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1 2016 年 6 月 大 学 英 语 四 六 级 考 前 点 拨 辅 导 讲 义 主 讲 人 : 北 京 外 国 语 大 学 何 凯 文 一 Listening Comprehension: Part 1.News report & Lecture News reports: Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item. 1. A) Christmas-time attacks made by Somali rebels. B) An explosion at a bus station in central Nairobi. C) The killing of more than 70 Ugandans in Kampala. D) Blasts set off by a Somali group in Uganda s capital. 听 力 原 文 :Kenyan police say one person was killed and 26 injured in an explosion at a bus station in central Nairobi. 2. A) On Christmas Eve. C) During a security check. B) Just before midnight. D) In the small hours of the morning. 听 力 原 文 :Some eyewitnesses report that a bag was about to be loaded on board, but it exploded during a security check. 听 力 原 文 : Kenyan police say one person was killed and 26 injured in an explosion at a bus station in central Nairobi. The blast hit a bus about to set off for the Ugandan capital Kampala. Last July, the Somali group al-shabab said it was behind the blasts in the Ugandan capital which killed more than 70 people. Will Ross reports from the Kenyan capital. The explosion happened beside a bus which was about to set off for an overnight journey from Nairobi to the Ugandan capital Kampala. Some eyewitnesses report that a bag was about to be loaded on board, but it exploded during a security check. Windows of the red bus were left smashed, and blood could be seen on the ground beside the vehicle. Just hours earlier, Uganda s police chief had warned of possible Christmas-time attacks by Somali rebels. 1. What is the news report mainly about? 2. When did the incident occur? Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item. 3. A) It is likely to close many of its stores. B) It is known for the quality of its goods. C) It remains competitive in the recession. D) It will expand its online retail business. 听 力 原 文 :Many of its 800 stores are likely to close following the company s decision to call in administrators after an attempt to sell the business for a token 1 failed. 4. A) Expand its business beyond groceries. 1

2 B) Fire 25,000 of its current employees. C) Cut its DVD publishing business. D) Sell the business for one pound. 听 力 原 文 :Many of its 800 stores are likely to close following the company s decision to call in administrators after an attempt to sell the business for a token 1 failed. 听 力 原 文 : Woolworths is one of the best known names on the British High Street. It s been in business nearly a century. Many of its 800 stores are likely to close following the company s decision to call in administrators after an attempt to sell the business for a token 1 failed. The company has huge debts. The immediate cause for the collapse has been Britain s slide toward recession, which has cut into consumer spending. However, the business had been in trouble for years. Known for low-priced general goods, Woolworths has struggled in the face of competition from supermarkets expanding beyond groceries and a new generation of internet retailers. Many of the store group s 25,000 employees are likely to lose their jobs. Some profitable areas such as the DVD publishing business will survive. 3. What do we learn about Woolworths from the news report? 4. What did Woolworths attempt to do recently? Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item. 5. A) All taxis began to use meters. B) All taxis got air conditioning. C) Advertisements were allowed on taxis. D) Old taxis were replaced with new cabs. 听 力 原 文 :That s due in part to the removal of many of the capital s old-fashioned black and white taxis. 6. A) A low interest loan scheme. C) Taxi passengers complaints. B) Environmentalists protests. D) Permission for car advertising. 听 力 原 文 :After new legislation demanded their removal from the roads, a low interest loan scheme was set up with three Egyptian banks so drivers could buy new cars. 7. A) There are no more irregular practices. B) All new cabs provide air-conditioning. C) New cabs are all equipped with meters. D) New legislation protects consumer rights. 听 力 原 文 :The idea has proved popular with customers they can now travel in air-conditioned comfort and because the new cabs are metered, they don t have to argue over fares. 听 力 原 文 : Cairo is known for its overcrowded roads, irregular driving practices and shaky old vehicles, but also for its air pollution. In recent months, though, environmental studies indicate there have been signs of improvement. That s due in part to the removal of many of the capital s old-fashioned black and white taxis. Most of these dated back to the 1960s and 70s and were in a poor state of repair. After new legislation demanded their removal from the roads, a low interest loan scheme was set up with three Egyptian banks so drivers could buy new cars. The government pays about $900 for old ones to be discarded and advertising on the new vehicles helps cover repayments. The idea has proved popular with customers they can now travel in air-conditioned comfort and because the new cabs are metered, they don t have to argue over fares. Banks and car manufacturers are glad for the extra business in tough economic times. As for the taxi drivers, most are delighted to be behind the wheel of new cars, although there have been a few complaints about switching from black and white to a plain white colour. 2

