Disclaimer: When using this Guide to develop contracts between stakeholders regarding the use of BIM to plan, design, construct, and operate buildings

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2 Disclaimer: When using this Guide to develop contracts between stakeholders regarding the use of BIM to plan, design, construct, and operate buildings, the information herein should not be considered a substitute for legal, business, insurance or financial advice. Each stakeholder or party to a contract is strongly encouraged to seek the advice of attorneys, and business, insurance, and financial counselors and advisers, as each stakeholder deems appropriate, when drafting, reviewing, and negotiating all contracts and clauses including, but not limited to, all terms and conditions, contract and project management requirements, intellectual property rights, and the electronic storage and transfer of documents and data. 免责声明 : 在使用本指南制订利益相关人之间有关如何使用 BIM 来规划 设计 建造及运营建筑物的合同时, 本指南中的信息不应被视为取代法律 商业 保险或财务的建议 在起草 审阅和商讨所有合同和条款时, 包括但不限于所有的条款和条件 合同和项目管理要求 知识产权及文件和数据的电子存储和转让, 根据每位利益相关人的适宜情况, 强烈建议每位利益相关人或合同的每一方均寻求律师及商业 保险和金融顾问及咨询人员的建议

3 汉化编译委员会 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 汉化版得到必维国际检验集团 北京达美盛软件股份有限公司 上海建坤信息技术有限责任公司的专业支持与赞助 谨代表 BOMA 中国感谢他们的参与 参与 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 汉化版编译的专家及专业人士如下 : 必维国际检验集团建筑工程与基础设施大中华区总监 / 庄贺铭必维国际检验集团建筑工程与基础设施技术中心总监 / 陈芊必维国际检验集团技术中心运营经理 / 郁向盛北京达美盛软件股份有限公司副总裁 / 陈劲松北京达美盛软件股份有限公司战略投资中心总经理 / 姚红昭北京达美盛软件股份有限公司咨询经理 / 李中华上海建坤信息技术有限责任公司 BIM 事业部总经理 / 王轶群上海建坤信息技术有限责任公司 BIM 技术研发中心经理 / 李少伟 BOMA 中国执行董事 / Dominic Lau BOMA 中国渠道总监 / 翟红 BOMA 中国品牌管理 / 张鹂 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 汉化版版权属于 BOMA 中国与 BOMA 国际, 任何企业或者个人未经出版者书面许可, 不得擅自出版 发行 复印或者用作其他商业用途 不得以任何方式复制或抄袭本书内容

4 NATIONAL BIM GUIDE FOR OWNERS FOREWORD... ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... xi 1. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE SCOPE USE PROCESS DEFINE BIM REQUIREMENTS BIM Uses and Requirements Project Delivery Method Intellectual Property Final Turnover Requirements TEAM ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Owner s BIM Representative(s) Project BIM Manager Role Discipline/Trade BIM Leads Collaboration BIM PROJECT EXECUTION PLANNING File Sharing Requirements Data Security MANAGING PROJECT REQUIREMENTS AND DELIVERABLES Quality Planning Quality Assurance Quality Control INFRASTRUCTURE AND STANDARDS TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS Categories of Standards Standards in this Guide Open Standards Format for Supporting Information SPACE AND GRAPHICAL STANDARDS Owner-Specified Guidelines and Standards i National BIM Guide for Owners

5 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 前言... x 内容摘要... xii 1. 引言 目的 范围 用途 流程 设定 BIM 要求 BIM 用途和要求 项目交付方法 知识产权 最终交接要求 团队的角色和职责 业主 BIM 代表 项目 BIM 经理的角色 专业 / 工种 BIM 领导 协作 BIM 项目实施方案 文件共享要求 数据安全 管理项目要求和可交付成果 质量规划 质保 质控 基础设施与标准 技术基础设施 用途 标准的类别 本指南中的标准 辅助信息的开源标准格式 空间和图形标准 业主专有的指导原则和标准 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 ii

6 3.3.2 Drawing Sheet Layout Areas/Rooms/Spaces Digital Documentation and Archiving FILE STRUCTURE Owner-Specified Requirements Folder Naming File Naming Component Naming Conventions Submittal Package File Sharing Data Transmittal Requirements MODEL STRUCTURE MODEL REQUIREMENTS Modeling Responsibility Modeling Process Model Contents Project Data Level of Development (LOD) EXECUTION BIM Project Execution Plan (PxP) Development of the BIM PxP BIM Uses BIM Use Definition Essential BIM Uses Enhanced BIM Uses Owner-Related BIM Uses Model Deliverables GLOSSARY REFERENCE DOCUMENTS CITATIONS iii National BIM Guide for Owners

7 3.3.2 图纸 纸张布局 区域 / 房间 / 空间 数码文档和存档 文档结构 业主规定的要求 文件夹命名 文件命名 组件命名约定 提交成果包 文件分享 数据传输要求 模型结构 模型要求 建模责任 建模流程 模型内容 项目数据 开发程度 (LOD) 执行 BIM 项目实施方案 (PxP) 制定 BIM 的 PxP 基本 BIM 用途 BIM 用途的定义 基本 BIM 用途 提升 BIM 用途 业主相关 BIM 用途 模型可交付成果 词汇表 参考文献 引文 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 iv

8 Acknowledgements The National Institute of Building Sciences would like to extend sincere thanks to the following agencies and individuals for their support, input, and generous sharing of BIM knowledge and existing information: State of Wisconsin Bill Napier, Project Manager, Wisconsin Department of Administration Jerry Walters, Executive Director of CESA 11 Wendy von Below, Wisconsin Department of Administration Aden Sayers, Architectural Program and Policy Analyst Kevin Connolly, AIA, Connolly Architects U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jason Fairchild, CAD/BIM Community of Practice Leader Steve Hutsell, Chief, Geospatial Section, Seattle District Brandon Tobias, AIA, Architect Van Woods, BIM Program Manager U.S. Department of Defense Defense Health Agency John Becker, Director, Facilities Division Russell Manning, PhD, Chief, Operations & Life Cycle Integration U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Renee Tietjen, AIA, LEED-AP, Senior Architect, VA BIM Program Manager, Construction & Facilities Management U.S. General Services Administration Ilana Hellmann, PE, BIM Program Expert, Program Management Branch Charles Matta, FAIA, Director, Center for Building Information Programs, Public Buildings Service Horatio McDowney, IT Applications Project Specialist, Center for Building Information Systems Corresponding Members Paul Audsley, Assoc. AIA, Principal/Director of Digital Practice, NBBJ Brian Halma, Business Strategy Manager, Americas, RICS Ayse Polat, AIA, NY Main VDC Field Operations BIM Manager, Turner Construction Alan Muse BSc (Hons) MSc,FRICS, Global Director of Built Environment Professional Groups, RICS Dennis R. Shelden, AIA, PhD, Associate Professor, School of Architecture, and Director, Digital Building Laboratory, Georgia Institute of Technology We also would like to thank the American Institute of Architects (AIA); American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE); and Building Owners and Managers Association International (BOMA) for their support in completing this project, as well as the U.S. Department of Defense Defense Health Agency for financial support. v National BIM Guide for Owners

9 致谢 美国国家建筑科学研究院对以下机构和个人给予的支持 建议及慷慨分享 BIM 知识和现有信息致以 诚挚谢意 : 威斯康辛州 Bill Napier, 威斯康辛州州行政部项目经理 Jerry Walters,CESA 11 执行董事 Wendy von Below, 威斯康辛州行政部 Aden Sayers, 建筑项目和政策分析师 Kevin Connolly,AIA 会员, 康纳利建筑师事务所 美国陆军工程兵部队 Jason Fairchild,CAD/BIM 社区实践领导人 Steve Hutsell, 西雅图地区地理空间部主任 Brandon Tobias,AIA 会员, 建筑师 Van Woods,BIM 项目经理 美国国防部国防健康局 John Becker, 设施部主任 Russell Manning, 博士, 运营和全生命周期集成主管 美国退伍军人事务部 Renee Tietjen,AIA 会员,LEED AP 会员, 高级建筑师, 施工和设施管理处弗吉尼亚州 BIM 项目经理 美国总务管理局 Ilana Hellmann,PE 会员, 项目管理处 BIM 项目专家 Charles Matta,FAIA 会员, 公共建筑服务署建筑信息项目中心主任 Horatio McDowney, 建筑信息系统中心信息技术应用项目专员 通讯会员 Paul Audsley, Assoc.AIA 会员,NBBJ 数字化实践主管 / 主任 Brian Halma,RICS 美洲区业务战略经理 Ayse Polat,AIA 会员,Turner Construction 公司, 纽约 Main VDC 现场操作 BIM 经理 Alan Muse, 学士,( 荣誉 ) 硕士,FRICS 会员,RICS 建成环境专业集团全球主任 Dennis R. Shelden,AIA 会员, 博士, 佐治亚理工学院建筑学院副教授兼数字化建筑物实验室主任 我们还要感谢美国建筑师协会 (AIA) 美国采暖 制冷和空调工程师协会 (ASHRAE) 及国际建筑 业主与管理者协会 (BOMA) 对完成本项目所给予的支持以及美国国防部国防保健署的资金支持 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 vi

10 National BIM Guide for Owners Project Team Dan Chancey, RPA, Chair Senior Vice President, Asset Management, Cushman & Wakefield, Commercial Advisors Ernie Conrad, PE, BOMA Fellow Representing BOMA International Carrie Sturts Dossick, PhD, PE Associate Professor and Executive Director, Center for Education and Research in Construction, University of Washington Craig R. Dubler, PhD, DBIA Manager, Facility Asset Management, Penn State University Johnny Fortune, CDT, LEED AP BIM/IT Director, Bullock Tice Associates M. Dennis Knight, PE, FASHRAE Founder & CEO, Whole Building Systems, LLC Representing ASHRAE John I. Messner, PhD Charles and Elinor Matts Professor of Architectural Engineering, Director, Computer Integrated Construction Research Program, Penn State University National Institute of Building Sciences Henry L. Green, Hon. AIA President Dominique Fernandez Earle Kennett Consultant/Team Leader Stephanie Stubbs, Assoc. AIA, PMP Project Manager vii National BIM Guide for Owners

11 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 项目团队 Dan Chancey,RPA 会员, 主席高纬环球主管资产管理的高级副总裁, 商业顾问 Ernie Conrad,PE 会员,BOMA 元老代表 BOMA 国际 Carrie Sturts Dossick, 博士,PE 会员华盛顿大学建筑教育与研究中心副教授兼执行董事 Craig R. Dubler, 博士,DBIA 会员宾州州立大学设施资产管理经理 Johnny Fortune,CDT 会员,LEED AP 会员 Bullock Tice 公司 BIM/IT 主管 M. Dennis Knight,PE 会员,FASHRAE 会员 Whole Building Systems 有限公司创始人兼首席执行官代表 ASHRAE John I. Messner, 博士宾州州立大学建筑工程 Charles and Elinor Matts 讲席教授, 计算机一体化建筑研究项目主任 美国国家建筑科学研究院 Henry L. Green,AIA 荣誉会员会长 Dominique Fernandez Earle Kennett 咨询师 / 团队领导人 Stephanie Stubbs, Assoc.AIA 会员,PMP 项目经理 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 viii

12 FOREWORD Recent SmartMarket Reports by McGraw Hill Construction (now Dodge Data & Analytics) indicate the business value of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is increasing. The Business Value of BIM in North America: Multi-Year Trend Analysis and User Ratings ( ) showed BIM adoption increasing from 17% in 2007 to 71% in 2012, with 62% of respondents among the industry perceiving a positive return on their investment in BIM. The Business Value of BIM for Owners (2014) identified 68% of U.S. Owners surveyed as either requiring or encouraging BIM for their projects. The National Institute of Building Sciences is proud to introduce the National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO), intended to outline for the building Owner how to develop and implement requirements for BIM application in internal policies and procedures as well as in contracts to plan, design, construct, and operate buildings. As BIM adoption in the U.S. continues to rise, the Owner stands to benefit most, by implementing BIM as a tool to maximize a building s value throughout its lifecycle. BIM potentially facilitates better-informed Owner decision-making, design-intent communication, project coordination across various phases, enhanced project delivery schedule and budget management, post-construction asset and facility management, building automation and control, and many other benefits, including increased property resale values of the building, as well as leasing revenues. We authored the NBGO to assist Owners in working with the other members of the building team to maximize the potential of BIM on their projects. We would welcome your comments and feedback as you put the NBGO to work for you. Sincerely, Henry L. Green, Hon. AIA President National Institute of Building Sciences January 1, 2017 ix National BIM Guide for Owners

13 前言 McGraw Hill Construction( 现在为 Dodge Data & Analytics) 最近发布的 SmartMarket 报告显示建筑信息模型 (BIM) 的商业价值正在提升 BIM 在北美地区的商业价值 : 年度趋势分析及用户评级 (2007 年 年 ) 显示,BIM 的使用率从 2007 年的 17% 增至 2012 年的 71%, 业内 62% 的受访者认为他们对 BIM 的投资产生了正回报 BIM 对业主的商业价值 (2014 年 ) 认定有 68% 的美国受访业主正在要求或鼓励他们的项目使用 BIM 美国国家建筑科学研究院自豪地向您介绍 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 (NBGO), 此指南意在向业主总体介绍如何制订和实施内部政策流程及建筑规划 设计 施工和运营合同的 BIM 适用要求 随着美国 BIM 应用的比例不断上升, 通过实施 BIM 这一使建筑物价值在其全生命周期中最大化的工具, 业主的获益注定将会增多 BIM 能够帮助业主基于更好的信息做出决策, 表达设计意图, 在项目的各个阶段进行协调, 加快项目交付进度, 强化预算管理和施工阶段之后的资产和设施管理, 提高建筑物的自动化控制水平, 此外还有其它诸多好处, 包括增加建筑物的地产转售价值及租赁收益 我们编写本书旨在协助业主与建筑团队的其他成员在他们的协作项目上, 推动 BIM 潜能最大化 在您使用本书的过程中, 欢迎您进行评论并提供反馈 此致敬礼 Henry L. Green,AIA 荣誉会员会长美国国家建筑科学研究院 2017 年 1 月 1 日 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 x

