7 -print /usr/src core $find /usr/src -name core -exec rm { } \ ; /home.jpg 100K $find /home -name " *.jpg " -size 100k 55

56 touch touch [ ] [YY]MMDDhhmm -a -c -t touch $touch foo $touch t foo 56

57 cat more head tail 57

58 concatenate cat cat [ ] [ ] cat $cat file1 file2 file3 $ cat file1 file2 > file3 file3 58

59 more more more [ ] [ ], less +/< > +< > -n n -c foo cpu $more +/cpu foo foo 10 $more c 10 foo 59

60 head 10 head [ ] -c N N -n N N foo 5 $head 5 foo 60

61 tail 10 tail [ ] -c N N -n N N +N N 61

62 comm diff 62

63 comm common) comm [-123] file1 file2 63 (in comm $comm 12 file1 file2 file1 file2 hello hello hello good goodbye hi hi hi

64 diff differences diff [ ] file1 file2 -c -C n n -r n1 a n3,n4 n1,n2 d n3 n1,n2 c n3,n4 a- d- c- 64

65 diff $diff file1 file2 file1 file2 1 hello 1 hello 2c2 2 good 2 goodbye < good 3 hi 3 hi This is a try. 4 Me too. > goodbye 4c4 < This is a tr --- > Me too. 65

66 chmod chown chgrp 66

67 rwx rwx rwx user group others r w x 67

68 7 6 4 user group others rwx rw- r umask file -rw-r--r directory drwxr-xr-x

69 chmod change mode chmod [ ] u g o + - = 69

70 chmod filename $chmod 777 filename filename, $chmod 644 filename $chmod a+w filename $chmod o-wr,g-wr filename $chmod o=r filename 70

71 chown change owner chown chmod [ ] -v -r 71

72 change group chgrp chgrp chgrp [ ] -v -r 72

73 vi

74 vi visual editor ex <<UNIX is a Four Letter Word... and Vi is a Two Letter Abbreviation>> Vim (Vi IMproved) 74

75 75

76 vi #vi filename ~ ~ ~ ~ file [New file] 76

77 vi Esc Ctrl-[ :q :q! vi :x vi :wq vi shift Z :wq 77

78 i I (insert) a A (append) o O (open) 78

79 <up_arrow> Ctrl+P - k <left-arrow> Backspace h l <right-arrow> Space + j Ctrl+N <down-arrow> 79

80 ^ 0 $ [ ] G [ ] [Enter] [ ] 80

81 x nx n X nx n dd D dw d0 d5g 5 81

82 u U 82

83 . #include <stdio.h> main () { } 83

84 o Esc #include <stdio.h> { main () printf(); }. #include <stdio.h> { } main () printf(); printf(); printf(); 84

85 Ctrl+U Ctrl+D Ctrl+F Ctrl+B 85

86 1. vi vi 2. <a> <i> <Esc> 5. :w file, 6. vi :q, 86

87 shell

88 88

89 Shell 89

90 (meta-data) * [ ] [ - ] 90

91 0 STDIN 1 STDOUT 2 STDERR 91

92 command < filename command > filename command 2> filename 92

93 $cmd1 cmd2 ls lpr #ls lpr 93

94 shell <Tab> #pass<tab> // passwd 94

95 Shell shell shell 95

96 set var=sting unset var echo $ 96

97 set int=5 set var1=abcd set var2=var1$efgh var2 abcdefgh var2 echo $var2 abcdefgh 97

99 nohup jobs 99

100 Linux PID 100

101 101

102 PID(Process ID) PPID(Parent Process ID)

103 $echo $$ 201 $bash SHELL $echo $$ 206 $date tue sept 5 11:18:26 gmt 1995 $<ctrl-d> SHELL $echo $$

104 ps report process status ps [ ] -a tty -f -r -u -x 104

105 ps $ps -f UID PID PPID TTY COMMAND john ksh john ksh john ls-l TTY : 105

106 ctrl-c kill kill 106

107 $ps -f UID PID PPID TTY COMMAND john ksh john ls -R $kill 209 $kill

108 nohup no hang-up $nohup ls -R l > out & $nohup ls -R l & & bg background fg foreground ctrl-z 108

109 Linux

110 date #date Thu Jan 27 05:34:40 CST

111 time $time [options] command [arguments] $time ls $time ls -R 111

112 cal calendar #cal February 1995 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

113 clear clear the screen ctrl-l #clear 113

114 echo echo [-n] STRING -n #echo This is a command. This is a command. #echo This is a command This is a command. #echo -n Enter data-> Enter data->#_ 114

115 grep grep [ ] [ ][ 1 2 ].txt hello #grep hello *.txt file1 ramble.*b #grep ramble\.\*b file1 115

116 wc word count #wc [-c] [-l] [-w] filename -c -l -w $wc myfile myfile lines words 116

117 bc $bc $bc -l 117

118 su switch user $su [option] username 118

119

120 ping #ping PING ( ) from : 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.092 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.022 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.020 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=0.019 ms 120

121 who #who notes lft0 Jan 23 09:18 notes pts/0 Jan 24 01:19 (:0.0) root pts/1 Jan 27 05:34 ( ) #who am i (whoami) root pts/1 Jan 27 05:34 ( ) 121

122 finger shell #finger root Login name: root Directory: / Shell: /bin/ksh On since Jan 27 05:34:17 on pts/1, 14 seconds Idle Time from No Plan. 122

123 manual man man info man (man1-man9) #man ls [ ] NAME SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION OPTION 123

124 --help --help $ls --help 124

125 Questions & Answer

126

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