3 5. What change took place in Cairo recently? 6. What helped bring about the change? 7. Why do customers no longer argue with new cab drivers? 参 考 答 案 :1. B 2. C 3. A 4.D 5.D 6. A 7. C Lecture: Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear recordings of lectures or talks followed by some questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 16 to A) They investigate the retirement homes in America. B) They are on issues facing senior citizens in America. C) They describe the great pleasures of the golden years. D) They are filled with fond memories of his grandparents. 听 力 原 文 :Hello Ladies and Gentleman, it gives me great pleasure to introduce our keynote speaker for today s session, Dr. Howard Miller. Dr. Miller, Professor of Sociology at Washington University, has written numerous articles and books on the issues facing older Americans in our graying society for the past 15 years. Dr. Miller: 17. A) The loss of the ability to take care of himself. B) The feeling of not being important any more. C) Being unable to find a good retirement home. D) Leaving the home he had lived in for 60 years. 听 力 原 文 :My grandfather spoke of his greatest fear, that of leaving the only home they had known for the past 60 years. 18. A) The loss of identity and self-worth. B) Fear of being replaced or discarded. C) Freedom from pressure and worldly cares. D) The possession of wealth and high respect. 听 力 原 文 :For them and some older Americans, their so-called golden years are at times not so pleasant, for this period can mean the decline of not only one s health but the loss of identity and self-worth. 19. A) The urgency of pension reform. B) Medical care for senior citizens. C) Finding meaningful roles for the elderly in society. D) The development of public facilities for senior citizens. 听 力 原 文 :Now, many of the lectures given at this conference have focused on the issues of pension reform, medical care, and the development of public facilities for senior citizens. And while these are vital issues that must be addressed, I d like to focus my comments on an important issue that will affect the overall success of the other programs mentioned. This has to do with changing our perspectives on what it means to be a part of this group, and finding meaningful roles the elderly can play and should play in our societies. Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 16 to 19. Moderator: Hello Ladies and Gentleman, it gives me great pleasure to introduce our keynote speaker for today s session, Dr. Howard Miller. Dr. Miller, Professor of Sociology at Washington University, has written numerous articles and books on the issues facing older Americans in our graying society for the past 15 years. Dr. Miller: 3

4 Dr. Miller: Thank you for that introduction. Today, I d like to preface my remarks with a story from my own life which I feel highlights the common concerns that bring us here together. Several years ago when my grandparents were well into their eighties, they were faced with the reality of no longer being able to adequately care for themselves. My grandfather spoke of his greatest fear, that of leaving the only home they had known for the past 60 years. Fighting back the tears, he spoke proudly of the fact that he had built their home from the ground up, and that he had pounded every nail and laid every brick in the process. The prospect of having to sell their home and give up their independence, and move into a retirement home was an extremely painful experience for them. It was, in my grandfather s own words, like having a limb cut off. He exclaimed in a forceful manner that he felt he wasn t important anymore. For them and some older Americans, their so-called golden years are at times not so pleasant, for this period can mean the decline of not only one s health but the loss of identity and self-worth. In many societies, this self-identity is closely related with our social status, occupation, material possessions, or independence. Furthermore, we often live in societies that value what is new or in fashion, and our own usage of words in the English language is often a sign of bad news for older Americans. I mean how would your family react if you came home tonight exclaiming, Hey, come to the living room and see the OLD black and white TV I brought! Unfortunately, the word old calls to mind images of the need to replace or discard. Now, many of the lectures given at this conference have focused on the issues of pension reform, medical care, and the development of public facilities for senior citizens. And while these are vital issues that must be addressed, I d like to focus my comments on an important issue that will affect the overall success of the other programs mentioned. This has to do with changing our perspectives on what it means to be a part of this group, and finding meaningful roles the elderly can play and should play in our societies. First of all, I d like to talk about What does the introduction say about Dr. Howard Miller s articles and books? 17. What is the greatest fear of Dr. Miller s grandfather? 18. What does Dr. Miller say the golden years can often mean? 19. What is the focus of Dr. Miller s speech? Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 20 to A) It seriously impacts their physical and mental development. B) It has become a problem affecting global economic growth. C) It is a common problem found in underdeveloped countries. D) It is an issue often overlooked by parents in many countries. 听 力 原 文 :It notes that, in recent years, experts have come to the conclusion that undernourishment between conception and a child s second birthday can have serious and long-lasting impacts. 21. A) They will live longer. C) They get along well with people. B) They get better pay. D) They develop much higher IQs. 听 力 原 文 :And then at adulthood, IFPRI has actually demonstrated that children who were better nourished have higher wages, by a pretty large margin, by 46 percent. 22. A) Appropriated funds to promote research of nutrient-rich foods. B) Encouraged breastfeeding for the first six months of a child s life. C) Recruited volunteers to teach rural people about health and nutrition. D) Targeted hunger-relief programs at pregnant women and young children. 听 力 原 文 :Ruel says in the 1980s Thailand was able to reduce child undernourishment by recruiting a large number of volunteers to travel the countryside teaching about health and nutrition. Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 20 to 22. The 2010 Global Hunger Index report was released today by the International Food Policy Research 4