14 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The intended audience for this Guide is the building Owner. The Guide defines an approach to creating and fulfilling Building Information Modeling (BIM) requirements for a typical project from the Owner s standpoint. Merely requiring BIM on a project does not equate to success if the Owner s goals for the project are not clearly set and BIM requirements do not correlate to achieving those goals. BIM must be well planned and properly executed; not just BIM, but BIM DONE RIGHT, 1 aligning the right amount and types of resources to achieve the right results. This Guide builds on the premise that BIM, in and of itself, is not the end but rather the means to a number of potentially valuable project delivery outcomes for the Owner. It offers a toolset addressing three broad areas the Owner should understand in order to direct the Project Team to BIM DONE RIGHT: process, infrastructure and standards, and execution. The Process for using BIM effectively on a project begins with defining BIM requirements in the Owner's contracts with service providers (to plan, design, construct, and operate the building) and with other stakeholders based on the project delivery method (design-bidbuild, design-build, IPD, etc.). Early on, a successful BIM process includes identifying the roles and responsibilities of key project stakeholders with respect to information modeling as well as creating a BIM Project Execution Plan (PxP), an outcome-driven BIM roadmap that details how the project will be completed. Process also includes managing the project for compliance with the PxP and contract requirements, including the project deliverables. Infrastructure and standards acknowledges the high degree of human collaboration and software interoperability needed for successful project information modeling, particularly as the project moves from phase to phase. To achieve the necessary level of interactivity, the Owner must require all members of the Project BIM Team to adhere to a framework of standards and structures from the project s onset. Execution encompasses creating a Project Execution Plan (PxP), a master plan for how information modeling will be done and managed, at the inception of a project. The PxP documents the Owner s and the Project BIM Team s mutual agreement on how, by whom, when, why, to what level, and for what project outcomes (called BIM Uses ) information modeling will be used. While the Guide highlights the essential requirements for BIM, it also offers options for Owners who wish to go beyond minimum requirements. And finally, while the guide uses the term building generically, in keeping with the terminology of Building Information Modeling, it is intended to apply to information modeling for the built environment; i.e., site elements and facilities as well as buildings. xi National BIM Guide for Owners

15 内容摘要 本指南的目标受众应为建筑物的所有者即业主 本指南从业主的角度指出应以什么方法设定并满足典型项目的建筑信息模型 (BIM) 要求 如果业主对项目设立的目标并不清晰, 也没有把对 BIM 的要求与实现这些目标结合起来, 仅仅要求在项目中实施 BIM 并不等于会取得成功 对 BIM 必须有良好的规划和适当的实施 ; 仅有 BIM 并不足够, 而是要 正确实施 BIM, 1 即以恰当数量和类型的资源相配合, 方可取得适当的结果 本指南依据的前提是,BIM 本身并非目的, 而是为业主提供手段, 借以实现若干具有潜在价值的项目交付结果 它提供了一套处理三大类领域问题的工具, 业主应了解这些问题以指导项目团队 正确实施 BIM, 它们是 : 流程, 基础设施和标准, 以及执行 流程在项目有效使用 BIM 之初, 业主应根据项目的交付方法 ( 设计 投标 建设 设计 建设 项目综合交付等 ), 在与服务提供商 ( 规划 设计 施工和运营建筑物 ) 及与利益相关人订立合同时确定对 BIM 的要求 成功的 BIM 流程在早期阶段包括识别项目的关键利益相关人在信息模型方面的角色和责任, 以及制订项目的 BIM 实施方案 (PxP), 这是一个详细阐述项目将如何完成的结果驱动的 BIM 路线图 流程中还包括旨在符合 PxP 及合同要求的项目管理, 包括项目的可交付成果 基础设施和标准认可项目信息模型的成功依赖于人们之间的高度合作及软件间的可互用性, 尤其是项目从一个阶段进入另一个阶段时 为实现必要程度的互动, 业主必须要求项目 BIM 团队的所有成员从项目自启动时就遵循一整套标准和业务方式 执行涵盖如何制订一个项目实施方案 (PxP), 它是对信息模型如何进行及如何管理的总体规划 项目执行计划记载了业主与项目 BIM 团队就如何利用模型所达成的一致, 包括将如何 由谁 何时 为何 达到何种程度 以及为实现哪种项目结果进行使用 ( 称为 使用 BIM ) 达成共识 本指南虽然突出了对 BIM 的基本要求, 但也为希望超越最低要求的业主提供了选择 最后, 尽管本 指南在一般意义上使用 建筑 一词, 以与 建筑信息模型 这个术语保持一致, 除建筑物外, 信 息模型也适用于建成的环境 ( 如现场元素 设施 ) 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 xii

16 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE The purpose of the National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO) is to outline for the building Owner how to develop and implement requirements for the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for internal policies and procedures, and explain how to include these requirements in contracts to plan, design, construct and operate buildings. This Guide uses the term building generically, in keeping with the terminology of Building Information Modeling. It is intended to apply to information modeling for the built environment: site elements and facilities as well as buildings. 1.2 SCOPE This Guide establishes recommendations for processes, standards, and deliverables for a BIM-enabled project that can be continually shared and agreed upon by the Owner and the rest of the Project BIM Team, which can include planners, constructors, facilities managers, and subcontractors, as well as designers. 1.3 USE The recommendations in this Guide should be used by the Owner to create specific project requirements for BIM based on the project s unique and individual needs that can then be followed and implemented by the Project BIM Team to enhance facility value. Many aspects of the building industry are discovering increased value in BIM. Owners, architects, engineers, contractors, subcontractors, and facility managers all have collective and individual interests for the project and their business continuity, respectively. BIM has the capacity to be used within each phase of a project from conceptual, through final design, construction, and on to operations with a variety of applications ranging from Clash Detection, Quantity Takeoff, Scheduling, FM operations, and many others. While each application or use of BIM offers value in itself and any project participant engaging in these various uses could state they are doing BIM ; the efforts won t likely yield optimal results without proper planning, coordination, and execution. It is the project team s activities in concert with the Owner s requirements that provide the greatest potential lifecycle value. This is BIM Done Right * and helping Owners achieve this for their projects is the goal of this Guide. --Johnny Fortune BIM/IT Director, Bullock Tice Associates * Tice, John, Bullock Tice Associates BIM DONE RIGHT, a BIM enabled, client focused delivery approach and strategy (2015) National BIM Guide for Owners

17 1. 引言 1.1 目的 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南 (NBGO) 的目的在于向业主总体介绍如何按建筑信息模型 (BIM) 的要求制订和实施内部政策和流程, 并说明如何在建筑规划 设计 建造和运营合同中纳入这些要求 本指南在一般意义上使用 建筑 一词, 以与 建筑信息模型 这个术语保持一致 除建筑物外, 信息模型也适用于建成的环境, 如现场元素和设施 1.2 范围 本指南针对使用 BIM 的项目流程 标准和可交付成果提出了建议, 这些建议可由业主和项目 BIM 团 队的其他人员不断地进行分享并达成一致, 他们可包括规划者 施工者 物业和分包商以及设计者 1.3 用途 对于本指南中的建议, 业主应根据项目独特且单独的需要, 创建对 BIM 的特定要求, 然后可由项目 的 BIM 团队遵照实施, 以此提高设施的价值 建筑行业的许多方面都正在见证着 BIM 的飞速增长 业主 建筑师 工程师 承包商 分包商和设施经理对于项目和他们业务的连续性都有共同和各自的利益诉求 BIM 能用于项目的每个阶段, 从概念设计一直到最终设计 施工再到运营 其应用范围广泛, 涉及碰撞检查 工程估算 进度安排 FM 运营及其它许多应用 虽然 BIM 的每种应用或 用途 本身都提供价值, 运用这些 用途 的任何项目参与者也都可以说他们 在做 BIM, 但若没有适当的规划 协调和执行, 这些努力不太可能产生最优的结果 项目团队的活动要与业主的要求相协调, 这样才能提供最大可能的全生命周期价值 这是 正确实施 BIM *, 而帮助业主实现这一点是本指南的目标 Johnny Fortune Bullock Tice 公司 BIM/IT 主管 * Tice, John, Bullock Tice 公司 : 正确实施 BIM 启用 BIM 的 以客户为中心的交付方法和战略 (2015 年 ) 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

18 2. PROCESS At the project s inception, the Owner establishes the intent and general requirements for the building. Collectively, these are known as the Owner s Project Requirements (OPR), and are defined by the National BIM Standard United States (NBIMS-US ) Version 3 2 (V3) as the Owner's written documentation of the functional requirements of the "facility" and the expectations of how it will be used and operated. They include project and design goals, budgets, limitations, schedules. These requirements are transferred into the building s basis of design, (BOD), used by the building s design team to define the approach and parameters for designing the building to meet the Owner s requirements. The data developed during design is then transferred by the design team into construction documents, which become the record of all the building s physical elements. As each building element s construction is completed, it is either accepted through traditional design team construction contract administration practices and/or commissioned by an independent Commissioning Authority that the final construction meets the OPR and that the functional performance of the element has been verified. As the project moves from phase to phase, the information contained within the BIM grows in both quantity and specificity. The nature of BIM technology and the interoperability (ability to be exchanged and used) of the data contained within the BIM allow different Owners to use the BIM in multiple ways, depending on their specific needs. In addition to design and construction, BIM applications can include asset management, building automation and control, interdisciplinary coordination, scheduling, cost estimating, and integrated construction specifications. Models generated during planning, design, construction, and operations continue to serve as information resources used to keep the building operating at optimal efficiency. When well planned and executed, the use of BIM may reduce the building life-cycle cost. Using BIM in concert with planning and team building, with its shared and continually updated information, also helps the team minimize conflicts, cuts down on repetition and duplication of tasks, and helps to optimize planning, design, construction, and operations. The process for enabling BIM to be used effectively on a project should follow these steps: 1. Define minimum BIM requirements in the Owner's contracts with service providers (planning, design, construction, operations, etc.) and other stakeholders based on the project delivery method (design-bid-build, design-build, IPD, etc.). 2. Identify the roles and responsibilities of key project stakeholders with respect to information modeling. 3. Collaboratively create a BIM Project Execution Plan (PxP) with key project stakeholders. 4. Manage the project for compliance with the PxP and contract requirements, including Model and Data Deliverables, through periodic reviews. Where the model(s) is to be used for design/documentation and then for construction, the BIM PxP should address model exchange procedures, i.e., how the model(s) can migrate between project phases effectively with minimum effort. First, the Project BIM Team members need to coordinate the BIM Uses they seek to leverage when they determine the model exchange procedures. For example, model coordination would require a National BIM Guide for Owners

19 2. 流程 在项目伊始, 业主确定针对建筑物的意图和总体要求 它们统称为 业主的项目要求 (OPR), 在 BIM 国家标准 美国 (NBIMS US ) 第 3 2 版 (V3) 中被定义为 业主对 设施 的功能要求及对如何使用和运营预期书面文件 它们包括项目及设计目标 预算 限制条件和进度 这些要求被调用至建筑物的 基础设计 (BOD), 建筑物的设计团队用 OPR 设定建筑物设计的方法和参数, 以满足业主的要求 设计过程中形成的数据随后由设计团队转移至施工文件, 成为建筑物所有物理单元的记录 完成建筑物每个分部的施工后, 它要么经过传统的设计团队按施工合同管理实践所接受, 要么经独立的调试机构调试, 以验证最终的施工符合 OPR 且该分部的功能性能满足要求 随着项目从一个阶段进入另一个阶段,BIM 中所含的信息在数量和具体性方面均在增加 BIM 技术的性质及 BIM 中所含信息的互用性 ( 能够交换使用 ) 使得不同的业主能够依据各自的具体需要以多种方式使用 BIM 除设计和施工外,BIM 的应用还可包括资产管理 建筑自动化和控制 多部门协调 进度安排 成本估算及施工规范整合 规划 设计 施工和运营阶段产生的模型继续起到信息资源的作用, 用于使建筑物的运营保持最优效率 如果规划且实施得当, 使用 BIM 技术可减少建筑物在全生命周期内的成本 如果在使用 BIM 时注重与规划和团队建设的协调, 注重信息分享和持续更新, 还会帮助团队尽可能减少冲突 减少重复性工作, 并有助于实现规划 设计 施工和运营的最优化 使 BIM 得到有效使用的流程应遵循以下这些步骤 : 1. 基于项目的交付方法 ( 设计 - 招标 - 施工 设计 - 施工 IPD 等 ), 在业主与服务提供商 ( 规划 设计 施工 运营等 ) 及其它利益相关人之间的合同中明确 BIM 的最低要求 2. 识别项目的关键利益相关人在信息模型方面的角色和责任 3. 与项目的关键利益相关人一起创建 BIM 项目实施方案 (PxP) 4. 通过定期审核对项目进行管理, 使其符合 PxP 及合同要求, 包括模型和数据方面的可交付成果 如果模型将被用于设计 / 文件编制和后期的施工, 则 BIM 的 PxP 应包含模型互换流程, 即怎样才能以最小的努力让模型从项目的一个阶段高效地移交至另一个阶段 在项目的 BIM 团队确定模型互换流程时, 首先需要协调他们试图采用的各项 BIM 用途 例如, 模型协调要求设计模型要有很高水平的几何准确性 一旦识别了 BIM 的用途, 团队应决定由谁来开发哪个模型以及何时交换这些模型 BIM 的 PxP 应当用于系统化建立各种责任和模型要求 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