5 Institute (IFPRI). It notes that, in recent years, experts have come to the conclusion that undernourishment between conception and a child s second birthday can have serious and long-lasting impacts. Undernourishment during this approximately 1,000-day window can seriously check the growth and development of children and render them more likely to get sick and die than well-fed children. Preventing hunger allows children to develop both physically and mentally. Says IFPRI s Marie Ruel, They will be more likely to perform well in school. They will stay in school longer. And then at adulthood, IFPRI has actually demonstrated that children who were better nourished have higher wages, by a pretty large margin, by 46 percent. Ruel says that means the productivity of a nation s future generations depends in a large part on the first 1,000 days of life. This is why we re all on board in focusing on those thousand days to improve nutrition. After that, the damage is done and is highly irreversible. The data on nutrition and childhood development has been slowly coming together for decades. But Ruel says scientific consensus alone will not solve the problem. It s not enough that nutritionists know you have to intervene then, if we don t have the politicians on board, and also the...people that implement [programs] in the field. Ruel says there are encouraging signs that politicians and implementers are beginning to get on board. Many major donors and the United Nations are targeting hunger-relief programs at pregnant women and young children. They focus on improving diets or providing micro-food supplements. They improve access to pre-birth care and encourage exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a child s life. Ruel says in the 1980s Thailand was able to reduce child undernourishment by recruiting a large number of volunteers to travel the countryside teaching about health and nutrition. They really did very active promotion of diversity in the diet and good eating habits. So they were providing more food to people, but also educating people on how to use them, and also educating people on how to feed their young children. Ruel says countries may take different approaches to reducing child undernutrition. But she says nations will not make progress fighting hunger and poverty until they begin to focus on those critical first thousand days. 20. What is the experts conclusion regarding children s undernourishment in their earliest days of life? 21. What does IFPRI s Marie Ruel say about well-fed children in their adult life? 22. What did Thailand do to reduce child undernourishment in the 1980s? Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 23 to A) The guaranteed quality of its goods. B) The huge volume of its annual sales. C) The service it provides to its customers. D) The high value-to-weight ratio of its goods. 听 力 原 文 :I d like to look at a vital aspect of e-commerce, and that is the nature of the product or service. 24. A) Those having a taste or smell component. B) Products potentially embarrassing to buy. C) Those that require very careful handling. D) Services involving a personal element. 听 力 原 文 :Products which are usually considered unsuitable for selling online include those that have a taste or smell component. 25. A) Those who live in the virtual world. B) Those who have to work long hours. C) Those who are used to online transactions. D) Those who don t mind paying a little more. 5

6 听 力 原 文 : Typical users of online supermarkets include the elderly, people who work long hours and those without their own transport. Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 23 to 25. I d like to look at a vital aspect of e-commerce, and that is the nature of the product or service. There are certain products and services that are very suitable for selling online, and others that simply don t work. Suitable products generally have a high value-to-weight ratio. Items such as CDs and DVDs are obvious examples. Books, although heavier and so more expensive to post, still have a high enough value-to-weight ratio, as the success of Amazon, which started off selling only books, shows. Laptop computers are another good product for selling online. Digital products, such as software, films and music, can be sold in a purely virtual environment. The goods are paid for by online transactions, and then downloaded onto the buyer s computer. There are no postage or delivery costs, so prices can be kept low. Many successful virtual companies provide digital services, such as financial transactions, in the case of Paypal, or means of communication, as Skype does. The key to success here is providing an easy-to-use, reliable service. Do this and you can easily become the market leader, as Skype has proved. Products which are potentially embarrassing to buy also do well in the virtual environment. Some of the most profitable e-commerce companies are those selling sex-related products or services. For a similar reason, online gambling is highly popular. Products which are usually considered unsuitable for selling online include those that have a taste or smell component. Food, especially fresh food, falls into this category, along with perfume. Clothes and other items that need to be tried on such as diamond rings and gold necklaces are generally not suited to virtual retailing, and, of course, items with a low value-to-weight ratio. There are exceptions, though. Online grocery shopping has really taken off, with most major supermarkets offering the service. The inconvenience of not being able to see the food you are buying is outweighed by the time saved and convenience of having the goods delivered. Typical users of online supermarkets include the elderly, people who work long hours and those without their own transport. 23 What is important to the success of an online store? 24. What products are unsuitable for selling online? 25. Who are more likely to buy groceries online? 参 考 答 案 :16.B 17. D 18. A 19. C20. A 21.B 22.C 23.D 24.A 25. B Part2. Long Conversation 一 抓 住 首 尾 句 预 览 选 项 [A] To go sightseeing. [B] To have meetings. [C] To promote a new champagne. [D] To join in a training program. 边 听 边 选 M: Hi, Ann, welcome back. How s your trip to the states? W: Very busy, [19]I had a lot of meetings. 19. Why did the woman go to New York? 二 留 意 对 话 中 的 一 问 一 答 预 览 选 项 [A] Data collection. [B] Training consultancy. [C] Corporate management. [D] Information processing. 边 听 边 选 W: What s your line of business, Mr. Johnson? M: We are a training consultancy. 6