20 high degree of geometric accuracy for the design model. Once BIM Uses are identified, the team should decide who is developing which models, and when these models are exchanged. The BIM PxP should be used to organize responsibilities and modeling requirements. 2.1 DEFINE BIM REQUIREMENTS BIM requirements are defined by the Owner s overall goals, business practices, and corporate culture and are shaped by the OPR. They are developed on a project-byproject basis, as the Project BIM Team selects BIM Uses to achieve these requirements. The Owner should provide any resources, such as feasibility studies and/or access to stakeholder interviews, for the BIM Project BIM Team to define Owner-related goals. Once the Owner s project BIM goals are defined, the Project BIM Team should also ensure that these BIM goals can be met with current technology practices and required team competencies. The project BIM goals should lead to the choice of BIM Uses and additional BIM requirements BIM Uses and Requirements The Owner should at a minimum require the five Essential BIM Uses described in Section 4.2.2: Existing Conditions, Design Authoring, Design Review, three-dimensional (3D) Coordination, and Record Modeling. Project conditions may justify other Enhanced BIM Uses, as described in Section 4.2.3, or Owner-Related Uses, as described in Section The Project BIM Team should develop the recommended BIM Uses for the project by leveraging resources provided in the National BIM Standard United States (NBIMS- US ) Version 3 (V3) along with other resources. NBIMS-US, developed by the National Institute of Building Sciences buildingsmart alliance, contains core consensusapproved standards regarding the exchange of information and standard practices for implementing BIM on a project. Once BIM Uses are defined, the Level of Development (LOD) requirements should be determined. There are Default LOD, Template LOD, and Custom LOD (see Section 3.6.4). An Owner can adopt a Default LOD that references established LOD requirements, such as the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Minimum Modeling Matrix (M3). 3 The Owner also can use existing templates to develop LOD requirements, such as the American Institute of Architects (AIA) G-202 Building Information Modeling Protocol. 4 It also is possible for Owners to develop a custom LOD matrix for their organization, but if they do so, they should adhere to the LOD spec definitions. Any of these three forms of LOD specification provides a means for Owners to develop contract requirements for models and data requirements Project Delivery Method The choice of project delivery method for the project affects the way in which the BIM is developed and how information is exchanged. A design-build (DB) project may only have one Project BIM Manager, while a design-bid-build (D-B-B) project should have one BIM Manager for design and another one for construction. Similarly, the Owner should understand that the project delivery method will affect the level of responsibility that the Owner assumes for information management and exchange between project phases National BIM Guide for Owners

21 2.1 设定 BIM 要求 BIM 需求由业主的总体目标 商业惯例和企业文化定义且由 OPR 发展成形 这些要求在各个项目的基础上制定, 因为项目的 BIM 团队是选择 BIM 的相应用途来实现这些要求的 业主应提供诸如可行性研究和 / 或与利益相关人面谈的机会等资源, 供 BIM 项目团队设定与业主相关的目标 一旦设定了业主对项目的 BIM 目标, 项目的 BIM 团队应确保这些目标在现有的技术经验和所要求的团队能力条件下能够达到 项目的 BIM 目标应该以 BIM 用途以及额外的 BIM 需求选择为导向 BIM 用途和要求业主应至少要求第 部分所述的五个基本的 BIM 用途 : 现有条件 设计创作 设计审核 3D 协同和记录模型 项目条件可为第 部分所述的其它 BIM 强化用途或第 部分所述的与业主相关的用途提供理由 项目的 BIM 团队应利用 BIM 国家标准 美国 ( NBIMS-US ) 第 3 版 (V3) 中提供的资源及其它资源为项目推荐 BIM 用途 NBIMS-US 由美国国家建筑科学研究院的智能化 建筑联盟的标准 编写, 其中包含就实施项目 BIM 的信息交换和标准实践方面在核心共识基础上获得批准 一旦设定了 BIM 用途, 即应确定开发标准 (LOD) 要求 有三种 LOD, 它们是默认 LOD 模板 LOD 和定制 LOD( 参见 部分 ) 业主可采用默认 LOD, 它所参考的是既定的 LOD 要求, 如美国陆军工程兵部队 (USACE) 的最低模型矩阵 (M3) 3 业主也可采用现有模板来制定 LOD 要求, 如美国建筑师学会 (AIA) 的 G-202 建筑信息模型协议 4 业主还可为自己的组织开发定制 LOD 矩阵, 但如果这样做, 他们应遵循 LOD 规范定义 这三种形式的 LOD 规范均为业主提供了一种就模型和数据要求制定合同要求的手段 项目交付方法项目交付方法的选择将影响到 BIM 的开发方式及信息交换方式 设计 - 建设 (DB) 项目可仅有一位项目 BIM 经理, 而设计 - 投标 - 建设 (D-B-B) 项目应有一名 BIM 经理负责设计及另一名负责施工 同样, 业主应了解项目交付方法影响到自己对信息管理及项目各阶段间信息交换所承担责任的轻重 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

22 For example, in D-B-B, the Owner may be responsible for information exchange between design stakeholders and construction stakeholders. The project contracts should define responsibilities for the design and construction contracting entities, and, therefore, the Level of Development (LOD) and division of responsibilities. Information exchange across contracting parties also should be clearly defined and closely managed Intellectual Property. Project deliverables should be clearly and completely defined in the Owner/designer and Owner/contractor agreements, especially if the PxP is developed after contracts have been executed. The intellectual property rights of the Owner should be clearly defined and validated in the PxP. The Owner should, at a minimum, have the right to use the project data defined as project deliverables in the BIM PxP. Project data should include the: Model files (BIM, CAD) Drawing files (CAD, electronic sheets such as PDFs, and/or plot files) Electronic manuals Tabular/textual information derived from BIM (e.g., spreadsheets) Reference files necessary to supplement other project data Publicly funded projects are subject to the governing authority s acquisition requirements. Federally funded projects are governed per Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 27, Patents, Data, and Copyrights. 5 Any exceptions to ownership rights should be clearly noted in the project contract(s), documented in the BIM PxP, and approved by the Project BIM Team. Ownership of project data is conveyed to the Owner at the time of project closeout. Owner reuse rights should be defined in the Owner/stakeholder contracts. The Project Commentary: When using this Guide to develop contracts between stakeholders regarding the use of BIM to plan, design, construct and operate buildings, the information herein should not be considered a substitute for legal, business, insurance or financial advice. Contracts may have important legal, business, insurance and financial consequences. Each stakeholder or party to a contract is strongly encouraged to seek the advice of attorneys, and business, insurance, and financial counselors and advisers, as each stakeholder deems appropriate, when drafting, reviewing, and negotiating all contracts and clauses including, but not limited to, all terms and conditions, contract and project management requirements, intellectual property rights, and the electronic storage and transfer of documents and data. BIM Team should review this guide, the BIM PxP, and the project contract(s) to determine governing requirements and permissions and/or limitations for ownership, conveyance, and/or reuse of data. The project contract conditions and terms take precedence over this guide, and, as with all contract documents, it is advisable to seek the advice of legal counsel National BIM Guide for Owners

23 例如, 在 D-B-B 中, 业主可负责设计方与施工方之间的信息交换 项目合同就应规定设计和施工合 同方的责任, 从而规定开发规范 (LOD) 和责任分工 与此同时, 还应对合同各参与间的信息交换 做出清晰界定和严格管理 知识产权在业主与设计方之间及业主与承包商之间的协议中, 应对项目的可交付成果做出清晰完整的规定, 尤其是如果 PxP 是在合同签署之后制订的 业主的知识产权应在 PxP 中有明确规定, 并具有法律效力 业主应至少有权使用 BIM PxP 中定义为项目可交付成果的项目数据 项目数据应包括 : 模型文件 (BIM CAD) 图纸文件 (CAD PDF 之类的电子表格和 / 或打印文件 ) 电子手册 源自 BIM 的图表 / 文字信息 ( 如电子表格 ) 对其它项目数据构成必要补充的参考文件 政府出资的项目应符合相关政府当局的采购要求 联邦政府出资的项目应受 联邦采购条例 (FAR) 第 27 部分 专利 数据和版权 的管辖 5 所有权的任何例外情况应在项目合同中明确指出, 在 BIM 的 PxP 中加以记录并经项目的 BIM 团队批准 项目数据的所有权在项目收尾时转移给业主 业主的再次使用权应在业主与利益相关人之间的合同中予以规定 评论 : 在使用本指南制订利益相关人之间有关如何使用 BIM 来规划 设计 建造及运营建筑物的合同时, 本指南中的信息不应被视为取代法律 商业 保险或财务的建议 合同可能具有重大的法律 商业 保险和金融后果 在起草 审阅和商讨所有合同和条款时, 包括但不限于所有的条款和条件 合同和项目管理要求 知识产权及文件和数据的电子存储和转让, 根据每位利益相关人的适宜情况, 强烈建议每位利益相关人或合同的每一方均寻求律师及商业 保险和金融顾问及咨询人员的建议 项目的 BIM 团队应审阅本指南 BIM 的 PxP 及项目合同以确定数据的所有权 所有权的转让和 / 或 再次使用权方面的管辖要求 许可和 / 或限制条件 项目合同的条件和条款优先于本指南, 与所有 合同文件一样, 建议寻求律师意见 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

24 2.1.4 Final Turnover Requirements The Owner should consider the final deliverable requirements for project data. Owners should review their current information needs for operations and maintenance, and establish data requirements that support those needs. The Owner also should consider how BIM can support future facilities management and operations, and develop requirements that support future needs as well. At a minimum, major equipment should be described by facility attributes such as make, model, manufacturer, and serial number. Additional attributes include warranty information, parts lists, maintenance schedules, and manufacturer contact information. 2.2 TEAM ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Owner s BIM Representative(s) Especially for larger and more complex projects, the Owner should designate an Owner s BIM Representative. The Owner s BIM Representative should have a clear understanding of BIM and the OPR. The Owner's BIM Representative should, at a minimum: Represent the Owner s requirements and be able to effectively communicate them to other stakeholders. Serve as the primary liaison between the Owner and the Project BIM Manager(s) for all BIM-related issues. Have oversight of BIM requirements in all project phases, from planning through the construction of the project, and at least the beginning of the operations phase. Receive, review, and approve BIM deliverables. Figure 1. BIM Role and Responsibility Chart National BIM Guide for Owners

25 2.1.4 最终交接要求 业主应考虑项目数据的最终交付要求 业主应审视自己对于运营和维护当前的信息需求 然后确定 支持这些需求所要的数据要求 业主还应考虑 支持这些需求所要的数据要求 业主还应考虑 BIM BIM 如何支持设施的未来管理和运营 然后制定支持 如何支持设施的未来管理和运营 然后制定支持 未来需求的要求 至少主要设备应按诸如样式 型号 生产商和序列号这样的设施特性加以描述 未来需求的要求 至少主要设备应按诸如样式 型号 生产商和序列号这样的设施特性加以描述 额外的特性包括质保信息 部件清单 维护进度表及生产商联系信息 额外的特性包括质保信息 部件清单 维护进度表及生产商联系信息 2.2 团队的角色和职责 2.2 团队的角色和职责 业主 BIM 代表 业主 BIM 代表 尤其针对大型的和较为复杂的项目 业主应指定一名业主 BIM 代表 业主 BIM 代表应对 BIM 和 尤其针对大型的和较为复杂的项目 业主应指定一名业主 BIM 代表 业主 BIM 代表应对 BIM 和 OPR 有清楚了解 业主 BIM 代表应至少 OPR 有清楚了解 业主 BIM 代表应至少 代表业主的要求并能够有效地将其传达给其它利益相关人 代表业主的要求并能够有效地将其传达给其它利益相关人 担任业主与项目 BIM 经理之间主联络人 解决与 BIM 相关的所有问题 担任业主与项目 BIM 经理之间主联络人 解决与 BIM 相关的所有问题 有权监督 BIM 要求在项目的各个阶段中的落实情况 从项目的规划到施工 并至少要一直延 续至运营阶段的开始 有权监督 BIM 要求在项目的各个阶段中的落实情况 从项目的规划到施工 并至少要一直延 续至运营阶段的开始 接收 审核并批准 BIM 可交付成果 接收 审核并批准 BIM 可交付成果 ᆳ уъ BIM亶 ሬ ᆳᐕ BIM 亶ሬ ᵪ ᐕ BIM 亶ሬ 领导 㔃ᶴ ᐕ〻 领导 ᐸ BIM 亶ሬ 结构 设计 BIM 经理 施工 BIM 经理 ъѫbimԓ㺘 机械 工种 BIM 领导 а 㡜 ᐕ BIM 亶 ሬ 其它 专业 BIM 䇮䇑 BIM 㓿 ᐕ 机电 BIM 工种 㓿 BIM 领导 ᵪỠ ᐕ BIM 亶ሬ 其它 工种 BIM 业主BIM代表 工程师 BIM 领导 ᵪ ᐕ 〻ᐸ BIM 亶ሬ ᵘ ᐕ 〻 ᐸ 土木 项目BIM经理 BIM 工程师 亶 BIM ሬ 领导 机电 工程师 BIM 领导 亩ⴞBIM㓿 一般 工种 BIM 领导 部门/工种BIM亶ሬ 专业/工种BIM领导 Ӕᦒ 信息交换 图一 BIM 角色和职责图 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