7 25. What is the man s line of business? Part 3. Passages 预 览 选 项 29. A) Michael s parents got divorced. B) Karen was adopted by Ray Anderson. C) Karen s mother died in a car accident. D) A truck driver lost his life in a collision. 边 听 边 选 The impact of the collision killed Karen s mother instantly, but she was left trapped in the burning car. 预 览 选 项 A) At a local club. C) At the sports center B) At Joe s house. D) At the bearing school. 边 听 边 选 Joe is a day student, but I am a boarding student. We haven t been in same classes, sports or extra-curricular activities. Nonetheless, I spend nearly every weekend at his house and we talk on the phone every night. 预 览 选 项 A) Kevin is nine years old B) Kevin is handsome C) Kevin is single D) Kevin is lack of efficiency 二.Writing: 内 容 ; 结 构 ; 语 言 ; 内 容 预 测 : 腾 讯 微 信 :kkenglish 何 凯 文 考 研 英 语 新 浪 微 博 : 何 凯 文 腾 讯 空 间 : ( 以 上 三 个 都 关 注, 有 惊 喜 哦!) 结 构 学 习 : 两 种 形 式 的 文 章 : 图 画 作 文 和 提 纲 作 文 两 种 结 构 的 文 章 : 正 反 观 点 对 立 型 和 社 会 热 点 型 文 章 ; 图 画 作 文 : 第 一 段 : 第 一 句 : 简 单 描 述 图 画 ; As is shown above, 中 心 人 物 + 动 作. 第 二 句 : 图 画 造 成 影 响 ; There has been a heated discussion about this picture on the WeChat, the most influential social media in China. 第 三 句 : 指 出 图 画 寓 意 ; 1. The picture shows us that. 2. Simple and funny as this picture is, the symbolic meaning behind it is as deep as ocean. 第 二 段 : 第 一 种 写 法 : 第 一 句 : 介 绍 主 题 背 景 1.Recently the issue of (whether or not) has been in the limelight( 成 为 引 人 注 目 的 中 心 )and has aroused wide concern in the public. 近 来, 的 问 题 已 经 非 常 明 确 而 且 引 起 了 社 会 的 广 泛 关 注 2. Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is... 随 着 社 会 的 不 断 发 展, 出 现 了 越 来 越 多 的 问 题, 其 中 之 一 便 是 3. Recently, the issue of... has been brought into public focus. 近 来, 的 问 题 引 起 了 社 会 的 广 泛 关 注 第 二 句 : 分 析 利 弊 On the one hand, On the other hand 7

8 第 二 种 写 法 : 第 一 句 : 介 绍 各 方 观 点 1. There is no consensus of opinions among people as to some people tend to have a favorable attitude toward While, others have an unpleasant association with 2. Most of us,however,have formed a different picture of some people think they are beneficial, while others hold the opposite view. 第 二 句 : 进 一 步 介 绍 1. And we rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue. 对 于 这 种 极 具 争 议 的 话 题, 我 们 很 难 作 出 绝 对 的 回 答 2. People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case. 不 同 行 业 的 人 对 同 一 种 问 题 的 解 释 不 尽 相 同 harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, 认 为 第 三 段 : 给 出 自 己 看 法 : 1. Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures. 2. As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the former view. 在 我 看 来, 我 较 同 意 前 一 种 观 点 3. After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of the former view. 经 过 深 思 熟 虑, 我 较 支 持 前 一 种 看 法 再 次 提 醒 关 注 公 共 微 信 号 : 何 凯 文 考 研 英 语 kkenglish 关 注 每 日 一 句 ; 四.Reading in depth Section B Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Universities Branch Out A) As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability. B) In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative ( 合 作 的 ) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity. C) Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America s best institutions and 10 8

9 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad. D) Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships ( 实 习 ) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity and providing the financial resources to make it possible. E) Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai s Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale faculty, postdoctors and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu s Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team. F) As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure ( 基 础 设 施 ) and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university. G) For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research-university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year. H) American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students. I) Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation s well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and like immigrants throughout history strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished ( 珍 视 ) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In 9

10 America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students. 注 意 : 此 部 分 试 题 请 在 答 题 卡 2 上 作 答 46. American universities prepare their undergraduates for global careers by giving them chances for international study or internship. 47. Since the mid-1970s, the enrollment of overseas students has increased at an annual rate of 3.9 percent. 48. The enrollment of international students will have a positive impact on America rather than threaten its competitiveness. 49. The way research is carried out in universities has changed as a result of globalization. 50. Of the newly hired professors in science and engineering in the United States, twenty percent come from foreign countries. 51. The number of foreign students applying to U.S. universities decreased sharply after September 11 due to changes in the visa process. 52. The U.S. federal funding for research has been unsteady for years. 53. Around the world, governments encourage the model of linking university-based science and industrial application. 54. Present-day universities have become a powerful force for global integration. 55. When foreign students leave America, they will bring American values back to their home countries. 解 题 要 诀 : 主 题 ; 定 位 ; 句 子 理 解 ; 主 题 的 强 大 : Eg1. 主 题 句 : We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. 题 目 :1. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader s experiment was that. A) they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin B) the sweetener was poisonous to them C) their immune systems had been altered by the mind D) they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning 2. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals. A) can be weakened by mind B) can be suppressed by drug injections C) can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin D) can be altered by electric shocks Eg2. 主 题 词 :weak dollar 52. Why do Americans feel humiliated? A.Their economy is plunging B.Their currency has slumped C.They can't afford trips to Europe D. They have lost half of their assets. 53.How does the current dollar affect the life of ordinary Americans? A.They have to cancel their vacations in New York. B.They find it unaffordable to dine in mom-and-pop restaurants. C.They have to spend more money when buying imported goods. D.They might lose their jobs due to potential economic problems. 10

11 54. How do many Europeans feel about the U.S with the devalued dollar? A.They feel contemptuous of it. B.They are sympathetic with it. C.They regard it as a superpower on the decline. D.They think of it as a good tourist destination. 55. what is the author's advice to Americans? A.They treat the dollar with a little respect B.They try to win in the weak-dollar gamble C.They vacation at home rather than abroad D.They treasure their marriages all the more 特 别 提 示 : 对 于 句 子 结 构 的 把 握, 找 出 句 子 主 干 主 谓 隔 离 : 句 子 开 头 的 第 一 个 独 立 名 词 ( 前 面 没 有 关 联 词 和 介 词 ), 为 句 子 主 语 应 该 和 其 匹 配 的 动 词 在 一 起 1.But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. 2. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. 长 难 句 更 多 解 析 参 见 何 凯 文 老 师 编 著 考 研 英 语 长 难 句 解 密 更 多 时 文 可 参 见 何 凯 文 老 师 编 著 考 研 英 语 阅 读 同 源 外 刊 时 文 精 析 见 空 间 : Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 剪 纸 (paper cutting) 是 中 国 最 为 流 行 的 传 统 民 间 艺 术 形 式 之 一 中 国 剪 纸 有 一 千 五 百 多 年 的 历 史, 在 明 朝 和 清 朝 时 期 (the Ming and Qing Dynasties) 特 别 流 行 人 们 常 用 剪 纸 美 化 居 家 环 境 特 别 是 在 春 节 和 婚 庆 期 间, 剪 纸 被 用 来 装 饰 门 窗 和 房 间, 以 增 加 喜 庆 的 气 氛 剪 纸 最 常 用 的 颜 色 是 红 色, 象 征 健 康 和 兴 旺 中 国 剪 纸 在 世 界 各 地 很 受 欢 迎, 经 常 被 用 作 馈 赠 外 国 友 人 的 礼 物 Part IV Translation Paper cutting is one of China s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends 年 6 月 翻 译 中 一 定 会 用 到 的 表 达 : 1. Sth gradually developed a style which featured 某 物 形 成 了 以 为 特 色 的 风 格 ; 2.Sth can be classified into several categories: 某 物 可 以 被 分 为 以 下 几 类 ; 3.Industrious Chinese laboring people 勤 劳 的 中 国 人 民 4.China has made great headway in narrowing the gap among different social classes. 中 国 在 缩 小 不 同 社 会 阶 层 间 的 差 距 方 面 也 在 努 力 5.The core of harmonious society is human-centered, which means the improvement of people s livelihood. 和 谐 社 会 的 核 心 是 以 人 为 本, 这 就 意 味 着 要 促 民 生 11

12 6. We not only aspire to build China into a prosperous, strong and modern socialist country, but also into a democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious one. 我 们 不 只 是 希 望 把 中 国 建 设 为 现 代, 繁 荣 和 富 强 的 社 会 主 义 国 家, 而 且 使 中 国 成 为 文 化 先 进 的, 民 主 的 和 和 谐 的 国 家 7. During the long course of history, the Chinese people have, working with diligence, bravery and wisdom, created a beautiful homeland where all ethnic groups live in harmony, and developed a great and dynamic culture 在 漫 长 的 历 史 进 程 中, 中 国 人 民 依 靠 自 己 的 勤 劳 勇 敢 智 慧, 开 创 了 民 族 和 睦 共 处 的 美 好 家 园, 培 育 了 历 久 弥 新 的 优 秀 文 化 8. Chinese nation has made an indelible contribution to the progress of human civilization. 中 华 民 族 为 人 类 的 文 明 进 步 作 出 了 不 可 磨 灭 的 贡 献 9. sth has become one of the most popular 成 为 了 最 受 欢 迎 的 之 一 Sth has been regarded as one of 被 认 为 是 之 一 10. We can see, enjoy and learn of the legend and anecdotes about 我 们 能 看 到 享 受 到 而 且 了 解 到 关 于 的 传 奇 和 轶 事 11. sth is a combination of, dating back to 某 物 是 的 结 合, 其 起 源 可 以 追 溯 到 12. There are some branches of sth, of which A is one of the most famous. Sth 有 好 些 分 支, 其 中 A 是 最 有 名 的 13. Sth,with a history of years and a number of branches/ styles, is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. 已 有.. 年 的 历 史, 有 好 多 分 支 / 风 格, 是 中 国 传 统 文 化 的 重 要 组 成 部 分 14. High speed railroad is introduced in With the generous funding from the government, it is rapidly expanding 年, 高 铁 被 引 入 ; 政 府 大 力 支 持, 发 展 很 快 15. sth is familiar to everyone, about which however people s opinions differ. 大 家 都 很 熟 悉, 但 是 对 于 仁 者 见 仁 16. Honor the aged of other family as we honor our own; Care for the children of other family as we care for our own. 老 吾 老 以 及 人 之 老, 幼 吾 幼 以 及 人 之 幼 17. Respecting the aged and loving the young,a the traditional Chinese virtue, has been regarded as the social responsibility and behavior norm for thousands years. 千 百 年 来, 尊 老 爱 幼 这 一 中 华 民 族 的 传 统 美 德, 被 当 做 是 社 会 责 任 和 行 为 规 范 Filial Piety, a Chinese traditional virtue, is central to Confucian role ethics. 孝 道 是 中 国 的 传 统 美 德, 被 认 为 是 儒 家 角 色 伦 理 的 核 心 18. Learning without thinking leads to confusion; thinking without learning ends in danger. 学 而 不 思 则 罔, 思 而 不 学 则 殆 19. Chinese characters evolve from pictures and signs. The style of the calligraphers symbolize their age. 汉 字 由 图 画 和 符 号 演 变 而 来 书 法 家 的 风 格 代 表 了 他 们 的 时 代 20. China is the birthplace of... 中 国 是 的 故 乡 名 人, 民 族, 食 物, 名 胜, 节 日, 中 医, 戏 剧, 书 法, 美 德 附 录 :2016 年 6 月 四 六 级 作 文 中 一 定 能 用 到 的 句 子 : 1. 生 活 时 间 角 度 (1)We have been always considering sth (recreational activities) as something to relax ourselves or 12