26 2.2.2 Project BIM Manager Role The project should have a designated Project BIM Manager. The Project BIM Manager role may be fulfilled by more than one person; for example, many projects have a lead design BIM Manager and a lead construction BIM Manager (see Figure 1). The Project BIM Manager should have sufficient BIM education and experience for the size and complexity of the project, as well as the relevant proficiency in the proposed BIM authoring and coordination software selected for use on the project. In the absence of an Owner s BIM Representative, the Project BIM Manager should serve as the main point of contact with the Project BIM Team for all BIM-related issues. During each phase of a project, the Project BIM Manager at a minimum should: Lead the process of creating and updating the BIM PxP in accordance with the OPR. Verify compliance of the PxP deliverables. Coordinate all updates for individual models, specialized models, and databases. Administer Project Quality Management and Data Security Management. Develop, coordinate, publish, and verify necessary configurations required for integration of project data. Facilitate distribution of project data. Compile project data for review and coordination. Facilitate design review. Meet with relevant project stakeholders for review of turnover documents. Deliver model(s) and Facility Data to Owner for use in operations Discipline/Trade BIM Leads Each discipline/trade should assign an individual to the role of BIM lead for the duration of the project. These individuals should have the relevant BIM experience required by the complexity of the project. The discipline/trade BIM lead maintains a continuous interface with the Project BIM Manager. The responsibilities of the discipline/trade BIM leads for their respective discipline/trade include: Act as the lead BIM contact for the discipline/trade. Develop and manage exchange of models. Maintain and manage integrity of the model. Assume additional roles and responsibilities as defined to support the PxP and other contractual requirements Collaboration The Project BIM Team should not rely on information exchange as the sole means of project communication; information exchange is not collaboration. The Project BIM Team should schedule regular BIM coordination meetings during which team members meet to discuss design and construction issues, using the model as a shared resource. The frequency of such interactions depends on the project's goals, BIM Uses, and Project BIM Team members capabilities National BIM Guide for Owners

27 2.2.2 项目 BIM 经理的角色项目应指定人员担任项目 BIM 经理 项目 BIM 经理角色可由多人担任 ; 例如许多项目都有领导设计 BIM 经理和领导施工 BIM 经理 ( 见图一 ) 项目 BIM 经理应接受过足够的 BIM 教育且对项目的规模和复杂程度有足够经验, 同时应熟练掌握拟用于项目的 BIM 建模和协同软件 如没有业主 BIM 代表, 则项目 BIM 经理应担任项目 BIM 团队所有与 BIM 相关问题方面的主联络人 在项目的每个阶段, 项目 BIM 经理应至少 : 依据 OPR 领导创建和更新 BIM 的 PxP 流程 验证 PxP 可交付成果是否符合要求 协调单个模型 专业模型和数据库的所有更新 实施项目质量管理和数据安全管理 制定 协调 发布及验证项目数据整合所需的所有配置 促成项目数据的分发 汇总项目数据供审核和协调之用 促成对设计的审核工作 与相关的项目利益相关人会见面, 对交接文件进行审核 向业主交付模型和设施数据, 供运营使用 专业 / 工种 BIM 领导每个专业 / 工种应指定一人在项目期间担任 BIM 领导的角色 这些人应有与项目的复杂程度相匹配的相关 BIM 经验 专业 / 工种 BIM 领导须与项目 BIM 经理持续互动 专业 / 工种 BIM 领导对各自专业 / 工种的职责包括 : 担任本专业 / 工种的主 BIM 联系人 开发及管理模型的互换 维护并管理模型的完整性 按规定承担其它的任务和职责, 以支持 PxP 及合同的其它要求 协作项目 BIM 团队不应依赖于信息互换为项目沟通的唯一方式 ; 信息互换不是协作 项目 BIM 团队应定期举行 BIM 协作会议, 在此期间团队成员见面讨论设计和施工问题, 使用模型作为共享资源 此等互动的频率取决于项目的目标 BIM 的用途及项目 BIM 团队成员的能力 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

28 Through the BIM project planning process, the Project BIM Team should agree on how and in what ways the Project BIM Team members will collaborate using the BIM. All project stakeholders involved with modeling should develop and agree to a project-specific BIM PxP. This plan should include the requirements for information exchange among the parties, as well as for expected interactions with the model. 2.3 BIM PROJECT EXECUTION PLANNING The BIM Project Execution Plan (PxP) is the central document for BIM implementation. This plan should be authored by the Project BIM Team collectively, and onboarding processes should be developed for Project BIM Team members who join the project after the initial plan has been developed. The steps of BIM PxP include: BIM Project Execution Planning Procedure Identify BIM Goals and Uses Define project and team value through the identification of BIM Goals and Uses. Design BIM Project Execution Process Develop a process which includes tasks supported by BIM along with information exchanges. Develop Information Exchanges Develop the information content, level of detail and responsible party for each exchange. Define Supporting Infrastructure for BIM Implementation Define the project infrastructure required to support the developed BIM process. Figure 2. BIM Project Execution Planning Procedure 6 The BIM PxP should contain all content necessary to document the process of implementing BIM on a project. Specific BIM PxP content requirements can be found in Section 4.1 of this document. Specifically, the team should develop plans and protocols to meet the OPR, including, as a minimum, file sharing and data security File Sharing Requirements The file sharing requirements will vary depending on the project s BIM Uses. At a minimum, the PxP should include a description of the: National BIM Guide for Owners

29 通过 BIM 项目规划过程 BIM 项目团队应就 BIM 团队成员如何及以何种方式协同使用 BIM 达成一致 涉及模型的所有项目利益相关人均应制定项目特定的 BIM PxP 并就其达成一致 此方案应包括各方 之间交换信息的要求 以及拟进行的与模型之间的互动 2.3 BIM 项目实施方案 BIM 项目实施方案 PxP 是实施 BIM 的核心文件 此方案应由项目 BIM 团队集体撰写 对于在初 始方案已经制定后加入项目的项目 BIM 团队成员 应为他们制定相应的培训流程 BIM 的 PxP 步骤 包括 BIM 项目实施方案流程 识别 BIM 目标和 用途 设计 BIM 项目实 施流程 通过识别 BIM 目标和用途来定义 项目和团队的价值 制定一个包括由 BIM 支持并伴有 信息交换的各种任务在内的流程 制定信息交换规则 制定每次交换的信息内容 详细 程度及责任方 为实施 BIM 设定支 持性的基础设施 为已开发的 BIM 流程 指定支持 所需的项目基础设施 图二 BIM 项目实施方案流程 6 BIM 的 PxP 应包含记录项目中 BIM 实施流程必要的所有内容 具体的 BIM PxP 的内容要求可在本 文件的第 4.1 部分找到 具体而言 项目团队应制定计划和协议以符合 OPR 其中至少包括文件共 享和数据安全 文件共享要求 文件共享要求随项目的 BIM 用途的不同而不同 PxP 至少应包括对以下事项的描述 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

30 File system(s) the team will use to exchange, merge, and visualize models Schedule for or frequency of model updates and clash detection checks Tools and process to be used for clash detection checking Process to be used to generate drawings from coordinated models Data Security Owners should apply their existing data security standards to BIM protocols. The Owner should consider the security risks in terms of the protection of data. The Owner may wish to consider including data restrictions procedures, such as check-out and check-in, as well as stipulating the degree of access control for project participants. The Owner should require the Project BIM Team to complete a Data Security Protocol that complies with data security requirements as defined below Data Security Protocol (DSP). As part of the PxP, the Project BIM Team should develop and submit a Data Security Protocol (DSP) to the Owner that outlines security protocols to be implemented for the project. The DSP should be approved by the Owner prior to commencing work. At a minimum, the DSP should address: User access rights and permissions, outlining the various roles and degrees of access to the data. Roles should correlate to those defined in this guide and the BIM PxP. The DSP also should identify any additional user access required. Data protection, documenting how the data will be protected from: Accidental loss File Corruption (malware, viruses) Misuse/negligence Unauthorized conveyance Deliberate attack (internal or external) Data process and handling protocol procedures for: Exchange: How and with what frequency data will be exchanged. The DSP should align with other requirements in the BIM PxP and provide more detail specific to data exchange. Maintenance: Describe the maintenance plan for all data sources, transmission devices, and storage devices used for the project. Backup: Describe in detail the backup scheme implemented by the Project BIM Team, including frequency and retention of backups. Archiving: Describe the storage, retrieval, and retention system to be used by the Project BIM Team. 2.4 MANAGING PROJECT REQUIREMENTS AND DELIVERABLES Quality Planning The entire Project BIM Team is responsible for quality control. However, the team should specify roles and responsibilities for model management and quality management for the project. The BIM PxP includes the management strategies for implementing BIM Uses and requirements. Quality management processes should be used to ensure BIM is created for downstream uses of the model data National BIM Guide for Owners

31 团队用于交流 合并模型并用于创建可视化模型的文件系统 模型更新和碰撞检查的进度或频率 用于碰撞检查的工具和流程 用于从各协同模型中生成图纸的流程 数据安全业主应对 BIM 议定书使用其现有的数据安全标准 业主应考虑数据保护方面的安全风险 业主可能希望考虑纳入数据限制流程, 如登录和退出, 以及规定项目参与者的访问权限 业主应要求项目 BIM 团队完成符合以下数据安全要求的 数据安全议定书 数据安全议定书 (DSP) 作为 PxP 的一部分, 项目 BIM 团队应制定 数据安全议定书 (DSP) 并提交业主, 书中应大致介绍项目即将实施的安全议定书 在开始工作前,DSP 应获得业主批准 DSP 应至少规定以下事项 : 用户的访问权和许可, 阐释各个角色接触数据的程度 各职责应与本指南及 BIM 的 PxP 中规定的职责相关联 DSP 还应识别规定的任何其他用户访问权限 记录如何保护数据防止以下情况的数据保护措施 : 意外丧失数据 文件遭到破坏 ( 因恶意软件 病毒 ) 误用 / 发生过失错误 未经授权的转发 遭受故意的攻击 ( 来自内部或外部 ) 适用于以下方面的数据加工和处理议定书流程 : 交换 : 如何及以何种频率交换数据 DSP 应结合 BIM 的 PxP 中的其它要求, 对数据交换规定更为具体的要求 维护 : 描述用于项目的所有数据源 传输设施和存储设施的维护计划 备份 : 详细描述项目 BIM 团队所实施的备份方案, 包括备份的频率和留档时间 存档 : 描述项目 BIM 团队将采用的存储 调用和留档系统 2.4 管理项目要求和可交付成果 质量规划整个项目 BIM 团队均应对质量控制负责 不过, 团队应为项目的模型管理和质量管理规定具体的角色和职责 BIM 的 PxP 应包括实施 BIM 用途和要求的管理战略, 而质量管理流程需确保创建的 BIM 模型数据可供下游使用 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

32 The quality standards for the modeling activities should be discussed in detail at the early stages of the project. The following items should be developed by the Project BIM Team prior to the start of the modeling activities: A clearly defined Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) section within the BIM PxP A detailed QA approach for monitoring the modeling process A detailed QC approach to test the final deliverables for compliance with the quality standards Each QA and QC activity should identify a Project BIM Team member specifically responsible for performing the task. The QA and QC approaches may also be incorporated into project contracts to ensure compliance Quality Assurance Quality assurance procedures should be defined to ensure that the Project BIM Team members are performing the modeling process defined within the BIM PxP. The QA activities should also be consistent with the contract. Minimum QA activities should include: Definition and validation of testing or prototyping process to verify the model meets the minimum modeling requirements Validation of resource availability and capabilities to perform modeling activities Review of the information exchange definitions to assure that the deliverables are clearly defined and unambiguous Additional QA activities may include: Periodic reviews of the modeling procedures to ensure that the activities being performed are consistent with the initial plan Documentation of the final modeling process for future reference by Project BIM Team members Quality Control Quality control tests should be defined to verify that the project deliverables comply with the project requirements. The Project BIM Manager should verify that all required deliverables are submitted and appropriately distributed as defined within the BIM PxP and any additional contractual agreements. The following QC activities should be performed on all project data delivered to the Owner: Verification of the file or data exchange metadata as defined within the BIM PxP to include (as appropriate for the data exchange types): Date of submission File type (if file) File name (if file) Database access instructions (if there is database content) General description of content National BIM Guide for Owners

33 应在项目的早期阶段对建模活动的质量标准进行详细讨论 在建模活动开始前项目 BIM 团队应制定以下事项 : BIM 的 PxP 中定义明晰的质保 (QA) 和质控 (QC) 条款 对建模过程进行监督的详细的 QA 方法 一个详细的 QC 方法, 可对最终可交付成果是否符合质量标准进行检验每项 QA 和 QC 活动均应指出具体负责履行此项任务的项目 BIM 团队成员 也可在项目合同中纳入 QA 和 QC 的方法, 以确保符合要求 质保应对质保流程做出规定, 以确保项目 BIM 团队成员依照 BIM 的 PxP 中的规定开展建模过程 QA 活动还应与合同一致 QA 活动至少应包括 : 规定和验证测试或样板流程, 以确认模型符合最低的建模要求 验证资源的可用性和能力, 以开展建模活动 审核信息交流的定义, 以保证可交付成果有清晰的定义而非含糊不清额外的 QA 活动可包括 : 定期审核建模流程, 以确保所开展的活动与初始方案一致 记录最终的建模过程, 供项目 BIM 团队成员将来参考 质控应对质控检验加以规定, 以验证项目可交付成果是否符合项目要求 项目 BIM 经理应验证所有要求提交的可交付成果均已按照 BIM 的 PxP 及任何额外的合同协议中的规定提交且已适当下发 应对交付业主的所有项目数据开展以下 QC 活动 : 验证 BIM 的 PxP 中规定的文档或数据交换的元数据是否包括 ( 如适用于数据交换的类型 ): 提交日期 文档类型 ( 如为文档 ) 文档名称 ( 如为文档 ) 数据库登录指令 ( 如有数据库内容 ) 内容的概要描述 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