13 something that can add color to the dull routine of everyday life. 我 们 一 直 认 为 娱 乐 活 动 可 以 让 我 们 放 松, 可 以 为 我 们 每 天 枯 燥 的 生 活 增 添 一 些 色 彩 (2)Sth will make our life more enjoyable, that is to say, sth can add color to the dull routine of everyday life. Sth 可 以 使 我 们 的 生 活 更 加 有 乐 趣, 也 就 是 说,sth 为 我 们 每 天 枯 燥 的 生 活 增 添 了 一 些 色 彩 (3)For the majority of people, (reading or learning a new skill)/(reading news from the weibo or learning moments of their friends on the Wechat) has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment in this modern society. 对 大 多 数 人 来 讲,( 阅 读 或 学 习 一 项 新 技 术 )( 从 微 信 里 面 了 解 朋 友 圈 动 态 ) 已 成 为 他 们 生 活 的 中 心 和 快 乐 的 来 源 (4)Furthermore, students visiting their own home frequently would have more accesses and opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character. 而 且, 学 生 常 回 家 有 更 多 机 会 和 父 母 交 流, 这 对 他 们 个 性 的 培 养 是 有 利 的 (5)Sth, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time for boredom. Sth 很 有 建 设 意 义 地 占 据 了 人 们 的 空 余 时 间, 使 得 人 们 很 满 足, 进 而 没 有 时 间 来 觉 得 无 聊 (6)Sth does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Sth 不 会 占 据 学 生 太 多 的 时 间. 实 际 上 让 他 们 把 所 有 的 时 间 都 花 在 学 习 上 也 是 不 健 康 的, 就 如 一 句 俗 话 所 说 : 劳 逸 结 合 (7)What s more, online shopping can save us a great deal of time on the way between home and the department stores, so we would be able to concentrate more time and energy on our meaningful work. 而 且, 在 线 购 物 能 节 省 大 量 往 返 于 家 的 商 店 路 上 的 时 间, 这 会 使 我 们 有 更 多 的 时 间 和 精 力 放 在 有 意 义 的 工 作 上 2. 知 识 经 验 角 度 (1)Little by little, our knowledge will be well enriched, and our horizons will be greatly broadened. 逐 渐 的, 我 们 的 知 识 会 得 到 增 加, 我 们 的 视 野 将 会 大 大 的 拓 宽 (2)For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn. 对 于 那 些 想 过 上 健 康 而 有 意 义 的 生 活 的 人 们 来 说, 找 时 间 学 习 一 些 新 知 识 是 很 重 要 的, 正 如 那 句 老 话 : 活 到 老, 学 到 老 (3)The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets. 大 部 分 学 生 相 信 业 余 工 作 会 使 他 们 有 更 多 机 会 发 展 人 际 交 往 能 力, 而 这 对 他 们 未 来 找 工 作 是 非 常 有 好 处 的 (4)Additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, many maintain, youngsters are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets. 额 外 的 教 育 活 动 有 许 多 优 点, 通 过 学 习, 年 轻 人 可 以 获 得 很 多 实 践 技 能 和 有 用 的 知 识, 这 些 对 他 们 就 业 是 大 有 好 处 的 (5) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks. 通 过 做 一 份 和 专 业 相 关 的 工 作, 学 生 不 仅 能 够 提 高 他 们 的 专 业 能 力, 而 且 能 获 得 从 课 本 上 得 不 到 的 经 验 (6)Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities. 现 在 越 来 越 多 的 人 开 始 相 信 学 习 新 的 技 术 和 知 识 能 直 接 帮 助 他 们 获 得 工 作 就 会 或 提 升 的 机 会 (7)In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. 13