34 Data schema (organization) of the file, including version, date created, and date modified by buildingsmart International (as appropriate) Description of the data exchange standard (if an open standard) Validation of the proper file type, naming convention, and appropriate software version Validation of final submitted model files (content) against the information exchange standard: Manual validation of a specified sample of elements to verify that the information is properly structured and accurate. The sample size may vary based upon the level of criticality of the information element. The sampling procedure should be defined within the BIM PxP Visual model inspection to review general model content Inspection of the coordinate system to ensure that all model files have a common coordinate system Validation that model clashes have been resolved per the owners predefined minimum requirements and the criteria established within the BIM PxP. The tests should be performed within an agreed-upon time before or after project milestones, as specified by the contract. Additional QC activities may include: Checks: All Project BIM Team members should check the modeling content that they receive from other team members or the Owner to verify that the exchanges contain valid field entries and the proper information elements. Project BIM Team members should report any unusual information content. Project Data Submission Log: The Project BIM Team should develop and use a Project Data Submission Log, which includes model/modeling compliance issues and corrective actions. The Project BIM Manager should review the Project Data Submission Log, participate in collaborative team resolution, and provide direction when needed National BIM Guide for Owners

35 文档的数据安排 ( 组织 ), 包括版本 创建日期 及经由国际智能化建造软件修订 ( 如适用 ) 的日期 对数据交换标准的描述 ( 若为公开的标准 ) 对适当的文档类型 命名公约及软件版本的验证 对照信息交换标准对最终提交的模型文档 ( 内容 ) 的验证 : 手动确认特定的元素样本, 以验证信息结构适当且内容准确样本大小可依信息元素的重要性程度而变 取样流程应在 BIM 的 PxP 中加以规定 对模型进行目测检查, 以审核模型的总体内容 检查坐标系, 以确保所有的模型文档均有共同的坐标系 确认模型冲突已依据业主事先规定的最低要求及 BIM 的 PxP 中确定的标准予以解决 应按合同的规定在事先约定的项目里程碑之前或之后的时间内进行检验 额外的 QC 活动可包括 : 检查 : 项目 BIM 团队的所有成员均应检查自己从团队其他成员或业主那里拿到的建模内容, 以验证交换包含有效的输入域值及适当的信息元素 项目 BIM 团队成员应汇报任何异常的信息内容 项目数据提交台账 : 项目 BIM 团队应编写并使用项目数据提交台账, 其中包括模型 / 建模的合规性问题及纠正措施 项目 BIM 经理应审核项目数据提交台账, 如有需要, 应参与团队协作解决问题并提供指导 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

36 3. INFRASTRUCTURE AND STANDARDS 3.1 TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE For the purposes of this Guide, infrastructure is defined as the entire technology system used for a BIM project. It broadly encompasses BIM as the digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of the built environment. The use of the term platform in this section applies to all project-relevant computing platforms (hardware and software), including but not limited to computers, servers, network devices, backup systems, and file-sharing systems, be they resident on a local network or web/cloud based. Computing platforms are part of an Owner s and other project stakeholders technology infrastructure, along with networks and physical workspaces. Computing platform generally and broadly applies to the computer hardware and operating systems (OS) on which computer programs or software are designed to run. The Owner should consider current hardware and OS, and software-specific application capabilities that exist within his/her own organization and the organization of other project stakeholders as well as future hardware and OS capabilities that are preferred or can be anticipated. Infrastructure requirements should be considered for all project phases, from planning concept through what will be available during the facility management and operations phase of the project. For each project phase, the Owner should consider how information is created, stored, exchanged, secured, backed up or archived, and delivered, and whether each should be localized, cloud- or web-based, or a hybrid. The Owner should require that any BIM-related work products be: Compatible with the Owner's computer platform requirements Capable of supporting current and legacy file formats Agnostic (i.e., designed to be compatible across most common OS, hardware or software systems), adaptable, and scalable with respect to potential future computing Able to support open, consensus standards to maximize future compatibility Additionally, the Owner should consider requiring the Project BIM Team to use specific technology infrastructure to support the Owner s overarching business and project goals. All technology infrastructure used for a project should be documented in the BIM PxP. 3.2 STANDARDS Categories of Standards The Owner should consider three broad categories of BIM standards: Organizational (internal) Standards, Primary Standards, and Reference Standards. Organizational Standards and Primary Standards for BIM (or appropriate portions of them) should be cited in the Owner's contract language with other stakeholders as the minimum acceptable standards when BIM is used and BIM deliverables are required. Merely citing the standard by name in a contract will not ensure that any use of BIM on a project or BIM deliverable required will meet an Owner's current and future needs National BIM Guide for Owners

37 3. 基础设施与标准 3.1 技术基础设施 就本指南而言, 基础设施的定义是用于 BIM 项目的完整技术体系 它广泛地围绕 BIM 对建成环境的实物和功能特点进行数字化再现 本部分中 平台 一词用于与项目相关的所有平台 ( 软硬件 ), 包括但不限于计算机 服务器 网络设备 备份系统及文档分享系统, 无论它们身处本地网络还是基于互联网 / 云端 计算平台与网络及实际的计算空间一起构成业主及项目其他利益相关人的技术基础设施的一部分 计算平台普遍广泛地应用于计算机硬件和操作系统 (OS), 计算机程序或软件在这一平台上设计及运行 业主应考虑目前的硬件和 OS, 以及自己和项目其他利益相关人各自的组织中现有的软件特定的应用能力, 还有最好选用或可以拟选用的将来的硬件和 OS 能力 应就所有的项目阶段考虑基础设施的要求, 从规划概念一直到有哪些基础设施要求可以用于项目的设施管理和运营阶段 对于项目的每个阶段, 业主应考虑信息如何创建 存储 交换 保障安全 备份或存档及交付, 以及是否应分别存放在本地 云端或互联网中, 或者混合存放 业主应就与 BIM 相关的任何工作成果做如下要求 : 与业主的计算机平台的要求兼容 能够支持目前及以后的文档格式 在潜在未来的计算方面具备兼容性 ( 即其设计能够兼容大多数常见的 OS 硬件或软件系统) 适应性和可扩展性 能够支持开源 共识标准, 以最大化未来的兼容性此外, 业主应考虑要求项目 BIM 团队使用特定的技术基础设施, 以支持业主首要的业务和项目目标 用于项目的所有技术基础设施都应记录在 BIM 的 PxP 中 3.2 用途 标准的类别业主应考虑三大类别的 BIM 标准 : 组织 ( 内部的 ) 标准 基本标准和参考标准 在使用 BIM 且要求提供 BIM 可交付成果时,BIM 的组织标准和基本标准 ( 或其适用部分 ) 应作为最低可接受的标准引用到业主与其他利益相关人的合同文本中 仅在合同中引用标准名称将无法确保项目使用 BIM 或要求提供的 BIM 可交付成果满足业主目前及将来的需要 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

38 Commentary: Standards, as used in this guideline, are documents created to establish minimum levels of quality or achievement that are acceptable. Mandatory standards are those that have been formally adopted by a code agency or government entity (authority) such as municipalities, state or federal agencies, or departments. Voluntary standards are those non-mandatory standards used by Owners and other organizations and industries to set minimally acceptable standards of quality and achievement. BIM is not a mandatory requirement in the United States. However, numerous countries around the world are beginning to write BIM requirements into their local and federal codes and statutes. This section addresses the standards that Owners should reference when requiring BIM. These requirements include, but are not limited to, the Owner s internal policies, procedures, and requirements (Organizational Standards), as well as Primary and Referenced Standards. The Owner should include these standards in the OPR Standards in this Guide The following standards should be used when applying this guide. Where the Owner already has Organizational Standards and OPRs or other agency-specific requirements that reference these standards or modify them, those standards should be used in conjunction with the guidance provided here. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition (including any amendments) applies. The National BIM Standard United States (NBIMS-US ) Version 3 (V3), developed by the National Institute of Building Sciences buildingsmart alliance, contains core consensus-approved standards regarding the exchange of information and standard practices for implementing BIM on a project. In addition to NBIMS-US V3, the buildingsmart International has developed multiple open information exchange standards. All information exchanges that require an open, standard format should comply with the information exchange standards approved within NBIMS-US V3 or approved by buildingsmart International. The current approved information exchange standards include: Construction to Operations Building information exchange (COBie) (NBIMS-US V3) Design to Spatial Program Validation (SPV) (NBIMS-US V3) Design to Quantity Takeoff for Cost Estimating (NBIMS-US V3) Design to Building Energy Analysis (BEA) (NBIMS-US V3) Building Programming information exchange (BPie) (NBIMS-US V3) Electrical System information exchange (Sparkie) (NBIMS-US V3) Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning information exchange (HVACie) (NBIMS- US V3) Water System information exchange (WSie) (NBIMS-US V3) IFC 2x3 Coordination View (NBIMS-US V3) ( downloads/view-definitions/coordination-view/subschema/coordinationview_v20_ EntityList_IFC2x3_Version16_Final.pdf) These standards are available at no cost on the NBIM-US V3 website, [login required] National BIM Guide for Owners

39 评论 : 本指南中所使用的标准系为旨在确定最低可接受程度的质量或成果的各种文件 强制标准系已为市级 州级或联邦机构或部门这样的立法机构或政府机关 ( 当局 ) 所正式采用的标准 自愿标准系由业主及其它组织和行业用于规定最低可接受程度的质量和成果标准的非强制性标准 BIM 在美国不是强制要求 不过, 世界各地的许多国家均已开始在其地方或国家法律中写入 BIM 的要求 本章节讨论业主在需要 BIM 时可参考的标准 这些要求包括但不限于业主的内部政策 流程和要求 ( 组织 标准 ), 以及基本标准和参考标准 业主应将这些标准纳入 OPR 本指南中的标准 在应用本指南时应使用以下标准 : 如业主已有组织标准及对它们做出参考或修订的 OPR 或其它机构 特有要求, 则这些标准应结合本指南要求一起使用 对于注明日期的引用标准, 仅适用该日期版本 对于没有注明日期的引用标准, 适用最新的版本 ( 包括任何修正版本 ) BIM 国家标准 美国 (NBIMS-US ) 第 3 版 (V3) 由美国建筑科学学会的智能化建筑联 盟编写, 其中包含就实施项目 BIM 的信息交换和标准实践方面在核心共识基础上获得批准的标准 除 NBIMS-US V3 外, 智能化建造国际机构也制定了多个开源信息交换标准 要求有开源 标准 格式的所有信息交换均应遵守 NBIMS-US V3 中批准的或智能化建造国际机构所批准的信息交换 标准 目前已获批准的信息交换标准包括 : 施工到运营 : 建筑信息交换 (COBie) (NBIMS-US V3) 设计到空间项目确认 (SPV) (NBIMS-US V3) 设计到工程成本估算 (NBIMS-US V3) 设计到建筑能源分析 (BEA) (NBIMS-US V3) 建筑编程信息交换 (BPie) (NBIMS-US V3) 电气系统信息交换 (Sparkie) (NBIMS-US V3) 供热 通风及空调信息交换 (HVACie) (NBIMS-US V3) 水系统信息交换 (WSie) (NBIMS-US V3) IFC 2x3 协调观点 NBIMS-US V3)( view-definitions/coordination-view/subschema/coordinationview_v20_entitylist_ifc2x3_ Version16_Final.pdf) 这些标准可在 NBIM-US V3 网站上免费获取 : [ 需要登录 ] 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

40 Approved by buildingsmart International but not yet included in NBIMS-US V3 are: IFC4 Reference View (buildingsmart International) 7 IFC4 Design Transfer View (buildingsmart International) 8 The NBIMS-US V3 also outlines a standard procedure for the development and documentation of a BIM PxP. (See NBIMS-US V3, Section 5.3: BIM Project Execution Planning Guide.) The Project BIM Team should follow this standard planning approach and document format. NBIMS-US V3 also outlines by reference common information classifications defined within the OmniClass tables. When applicable, these information classification tables should be used to maintain standard information terminology and classifications. In addition to NBIMS-US -V3, there are other important standards that should be considered, including ISO 16739:2013, 9 which outlines the data schema for the Industry Foundation Classes, an open data schema for storing information regarding a building project. The United States National CAD Standard (NCS) Version 6 (V6) should also be used to ensure that the final design documentation complies with standards. These standards sometimes can cover similar subject areas. While areas of overlap or conflict should be identified in the BIM PxP, it is possible for inconsistencies between the documents to come to light during the project. In these instances, the Project BIM Manager should be notified immediately. In response, the Project BIM Manager should determine, in consultation with the Owner and other stakeholders, which document will take precedence or whether amendments are required. Where an OPR is unique and its Organization Standards differ or are more stringent than the minimum requirements established by referencing the NBIMS-US, the NBIMS-US and its referenced standards should be formally extended, modified, and supplemented by clear and specific language in the Owner's contracts with other stakeholders Open Standards Format for Supporting Information To ensure the life-cycle use of building information, information supporting common industry deliverables should be provided in open standards, along with their native file formats where applicable. The formats used should be specified in the BIM PxP and should include the following standards as appropriate: Industry Foundation Class (IFC), Model View Definition (MVD) formats. Three most commonly used model views are: Coordination View, COBie, and GSA Design to Spatial Program Validation 10. Additional open standard formats, such as gbxml National BIM Guide for Owners

41 获得智能化建造国际机构批准但尚未纳入 NBIMS-US V3 的标准有 : IFC4 参考观点 ( 智能化建造国际机构 ) 7 IFC4 设计转让观点 ( 智能化建造国际机构 ) 8 NBIMS-US V3 还阐述了制定和记录 BIM 的 PxP 的标准流程 ( 参见 NBIMS-US V3 第 5.3 部分 : BIM 项目实施规划指南 ) 项目 BIM 团队应遵循此标准的规划方法和文件格式 NBIMS-US V3 还通过引用阐述了 OmniClass 表中所定义的常见信息分类 在适用情况下, 这些 信息分类表应用于保持标准信息术语和分类 除 NBIMS-US -V3 外, 还有应当考虑的其它重要标准, 包括 ISO 16739:2013, 9 其阐述了用于行业基准分类的数据方案, 此分类系建筑项目方面存储信息的开源信息方案 还应采用 美国国家 CAD 标准 (NCS) 第 6 版 (V6) 以确保最终的设计文件符合标准 这些标准有时涉及类似的领域 虽然应在 BIM 的 PxP 中识别重叠或冲突的领域, 但有可能只有在项目进行过程中才能发现这些文件中存在不一致 这时应立即通知项目 BIM 经理 项目 BIM 经理此时应与业主及其他利益相关人协商后决定应以哪份文件优先, 或者是否需要做出修正 如果 OPR 是独一无二的, 并且其组织标准不同于通过引用 NBIMS-US 而确定的最低要求或比这些要求更为严格, 则应在业主与其他利益相关人之间的合同中以明确具体的描述对 NBIMS-US 及其引用的标准做出正式扩展 修订及补充 辅助信息的开源标准格式为确保建筑信息在全生命周期内的使用, 应以开源标准提供支持常见行业可交付成果的信息, 如适用, 应与其原本的文件格式一起提供 使用的格式应在 BIM 的 PxP 中加以规定, 如适用, 还应包括以下标准 : 行业基准分类 (IFC), 模型视图定义 (MVD) 格式 三种常用的模型实图为 : 协 调视图 COBie 及 GSA 设计到空间项目确认 额外的开源标准格式, 如 gbxml 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

42 For those contract deliverables whose open standard formats have not yet been finalized, the deliverable should be provided in a mutually agreed upon format that allows the reuse of building information outside the context of the proprietary BIM software. 3.3 SPACE AND GRAPHICAL STANDARDS Commentary: This section identifies standards and requirements for graphical output and/or paper printing Owner-Specified Guidelines and Standards The Owner should specify any additional guidelines and standards for drawings and spaces. Rooms and spaces should adhere to the format as defined therein Drawing The United States National CAD Standard (NCS) should be incorporated by reference. Graphical output from BIM should comply with the NCS per the clarifications outlined in its BIM Implementation Section. Sheet sets should be organized and numbered per the NCS. All annotation symbol requirements therein should be adhered to Sheet Layout In addition to the sheet layout requirements in the NCS, all sheets should maintain a consistent size and orientation throughout the set. Title block borders should maintain the same positioning on each sheet to allow for overlay and appropriate printing of the extents of the sheet Areas/Rooms/Spaces Identifying tags and schedules for areas, rooms, and spaces should comply with the NCS Digital Documentation and Archiving Copies of all approved submittals and other documents normally provided in traditional paper-based formats should be provided Portable Document Format (PDF) format, or other open electronic document format. Documents authored directly by the Project BIM Team should be transformed to PDF to allow searching of the documents and selection of text within the document. Documents authored by others, but used by the Project BIM Team (such as manufacturer product data sheets), should be provided as PDFs made available by the manufacturer. If not available as PDFs from their authors, the documents should be scanned to create PDF documents. PDFs should comply with the following ISO Standards: ISO (2012): Document management Electronic document file format for long-term preservation Part 3: Use of ISO with support for embedded files (PDF/A-3). 13 ISO (2008): Document management Portable document format Part 1: PDF National BIM Guide for Owners

43 对于其开源标准格式尚未最终确定的合同可交付成果而言, 可交付成果应以彼此同意的格式提供, 其允许在产权性的 BIM 软件背景之外重复使用建筑信息 3.3 空间和图形标准 3.3 空间和图形标准评论 : 本部分识别针对图形和 / 或纸质打印的标准和要求 业主专有的指导原则和标准 业主应对图纸输出和空间规定任何额外的指导原则和标准 房间和空间应遵循其中所规定的格式 图纸应通过引用将 美国国家 CAD 标准 (NCS) 纳入 BIM 中的图形输出应遵循 NCS, 按照其 BIM 实施部分 所述的澄清进行 应依据 NCS 对成套纸张进行组织和编号 其中, 所有注解符号均应符合要求 纸张布局 除 NCS 中的纸张布局要求外, 成套纸张中的所有纸张均应保持统一的大小和方向 每张纸上标题区 的边界应保持相同的位置, 以让纸张的扩页得以叠放及适当打印 区域 / 房间 / 空间 区域 / 房间 / 空间的识别标签和图表应遵循 NCS 数码文档和存档各份所有经批准的提交文件及通常以传统的纸质格式提供的其它文件均应以 PDF 格式或其它开源电子文件格式提供 直接由项目 BIM 团队编写的文件应转为 PDF 格式, 以便可在文件中进行检索及文字选择 别人编写但由项目 BIM 团队使用的文件 ( 如生产商产品数据表 ) 应以生产商制作的 PDF 格式提供 如作者没有提供 PDF 格式, 应扫描文件制作 PDF 文件 PDF 文件应遵循以下 ISO 标准 : ISO (2012): 文件管理 长期保存的电子文件文档格式 第 3 部分 : 针对嵌入的文档在支持下使用 ISO (PDF/A-3) 13 ISO (2008): 文件管理 便携式文件格式 第 1 部分 :PDF 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

44 PDFs of construction documents should comply with the Guideline for Construction PDF Documents 15 available from the Construction PDF Coalition. Additionally, the Construction PDF Coalition provides a web form for customizing the requirements on its website. 3.4 FILE STRUCTURE Well-run BIM PxP and project data have well-defined project file naming and folder organization standards. The folder structure should be defined in the PxP. The project file sharing system should have the high level branches of the folder structure pre-populated in the system at the beginning of the project. Since record documents will be distributed through the folder system, the project folder organization should align with the division of responsibilities of the stakeholders. It is beneficial to establish a file permission strategy on the shared folder system, where only appropriate organizations in the project have write permissions within their assigned folders, and the remainder of the team has read-only permission. At the highest level, the folder system should be controlled by the project administration. File naming conventions similarly are needed to establish coherency of project documentation and simplify high level understanding of the file contents. The file naming system may identify a set of data fields to be contained in the file name. A typical file standard will establish a clear order on file name attributes with a reserved delimiter such as underscore (_) to identify the divisions between fields. The NCS provides a proposed naming convention for files, including standard contract documents nationalcadstandard.org/ncs6/ Owner-Specified Requirements The project should comply with any Owner-specified platform requirements. The following sections are provided as examples for Owners who do not have predefined requirements. Regardless of the requirements used, the naming conventions should be consistent Folder Naming Folder names should be numbered or alphabetized to control order. Folder names should be clear indicators as to what the folder contains (e.g., a folder for Models could be named 07_ Models) File Naming File names should contain a discipline designator (such as A for Architectural) as defined in the NCS. Custom naming schema should be clearly documented in the BIM PxP. Sheet file names (regardless of file format, such as PDF) should comply with NCS, unless otherwise dictated or allowed by the Owner. At a minimum, they should include the sheet number (e.g., A-101.PDF) Model file names should contain discipline designator within the name, as outlined in the NCS (e.g., A-FP01.ext) National BIM Guide for Owners

45 PDF 格式的施工文件应遵循可由施工 PDF 联盟提供的 PDF 施工文件指导原则 15 此外, 施工 PDF 联盟还在其网站上提供网页形式以定制这些要求 3.4 文档结构 运作良好的 BIM 的 PxP 和项目数据有着界定明晰的文档名称和文件夹组织标准 文件夹结构应在 PxP 中规定 项目文档分享系统应在项目开始时即做为文件夹结构的高层分支植入系统中 由于记录文件将通过文件夹系统进行分发, 所以项目文件夹的组织应与利益相关人的职责分工一致 最好对共享文件夹系统建立文件许可策略, 其中仅有项目内的适当组织有读写许可, 团队的其余成 员则有只读许可 在最高层面, 文件夹系统应由项目管理机构控制 类似的, 需要对文件命名做出约定, 以确立项目文件的一致性并简化文件内容的高层面理解 文件命名体系可识别含有的一组数据文件的文件名 典型的文件标准将确立文件名后缀的清晰次序, 有专门保留的分隔符如下划线 (_) 用于识别各区之间的分隔 NCS 提供了建议使用的用于包括标准合同文件在内的文件的命名约定 : 业主规定的要求 项目应遵守业主规定的任何平台要求 以下各部分为没有预先规定要求的业主提供了一个例子 无 论使用的是什么要求, 命名约定应前后连贯 文件夹命名 文件夹名称应以数字或字母进行编号以控制次序 文件夹名称应清楚表明文件夹中所含的是什么内 容 ( 如可将模型文件夹命名为 07_Models) 文件命名文件名称中应包括 NCS 中所规定的专业代号 ( 如 A 代表 建筑的 ) 定制的命名方案应在 BIM 的 PxP 中有清楚的记录 纸质文件的名称 ( 无论文件是何格式, 如 PDF) 应遵循 NCS, 除非业主另有指示或得到其允许 它们至少应包括纸张的编号 ( 如 A-101.PDF) 模型文件的名称中应包含 NCS 中所述的专业代号 ( 如 A-FP01.ext) 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

46 3.4.4 Component Naming Conventions The naming conventions used for the following should be documented in the BIM PxP: e.g. Systems/Elements/Objects/Components/Parameters Submittal Package All files should be organized and stored in an appropriately named folder as part of the submittal package. The submittal package should contain the deliverables as outlined in this document, the BIM PxP, and the project contract(s). The submittal package should also contain any support, source, reference, and/or linked files necessary to maintain file integrity File Sharing The Owner should require that the team use a model sharing system. If the Owner does not designate a system, then the Project BIM Manager should provide a model sharing system for the sharing of individual and merged models. The model sharing system should consider: Project BIM Team access, including real-time access and synchronization of models Automated versioning of models Data security Maintenance and archiving of the previous model versions Permission-based access for each team member to upload their models Data Transmittal Requirements At a minimum, all transmitted data should include the following printed on the media or included as metadata as applicable per media type (i.e., CD/DVD would have printed labels, whereas model files would include metadata): Project title Project location Contract number Designer(s) of record and/or contactor(s) (general or sub) Classifications for the data (i.e., sensitive, classified, etc.) Contents of the transmittal, including date created, date modified, version, etc. Author and/or responsible individual Recipient(s) Any additional information required by the Owner or identified in the BIM PxP should be included. 3.5 MODEL STRUCTURE Model structure defines the highest level of decomposition (breakdown into component parts) of the digital model(s). Model structure should align with the Owner's Project Requirements (OPR) and selected BIM Uses, as defined in NBIMS -V3 Section 5.9: The Uses of BIM. If, for technological limitations or work share requirements, the model must be decomposed to a structure below a single building, then each model should be clearly denoted as a National BIM Guide for Owners

47 3.4.4 组件命名约定 用于以下文件的命名约定应在 BIM 的 PxP 中加以记录 : 如系统 / 元素 / 物品 / 组件 / 参数 提交成果包所有文件均应作为提交成果包的组成部分进行组织并存储在有着适当名称的文件夹中 提交成果包中应包含本文件 BIM 的 PxP 及项目合同中所述的可交付成果 提交成果包中还应包含保证文件完整性所需的任何支持文件 源文件 参考文件和 / 或链接文件 文件分享业主应要求团队使用模型共享系统 如业主没有指定一个系统, 则项目 BIM 经理应提供一个模型共享系统, 以供共享单个的及合并的模型 模型共享系统应考虑 : 项目 BIM 团队登录, 包括实时登录及模型同步 模型版本的自动管理 数据安全 先前模型版本的维护和存档 团队每位成员基于许可的登录以上载其模型 数据传输要求所有传输的数据至少均应包括以下内容, 它们打印在媒介上, 或按媒介类型作为相应的元数据 ( 即 CD/DVD 有打印的标签, 而模型文件则包括元数据 ): 项目名称 项目地点 合同编号 记录的设计者和 / 或承包商 ( 总包商或分包商 ) 数据的类别 ( 如敏感数据 机密数据等 ) 传输的内容, 包括创建日期 修订日期 版本等 作者和 / 或责任者 接收人业主所要求的或 BIM 的 PxP 中所识别的任何额外的信息均应包括进来 3.5 模型结构模型结构定义了数字化模型最高层面的分解 ( 分解为各个组成部分 ) 模型结构应与 NBIMS -V3 第 5.9 部分所定义的业主的项目要求 (OPR) 及选定的 BIM 用途相一致 :BIM 的用途 如因技术局限或工作共享要求导致必须将模型分解至单栋建筑物以下的结构, 则每个模型均应作为建筑物的一部分清楚标出, 且在每项可交付成果中均应提供每栋建筑物的一个构成模型 单独的模型文件 ( 如部门专有的或按层面单独出来的等等 ) 不足以作为最终的可交付成果 整体的构成模型很有必要, 即使此构成模型仅用作链接的集成和 / 或参考 ( 即将所有用于交付的相关文件打包的一种方式 ) 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