14 Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom. 首 先, 额 外 的 学 习 对 孩 子 们 的 身 体 发 育 是 不 利 的 教 育 专 家 指 出, 孩 子 们 在 枯 燥 的 教 室 里 呆 了 一 整 天 后, 从 事 一 些 体 育 活 动, 而 不 是 额 外 的 学 习, 是 非 常 重 要 的 3. 环 境 健 康 角 度 (1)Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that some certain sports contribute directly to our health by giving us some physical exercises. 现 在 越 来 越 多 的 人 开 始 相 信 体 育 锻 炼 能 有 助 于 身 体 健 康 (2)As a matter of fact, travel has become part of our life. This situation is encouraging, for it not only broadens people's minds to the extend which may not be reached previously, but also relaxes them physically, which help people conquer mental problems more actively. 实 际 上, 旅 行 已 经 成 为 我 们 生 活 的 一 个 部 分, 这 样 的 情 形 是 喜 人 的, 因 为 旅 行 不 仅 可 以 拓 宽 人 们 的 视 野 达 到 之 前 没 有 达 到 的 范 围, 而 且 还 可 以 在 身 体 上 得 到 放 松, 这 能 使 人 们 更 加 积 极 的 克 服 心 理 问 题 (3)Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污 染 对 我 们 的 生 存 造 成 巨 大 威 胁 Some of the are poisonous and dangerous to health. (4)Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could directly threaten the quality of our lives. 环 境 学 家 指 出 : 持 续 增 加 的 污 染 不 仅 会 导 致 像 全 球 变 暖 这 样 严 重 的 问 题, 而 且 还 将 威 胁 到 我 们 的 生 活 质 量 (5) Under considerable pressure from therefore will only add to their burden. 在 这 样 的 压 力 之 下, 所 以 会 增 加 他 们 的 负 担 (6)I see three kinds of pressure working on people today: pressure from education, family and career. It is easy to blame the school for charging too much money, the family members for the heavy burden, the society for the fierce competition. I think people should relax. It is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances. 我 能 看 到 今 天 人 们 身 上 的 三 种 压 力, 教 育 的 压 力, 家 庭 和 职 业 的 压 力 学 校 所 收 学 费 太 贵, 家 庭 成 员 负 担 过 重, 来 自 社 会 的 激 烈 竞 争 我 认 为 人 们 应 该 放 松, 他 们 来 说, 在 任 何 环 境 下 保 持 一 个 好 的 情 绪 是 很 重 要 的 (7)Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness. 而 且, 由 于 要 额 外 地 学 习, 孩 子 们 没 有 多 少 时 间 和 同 龄 的 孩 子 玩 耍 和 交 流, 很 难 培 养 他 们 的 个 性 和 交 际 能 力 他 们 可 能 变 得 孤 僻 甚 至 产 生 某 些 心 理 疾 病 4. 合 作 角 度 (1)sth can give students team-spirit and teach them how to cooperate with others. Because in those activities, students usually need to cooperate with others in order to get good achievement. Sth 可 以 赋 予 学 生 们 团 队 精 神, 并 教 会 他 们 学 会 与 人 合 作 因 为 在 这 些 活 动 中, 学 生 通 常 需 要 相 互 合 作 目 的 是 得 到 提 高 5. 科 技 发 展 环 境 角 度 (1)In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer and healthier than in the past. 在 过 去 的 几 十 年, 先 进 的 医 疗 技 术 已 经 使 得 人 们 比 过 去 活 的 时 间 更 长 成 为 可 能 (2)Admittedly, this limit has made it possible for the public to realize the importance of environmental protection and enable we Chinese people to cherish the beauty of our communities. 可 以 承 认, 这 一 限 制 已 经 使 得 公 众 认 识 到 环 境 保 护 的 重 要 性, 并 且 使 得 我 们 中 国 人 去 珍 惜 我 们 美 丽 的 社 区 14

15 (3)Although many people claim that, along with the rapid economic development, the number of people who use bicycle is decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information I ve collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society. 虽 然 很 多 人 承 认, 随 着 经 济 的 快 速 发 展, 使 用 自 行 车 的 人 数 正 在 下 降, 自 行 车 一 定 会 消 失 根 据 我 最 近 几 年 所 收 集 到 的 信 息 使 我 相 信 自 行 车 会 在 现 代 社 会 中 扮 演 一 个 非 常 重 要 的 角 色 6. 成 长 成 功 (1)Most people are under the illusion that a college degree guarantees success. There is no such guarantee without hard work. 许 多 人 错 误 地 认 为 大 学 学 位 能 保 证 成 功 不 努 力 工 作 就 没 有 这 样 的 保 证 (2)While the inclination to procrastinate is common, one must fully consider the detrimental impact of unnecessary delays. 虽 然 拖 延 的 倾 向 是 普 遍 的, 但 是 人 们 应 该 充 分 考 虑 到 不 必 要 的 延 误 造 成 的 有 害 影 响 (3)The tendency to take things for granted is understandable, but the need for one to rationally evaluate the circumstances of any situation is absolutely essential. 想 当 然 的 倾 向 是 可 以 理 解 的, 但 是, 理 智 地 估 计 任 何 情 形 的 情 况 是 完 全 必 需 的 (4)From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents' desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. 通 过 以 上 讨 论, 我 们 可 以 得 出 如 下 结 论 : 尽 管 家 长 想 亲 自 照 看 孩 子 的 愿 望 是 可 以 理 解 的, 但 是 这 样 做 的 缺 点 远 大 于 优 点 (5) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldn't be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school. 通 过 以 上 讨 论, 我 们 可 以 得 出 结 论 : 尽 管 额 外 学 习 的 确 有 很 多 优 点, 但 它 的 缺 点 不 可 忽 视, 且 远 大 于 它 的 优 点 因 此, 放 学 后 强 迫 孩 子 额 外 学 习 是 不 明 智 的 ( 结 论 句 式 ) (6)While achieving success is easier said than done, perseverance does in fact pay off. One of the most important traits of a successful person is self-confidence, another is desire, and still another is determination. 获 得 成 功 说 起 来 比 做 起 来 容 易, 然 而 坚 持 不 懈 确 实 会 有 好 结 果 成 功 人 士 的 最 重 要 的 特 征 之 一 是 自 信, 第 二 是 渴 望, 还 有 一 个 是 决 心 (7)Independence offers many advantages, the first and foremost of which is self-determination. 独 立 带 来 很 多 好 处, 首 先 也 是 最 重 要 的 是 自 决 (8)There has been undesirable trend in recent years towards the worship of money. A recent survey showed that X percent of respondents ranked getting rich as their top priority, compared to X percent only a few years ago. Why do people fail to realize that wealth does not necessarily bring happiness? 近 年 来 出 现 了 对 社 会 有 害 的 拜 金 主 义 倾 向 最 近 的 一 项 调 查 表 明,X% 的 调 查 对 象 把 致 富 作 为 他 们 的 首 选, 相 比 之 下, 就 在 几 年 前, 只 有 X% 的 人 这 样 想 为 什 么 人 们 没 能 意 识 到 财 富 不 一 定 带 来 幸 福 呢? (9)Most people are of the opinion that wealth provides solutions to all problems. But in spite of the material benefits wealth provides, I believe one should abandon the pursuit of materialism and instead concentrate on the pursuit of happiness. 大 多 数 人 认 为 财 富 为 所 有 问 题 提 供 解 决 的 办 法 但 是, 我 认 为, 尽 管 财 富 提 供 物 质 上 的 利 益, 一 个 人 应 该 放 弃 物 质 至 上 的 追 求, 而 是 集 中 精 力 追 求 幸 福 7. 社 会 宏 观 (1)We needs to reexamine the results of technology development in order to ascertain the benefits and indeed( 表 示 加 强 含 义 ) the detrimental aspects from a new perspective. Otherwise, various perceived accomplishments might in fact prove to be far from beneficial. 我 们 需 要 重 新 检 查 科 技 发 展 带 来 的 结 果 以 便 从 新 的 角 度 明 确 它 们 的 好 处, 甚 至 是 有 害 的 方 面 否 则, 许 多 我 们 以 为 取 得 的 成 就 实 际 上 可 能 完 全 不 会 带 来 好 处 15