48 portion of a building, and one composite model per building should be provided for each deliverable. Separate model files (i.e., discipline-specific or separated by level, etc.) are insufficient as a final deliverable. A holistic composite model is necessary, even if the composite model is only used as a container for links and/or references (i.e., a means of packaging all related files for delivery). The model structure should be clearly defined in the BIM PxP. 3.6 MODEL REQUIREMENTS The Owner should develop or adopt/adapt well-defined contract requirements to ensure the project model data requirements are met. The BIM Contract Requirements should address model requirements such as modeling responsibility, the modeling process, minimum model contents, Facility Data to be captured, and Level of Development (LOD). Because proper BIM planning at project inception is imperative to success and demands thorough understanding, it is recommended that the Owner procure the services of a specialized BIM consultant or identify one of the contracted parties to assist in identifying and defining the model/modeling requirements. Alternatively, the Owner could consider following the example of successful Owner implementation of BIM requirements within NBIMS-US V3, Section 5.8: Practical BIM Contract Requirements, which outlines BIM Contract Requirements developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to ensure consistent and usable BIM project deliverables and BIM process. These BIM Contract Requirements consist of Contract Language, a Project Execution Plan (PxP) Template, and a Minimum Modeling Matrix (M3). 16 If the USACE M3 is adapted for use, it should reflect the Owner s particular requirements and objectives, specifically in the Instructions (Tab 2), Phasing (Tab 3), and Model Element LOD/Grade goals. Once the template is complete, the tables should be restricted to readonly for the project (unless project-specific variations are specifically desired and permitted in the contract). It should be understood that with any BIM Contract Requirements developed or adopted and adapted there may be an information gap between what is required for the final BIM deliverables to the Owner and what is required for each team member to perform their required and/or recommended BIM Use. It is the responsibility of the individual members of the Project BIM Team to provide the information necessary for the project s selected BIM Uses. Generally, BIM should include the necessary process and content to produce accurate construction documents (e.g., plans, elevations, sections, schedules, and integrated specifications) and Record Model project data (e.g., equipment, manufacturer, and model number) Modeling Responsibility Project stakeholders modeling responsibilities should be clearly defined within the BIM PxP. Each model element should be assigned to a Model Element Author (MEA) and a corresponding LOD for the element clearly defined; consequently, each MEA is required to provide the elements at the LOD specified in the BIM PxP or a corresponding LOD worksheet. Each MEA is responsible for attaching any data or metadata to the model elements as required by the contract, BIM PxP, or as needed to facilitate the project s selected BIM Uses National BIM Guide for Owners

49 模型结构在 BIM 的 PxP 中应有清楚规定 3.6 模型要求业主应制定或采纳 / 调整已定义明确的合同要求, 以确保满足项目模型数据要求 BIM 合同要求中应规定模型的要求, 如建模责任 建模过程 最低程度的模型内容 需要获取的设施数据以及开发程度 (LOD) 由于项目开始时适当的 BIM 规划对取得成功和要求的透彻理解非常重要, 所以建议业主采购专业的 BIM 咨询方的服务, 或者请一家合同方协助识别并规定模型 / 建模要求 业主也可考虑遵循下面的业主成功实施 NBIMS-US V3 第 5.8 部分中 BIM 要求的案例 : 实用的 BIM 合同要求, 其概括了美国陆军工程兵部队 (USACE) 制定 BIM 合同要求, 即确保连贯可用的 BIM 项目可交付成果和 BIM 流程 这些 BIM 合同要求由合同语言 项目实施方案 (PxP) 模板和最低程度的建模矩阵 (M3) 16 构成 如果 USACE M3 被采用, 它应反映业主特定的要求和目的, 特别是在指令 ( 标签 2) 阶段规划( 标签 3) 和模型元素 LOD/ 等级目标等方面 一旦完成模板, 这些表格应对项目体严格限定为只读 ( 除非特别希望进行项目特定的变更且在合同中得到允许 ) 应当了解, 对于任何 BIM 合同要求, 无论是制定的或采纳且调整的, 最终给业主的 BIM 可交付成果的要求与对每位团队成员进行其职能所需或用于 BIM 推荐用途的要求, 可能存在着信息差距的情况 项目 BIM 团队的各位成员有责任提供对项目所选 BIM 用途必要的信息 一般而言,BIM 应包括必要的流程和内容, 以产生准确的施工文件 ( 如平面图 立面图 剖面图 图表和综合的规格书 ) 及 记录模型 项目数据 ( 如设备 生产商和模型编号 ) 建模责任项目利益相关人的建模责任应在 BIM 的 PxP 中明确并加以规定 每个模型元素均应分配给模型元素作者 (MEA) 且此元素所对应的 LOD 应有明确规定 ; 因此, 要求每个 MEA 均提供 BIM 的 PxP 中规定的或对应的 LOD 工作单中所规定的 LOD 中的元素 每个 MEA 均应按合同 BIM 的 PxP 的要求或按需要在模型后附上所有数据或元数据, 以此达到项目所选择的 BIM 用途 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

50 Model elements are most typically assigned to a MEA that also has the design or construction responsibility of the element. For example, a structural engineer or modeler is typically the MEA for structural slabs during the design phase. Models are typically divided by discipline or trade. As such, it is important that not only the MEA is identified for any given element but also the model in which the element is to reside. While there may be a duplication of some elements across multiple models, an MEA and LOD worksheet identifies the source responsible for the information and, therefore, that source is considered to be accurate and reliable Modeling Process The project participants should fully implement industry- and software vendor-identified best practices and workflows for all aspects of modeling. These include, but are not limited to, using 3D geometry for representing physical characteristics of project and facility components and elements, using relevant object categories when possible, adding sufficient attribute information to elements, following proper naming conventions for all levels and types of data and metadata, and setting up shared resources and parameters to enable automatic display or extraction of model information to other formats (e.g., schedule or tabular formats). Model elements should be used to produce representations shown in graphical legends and should match the graphical representations shown in other views and drawings. Model elements requiring a host or connection to some other component should be done within the same model whenever possible (e.g., a door is not freestanding but requires a wall as its host, so both door and wall should reside in the same model). Consideration should be given to how project phasing, display of content by other discipline/trade models, and workflows or features associated with specific software will be executed. The overall process utilized should be documented in the BIM PxP. Modeling process requirements should not be overly prescriptive, but the general and minimum expectations should be established and responsibilities clearly defined as part of the BIM PxP. Generally, the modeling process and responsibilities should include: Use of a standardized classification system organized according to NBIMS-US Section 2.5: OmniClass Table 21 Elements Use of IFC-compliant software (within one version of the latest certification available) Use of BIM software (within one release version of the latest available) that is capable of meeting the OPR per project-specific selected BIM Uses Use of the appropriate tool(s) within the BIM software selected to create or document the building element being represented The model(s) should remain current and represent design intent. The Project BIM Team should update the model(s) with any revisions as required to complete the work, or at a minimum, at each project milestone. The Project BIM Team should document the choice of platform in the BIM PXP. While the modeling process and corresponding models may vary per project, the following graphic is an example of typical model progression across project phases and could serve as an information flow map for an Owner implementing BIM requirements National BIM Guide for Owners

51 模型元素最为典型的情况是被分配给某个对相应元素具有设计或施工责任的 MEA 例如, 结构工程师或建模者通常是设计阶段做结构楼板的 MEA 模型通常按专业或工种划分 因此, 重要的不仅是要识别任何给定元素的 MEA, 而且要识别此元素在模型中的位置 虽然在多个模型间可能存在某些元素的重复, 但 MEA 和 LOD 工作单识别对此信息负责的来源, 因此此信息被视为准确且可靠 建模流程项目参与者应对建模的所有方面, 充分实施行业及软件销售商所认可的最佳实践和工作流程 这包括但不限于使用 3D 几何图再现项目及设施部件和元素的实物特征, 在可能时使用相关的物体分类, 为元素添加足够的属性信息, 在所有层面和类型的数据和元数据方面遵循适当的命名约定, 以及设定共享资源和参数以促成向其它格式 ( 如明细表或表格格式 ) 自动展示或导出模型信息 模型元素应要在图例中显示, 且应与其它视图或图纸中的图像表示相匹配 只要有可能, 模型元素要求有一个寄主或与其它某个部件相连, 且应在同一个模型中建模 ( 如一扇门并非自成一体, 而要求有一面墙为其寄主, 所以门和墙都应居于同一个模型中 ) 此外, 项目阶段规划 由其它专业 / 工种的模型来展示内容及与特定软件相关的工作流程或特色也应被考虑 所采用的总体流程应在 BIM 的 PxP 中加以记录 建模流程要求不应规定过于严格, 但作为 BIM 的 PxP 的一部分, 应确定总体的 最低程度的预期及对职责加以明确规定 总体而言, 建模流程及职责应包括 : 依据 NBIMS-US 第 2.5 部分 OmniClass 表 21: 元素, 组织标准化分类体系的运用 : OmniClass Table 21 Elements 使用符合 IFC 的软件 ( 在最新可用的认证的一个版本中 ) 使用项目特定的 经过 BIM 用途选择的 能够符合 OPR 要求的 BIM 软件 ( 在最新可用的一个发布版本中 ) 在所选择的 BIM 软件中使用适当的工具创建或记录呈现的建筑元素 模型应始终为最新的且能体现设计意图 项目 BIM 团队应以完成工作所要求的任何修订更新模型, 或至少在每个项目里程碑时进行更新 项目 BIM 团队应在 BIM 的 PxP 中标明对平台的选择 虽然建模流程及相应的模型可随项目而变, 但以下图形为项目各阶段中典型的模型进程的例子, 可作为业主实施 BIM 要求的信息流程图 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

52 Plan Design Construct Operate Design Intent Model(s) Record Modeling Update based on As-Built Conditions Construction Model(s) As-Built Model Operation and Maintenance Systems Update with Field Changes Collect Project Data Figure 3. Lifecycle Model Requirements: A Sample Process Project BIM Team members should use BIM application(s) and software(s) to develop and document the project. Design professionals should create the Design Intent Model(s) and use them to produce accurate construction documents. Construction professionals should use the Design Intent Model(s) and the construction documents as a starting point for developing the Model(s). Similarly as the Construction Model(s) are progressed during construction, they serve as the basis for Project Data (which oftentimes includes tabular or textual-based information). Also during construction, the various Construction Model(s) combine to develop an As-Built model that captures more-detailed construction conditions (e.g., trade-specific fabrication models). As the project progresses, the As-Built Model along with the continual stream of project correspondence and information back to the Design professionals facilitates the update of the Design Intent Model(s) into a Record Model. The construction model typically has highly detailed components that are not always an efficient source of information for operations and maintenance; hence the Record Model is developed from the Design Intent Model to provide a lightweight model. In general, the Record Model, along with the As-Built Model and Project Data, provides facilities management personnel with varying degrees of information in multiple formats to best support FM uses and activities Model Contents Models and corresponding elements or sub-elements should be modeled at full scale (1:1) using actual (not nominal) dimensions. Models should include all content necessary to meet the requirements in the BIM PxP. Further content may be specified in the BIM LOD. General considerations for model content requirements include the following: Models should include all system components and connection points to utilities and/ or components, whether site or building related. These components should include all information parameters and annotations required to produce accurate drawings, details, schedules, and sheets National BIM Guide for Owners

53 规划 设计施工运营 设计意图模型 记录模型 基于竣工状态的更新 施工模型 竣工模型 运营和维护系统 以现场变更进行更新 收集项目数据 图三全生命周期模型要求样本流程 项目 BIM 团队成员应使用 BIM 应用和软件制定和记录项目 专业设计人员应创建设计意图模型用于产生准确的施工文件 专业施工人员应使用设计意图模型及施工文件作为开发模型的起点 类似的, 随着施工模型在施工期间向前推进, 它们起着项目数据 ( 其经常包括基于图表或文字的信息 ) 的基础作用 同样在施工期间, 各种施工模型结合起来以开发竣工模型, 捕捉更为具体的施工状况 ( 如工种特有的制造模型 ) 随着项目的推进, 竣工模型 以及持续进行的项目通信流及返回到专业设计人员那里的信息 促成设计意图模型更新为记录模型 施工模型通常有非常具体的组成部分, 其并不总是运营和维护信息的有效来源 ; 因此从设计意图模型中开发记录模型以提供一个轻量级的模型 一般而言, 记录模型, 再加上竣工模型和项目数据, 以多种形式为设施管理人员提供了各种不同程度的信息, 从而对 FM 用途和活动做出最佳支持 模型内容模型及对应的元素或次级元素应使用实际 ( 而非名义 ) 尺寸按全比例 (1:1) 建模 模型中应包括为符合 BIM 的 PxP 中的要求所必须的所有内容 更多内容可在 BIM 的 LOD 中加以规定 模型内容方面一般要求考虑包括以下这些 : 模型中应包括所有的系统组件和 / 或连接公用设施的连接点, 无论是否与场地或建筑物相关 这些组件中应包括制作准确的图纸 节点图 明细表和工作单所要求的所有的信息参数和注解 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

54 All Furniture, Fixtures, & Equipment (FFE) should be properly identified by make, model number, and building/department/room or space in which it resides. Clearance zones required for code compliance, access (such as needed for equipment, hatches, and panels), safety, maintenance, gauge reading, and other operations should be modeled. Any required layer of the systems, for example, insulation, double layered systems, or enclosures should be modeled Project Data The Project BIM Team should develop Project Data for all elements that make up the model (e.g. doors, air handlers, electrical panels, etc.). This Project Data should include all material definitions and attributes that are necessary for the project planning, design, construction, and operations. All elements should be assigned the proper classification and category. All life safety and fire protection components and systems should be clearly identified as such. Minimum Project Data requirements should be identified in the BIM PxP Level of Development (LOD) The Owner should define the desired LOD for BIM content that enables the project s specific organizational and project goals. The Owner may elect to reference an LOD standard holistically for all model content, or require a specific LOD per model or model element and by discipline, trade, and/or phase. When implementing an LOD, the Owner can use the default LOD, a template LOD, or develop a custom LOD. It should be understood that BIM cannot be successfully accomplished without some LOD defined for each model deliverable, which is typically recorded in a spreadsheet or worksheet. In general, the standard LOD definitions are defined in the BIMForum LOD Specification 2015, which is available as part of NBIMS-US V3. 17 Default LOD: If the Owner elects to reference an existing LOD without making modifications, use of the USACE Minimum Modeling Matrix (M3) is recommended, as it defines a minimum LOD of elements for a design model and a Record Model deliverable. Template LOD: Several LOD templates are available to the Owner, but it is recommended that the Owner use a nationally recognized form. The Owner may adapt the USACE M3 18, use the AIA G document 19, or implement the Penn State University Model Element Matrix 20 or the PSU Project Execution Planning Guide. 21 Alternatively, the Owner may elect to use the worksheet provided with the BIMForum LOD Specification 2015 Model Element Matrix. Custom LOD: Owners may elect to develop his/her own LOD Matrices identifying LOD and model element authors for models or model elements. Owners should adhere to the BIMForum LOD Specification 2015 definitions to avoid confusion among the Project BIM Team members. At a minimum, BIM content should be developed to an adequate level to support: Establishment and communication of design intent National BIM Guide for Owners