16 (2)We must avoid overindulgence and conspicuous consumption. We must instead continue to recognize the benefits of thrift in order to protect our newfound prosperity. 我 们 必 须 避 免 过 分 放 纵 和 铺 张 浪 费 相 反, 我 们 应 该 继 续 发 扬 节 俭 的 优 点 以 守 护 我 们 新 获 得 的 繁 荣 (3)Many of the explanations offered thus far are at least to a certain extent valid, but none fully address the problem and the issue must be examined in a wider context. 目 前 提 供 的 许 多 解 释 至 少 在 一 定 程 度 上 是 正 确 的, 但 是, 没 有 一 个 解 释 能 完 全 处 理 问 题, 这 件 事 情 必 须 放 在 更 广 阔 的 背 景 中 考 虑 (4)There is little doubt that immediate action is required to eliminate the detrimental aspects of environmental pollution once and forever. 毫 无 疑 问, 必 须 立 即 采 取 行 动 彻 底 消 除 环 境 污 染 的 危 害 (5)Some months ago, a friend of mine was killed in a tragic automobile accident involving a drunk driver. The incident was far from rare, and was in fact typical of thousands of cases involving drunk driving 几 个 月 前, 我 的 一 个 朋 友 死 于 一 场 与 酒 后 驾 车 有 关 的 悲 惨 车 祸 这 件 事 情 一 点 儿 也 不 罕 见, 事 实 上 是 数 以 千 计 的 酒 后 驾 车 案 例 的 典 型 之 一 (6)It is high time we put an end to the deplorable practice of food contamination. 我 们 早 该 杜 绝 食 品 污 染 这 种 应 遭 谴 责 的 做 法 (7)The most striking conclusion that can be reached when weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the new technology, such as smart phone and the like is quite frankly prosperity. 很 坦 率 地 说, 在 权 衡 新 技 术 ( 比 如 智 能 手 机 ) 时 候, 能 得 出 的 最 显 著 的 结 论 是 繁 荣 (8)The ample evidence presented enables us to reasonably conclude that the scourge of haze will be brought under control in the foreseeable future. 提 出 的 充 分 证 据 使 我 们 能 够 合 理 地 得 出 这 样 的 结 论 : 雾 霾 的 祸 害 在 可 预 见 的 将 来 就 能 得 到 控 制 (9)Today, a large amount of tradition has gradually disappeared, for instance stamp collecting. 现 在, 许 多 传 统 的 爱 好 在 逐 步 消 失, 例 如 集 邮 2016 年 6 月 巨 献 之 20 个 与 个 人 成 长 相 关 的 顶 级 表 达 : 1.the challenging and demanding experience 充 满 挑 战 和 要 求 极 高 的 经 历 2.sense of fulfillment 满 足 感 3.Self-evident 不 言 自 明 4.in compliance with 遵 守 5. have the potential to boost 有 潜 能 提 升 6.merits and downsides 利 弊 7.invigorated and refreshed 精 力 充 沛, 神 清 气 爽 8.prudent 慎 重 9.wreak havoc on 对 造 成 损 失 10.apart from 除 开 11.unwavering support 坚 定 不 移 的 支 持 12. be conducive and instrumental to 对 有 好 处 13.justifiable 合 理 14.a desirable trait 优 点 15. adversity and hardship 逆 境 和 苦 难 16. strive for 为 了 努 力 17. Aspire to do sth 努 力 做 18. attainment 成 就 19. perseverance and persistence 坚 持 20. Action enables us to transform our aspirations from a state of latent potentiality into one of manifest reality. 行 动 能 让 我 们 潜 在 的 愿 望 变 成 现 实 ; 16