55 所有的家具 装置和设备 (FFE) 应按样式 模型编号及其所在的建筑物 / 部门 / 房间或空间加以识别 规范要求的 安全 维护 仪表读数及其它操作等所需的净空区 出入口 ( 如为设备 检修口和镶板所需 ) 均应进行建模 任何所要求的系统分层, 如绝缘层 双层系统或围护, 均应进行建模 项目数据项目 BIM 团队应对构成模型的所有元素 ( 如门 空气处理设备 配电板等 ) 制定项目数据 此项目数据中应包括项目规划 设计 施工和运营所需的所有材料定义和属性 所有元素均应分配适当的级别和类别 所有的人身安全和防火组件和系统均应清楚标注出来 项目数据最低要求应在 BIM 的 PxP 中加以说明 开发程度 (LOD) 业主应为 BIM 内容定义所希望实现的 LOD, 此促成项目具体的组织和项目目标的实现 业主可选择 就所有模型内容全部参考某项 LOD 标准, 或要求按模型或模型元素及按专业 工种和 / 或阶段实施 具体的 LOD 在实施 LOD 时, 业主可使用默认 LOD 模板 LOD 或定制的 LOD 应当理解, 若不 针对每项模型可交付成果 其通常记录在电子表格或工作单中 规定某个 LOD, 那么就无法成 功实现 BIM 一般而言, 标准的 LOD 定义在 BIM 论坛 LOD 规范 2015 版 中做出了规定, 此文 件可作为 NBIMS-US V3 的一部分获得 17 默认 LOD: 如业主选择参考现有的 LOD 而不做任何修订, 则推荐使用 USACE 的 最低程度建模 矩阵 (M3), 因为它规定了设计模型和记录模型可交付成果最低程度的元素 LOD 模板 LOD: 有若干 LOD 模板可供业主使用, 但推荐业主使用全国公认的形式 业主可调整 USACE M3 18 使用 AIA G 文件 19, 或实施宾州州立大学的 模型元素矩阵 20 或宾州州立大学的 项 目实施方案指南 21 业主或者也可选择使用与 BIM 论坛 LOD 规范 2015 版 中 模型元素矩阵 一起提供的工作单 定制 LOD: 业主可选择制定自己的 LOD 矩阵, 对模型或模型元素确认 LOD 和模型元素作者 业主 应遵循 BIM 论坛 LOD 规范 2015 版 中的规定, 以避免在项目 BIM 团队成员间造成混乱 BIM 内容至少应足够完备以支持 : 建立和传达设计意图 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

56 Necessary content for construction documents Overall BIM requirements developed by the Owner Optional BIM requirements from this Guide chosen by the Owner Essential BIM Uses as identified in Section of this document Enhanced BIM Uses that the Owner selects from Section of this document Additional data and metadata necessary to achieve additional BIM Uses as documented in the BIM PxP In summary, diligence should be given during project planning to select appropriate BIM Uses and develop a detailed BIM PxP, as these are the impetus for determining and assigning an adequate LOD National BIM Guide for Owners

57 施工文件的必要内容 业主制定的 BIM 总体要求 业主从本指南中挑选的选择性 BIM 要求 本文件第 部分所规定的基本 BIM 用途 业主从本文件第 部分所选择的强化 BIM 用途 BIM 的 PxP 中所记录的实现额外的 BIM 用途所需的额外的数据和元数据总而言之, 在项目规划阶段应尽职尽责地挑选适当的 BIM 用途并制定详细的 BIM 的 PxP, 因为它们是确定和分配一个完整的 LOD 的推动力 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

58 4. EXECUTION Commentary: The BIM PxP should be developed to provide a master information/data management plan and assignment of roles and responsibilities for model creation and data integration at project initiation. The team members and Owner should jointly agree on how, when, why, to what level, and for which project outcomes BIM will be used. In those projects where construction information is available during the design phase, the BIM PxP would address both design and construction activities. The BIM PxP should be considered a living document and should be continually developed and refined throughout the project development life cycle. 4.1 BIM Project Execution Plan (PxP) BIM Project Execution Planning is a process performed by a Project BIM Team to design the execution strategy for implementing BIM on the project. The final product of the execution planning process is a documented BIM Project Execution Plan (PxP). 22 To maximize the effectiveness of BIM, the execution plan should be designed in the early stages of a project and focus on the decisions required to define the scope of BIM implementation on the project, identify process impacts of using BIM, define the team characteristics needed to achieve the modeling, and quantify the value proposition for the appropriate level of modeling at the various stages in the project life cycle Development of the BIM PxP The BIM PxP, created early in the project, should be considered a living document that evolves throughout the project. The BIM PxP should be developed and refined by the Project BIM Team to document the collaborative process of how BIM will be executed throughout the project life cycle. The initial version of the BIM PxP should be developed by the Project BIM Manager, assisted by the Owner and the Project BIM Team (as referenced in NBIMS-US V3, Section 5.4), to detail the BIM requirements for the project. It should be submitted for approval to the Owner. The BIM PxP should be refined by the entire Project BIM Team as design progresses. If a contractor is not procured for preconstruction services, the design team and Owner should develop the collaborative BIM PxP and coordinate with the contractor when the contractor is procured. The BIM PxP should be reviewed and coordinated with the entire Project BIM Team prior to construction and submitted to the Owner for final approval. The BIM PxP should be reviewed with specialty contractors prior to execution of their contracts. Any revisions to the BIM PxP should be submitted to the Owner for final approval. The Project BIM Team should use the PxP template in the NBIMS-US V3, Section 5.4: BIM PxP Content, which identifies the minimum BIM requirements to develop an acceptable BIM PxP. The PxP should specify how different versions of the model will be stored and retrieved as the project progresses National BIM Guide for Owners

59 4. 执行 评论 : 应制定 BIM 的 PxP, 以提供主要信息 / 数据管理计划并分派角色和职责, 从而在项目开始时创建模型并整合数 据 团队成员及业主应就如何 何时 为何 在何程度上及为哪些项目结果而使用 BIM 达成一致 在那些设计阶段可获得施工信息的项目中,BIM 的 PxP 会规定设计和施工两方面的活动 BIM 的 PxP 应被视 为可变的文件, 应在项目开发的整个生命周期中持续制定并不断修改 4.1 BIM 项目实施方案 (PxP) BIM 项目实施方案是 由项目 BIM 团队为项目采用 BIM 技术而设计执行策略的一个流程 执行规划过程的最终产品记录在 BIM 项目实施方案 (PxP) 中 22 为尽量提高 BIM 的有效性, 实施计划应在项目的早期阶段做出设计且着重于决策需求来设定 BIM 在项目中的实施范围, 并在项目全生命周期中的各个阶段, 识别使用 BIM 的流程影响, 设定实现模型所需的团队特色, 以及为适当深度的模型量化价值定位 制定 BIM 的 PxP 在项目的早期阶段创建的 BIM 的 PxP 应被视为可变的文件, 在项目的所有阶段不断发展 BIM 的 PxP 应由项目 BIM 团队制定及精炼, 以记录将如何在项目的全生命周期中实施 BIM 的协作过程 初始版本的 BIM 的 PxP 应由项目 BIM 经理制定, 由业主及项目 BIM 团队提供协助 ( 如 NBIMS- US V3 第 5.4 部分所述 ), 以详细记录项目的 BIM 要求 应提交业主供其批准 随着设计的进展,BIM 的 PxP 应由整个项目 BIM 团队进行修改 如未采购承包商的施工服务之前, 设计团队及业主应制定协作性的 BIM 的 PxP 并在采购承包商的服务时与其协调 在施工前应对 BIM 的 PxP 进行审核并与整个项目 BIM 团队进行协调, 并提交业主最终批准 在专业承包商执行其合同前应由其对 BIM 的 PxP 进行审核 BIM 的 PxP 的任何修订均应提交业主最终批准 项目 BIM 团队应使用 NBIMS-US V3 第 5.4 部分中的 PxP 模板 :BIM 的 PxP 的内容, 它是制定可接受的 BIM 的 PxP 的最低要求 随着项目的进展,PxP 应规定不同版本的模型将如何存储及调取 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

60 4.2 BIM Uses Commentary: BIM Uses can be broadly categorized into authoring tools, auditing tools, and analytic tools. Some applications are designed or written to address a single task. Other uses are written to perform multiple tasks and are often referred to as integrated software tools. The BIM Uses listed below can be either single-task applications or be part of integrated software tools. BIM Uses focused on single tasks should be interoperable with the other BIM Uses used on a project. Interoperability is the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operate). Interoperability can be used in a technical systems engineering sense, or in a broader sense, including social, political, and organizational factors that affect system-to-system performance. Interoperable BIM Uses are software programs designed to use the inputs and outputs of other BIM applications to perform the task and generate the output that the BIM Use being applied was designed to perform. Interoperable software reduces the amount of time required to manually exchange information and input it into single-task software. It also minimizes the risk of data transfer errors often caused by manual information exchange methods BIM Use Definition A BIM Use is a method of applying Building Information Modeling during a facility's life cycle to achieve one or more specific objectives. 23 The nature of BIM technology allows different Owners to use the model in multiple ways, depending on their projects specific needs. As the project moves from phase to phase, the information contained within the BIM grows in both quantity and specificity. Figure 4. Minimum BIM Example National BIM Guide for Owners

61 4.2 基本 BIM 用途评论 : BIM 用途可大致分为编辑工具 审计工具和分析工具 有些应用设计或被书写出来是为了处理单一的任务 其它用途书写出来是为了执行多重任务, 它们往往被称为 整合软件工具 下列的 BIM 用途可为单一任务的应用或者整合软件工具的组成部分 专注于单一任务的 BIM 用途应与用于项目的其它 BIM 应用彼此兼容 兼容性 指各种系统和组织共同工作的 能力 ( 彼此兼容 ) 兼容性可用于技术系统工程的意义上, 或用于更为广泛的意义上, 包括影响系统间相互表 现的社会 政治和组织因素 可兼容的 BIM 用途是各种软件程序, 其设计目的是使用其它 BIM 应用的输入和输出来执行任务和生成输出, 为 当前使用的 BIM 用途服务 可兼容的软件减少了手动交换信息并将其输入单一任务软件所需的时间量 它们还 在最大程度上减少了手动交换信息方法所经常造成的数据转让错误的风险 BIM 用途的定义 BIM 用途是在设施的全生命周期中运用建筑信息模型以实现一项或多项具体的目标的一种方法 23 BIM 技术的性质使得不同的业主可以以不同方式使用模型, 这取决于他们对项目的具体需要 随着项目从一个阶段进入另一个阶段,BIM 中所含的信息在数量和具体性方面均在增加 现有状况 设计创作 设计审核 3D 协调 记录模型 图四最低程度的 BIM 举例 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

62 BIM Uses are characterized in this Guide as Essential BIM Uses, Enhanced BIM Uses, and Owner- Related Uses of BIM. The brief definitions below have been extracted and enhanced from the BIM Project Execution Planning Guide and the BIM Planning Guide for Facility Owners. BIM Uses should be considered and aligned with project goals, selected based on added value to the Owner, and clearly documented in the BIM PxP. This guide uses the term building generically, in keeping with the terminology of Building Information Modeling. It is intended to apply to information modeling for the built environment: site elements and facilities as well as buildings Essential BIM Uses The following BIM Uses should be applied on all projects: Existing Conditions: A process in which the Project BIM Team develops a model (geometry and information) of the existing conditions for a site, facilities on a site, or a specific area within a facility. This model can be developed in multiple ways, depending on what is desired and what is most efficient. Once the model is developed, it can be queried for information and can be modified. Design Authoring: A process in which software is used to develop a BIM of the design. Design authoring tools are a first step toward implementing BIM, and the key is integrating the geometric representation of elements in the model with element properties. Construction drawings should be produced from and remain consistent with the models. Design Review: A quality management process in which a model is used to allow stakeholders to verify whether the design meets the OPR and to visualize criteria such as layout, sightlines, lighting, security, ergonomics, acoustics, textures and colors, etc. Virtual mock-up can be done in high detail, even on a part of the building, such as the façade, to quickly analyze design alternatives and solve design and constructability issues. If properly executed, these reviews can resolve design issues. Coordination: A process in which model elements can be organized and coordinated, and clash detection software can be used to identify conflicts between model elements within the BIM. Record Modeling: A process in which a model contains an accurate depiction of the physical and functional conditions and environment of a facility and its assets at a point in time. With the continuous updating and improvement of the Record Model and the capability to store more information, the model contains a true depiction of space with a link to information, such as serial codes, warranties, and maintenance history of all the components in the building. Eventually, the Record Model also contains information linking pre-build requirements to asbuilt conditions. This allows the Owner to monitor the project relative to the OPR Enhanced BIM Uses Cost Estimating: A process in which a model can be used to generate an accurate quantity takeoff and cost estimate early in the design process and provide cost National BIM Guide for Owners

63 BIM 用途在本指南中被归纳为基本 BIM 用途 强化 BIM 用途及业主相关 BIM 用途 以下的简要定义系从 BIM 项目实施方案指南 和 设施业主的 BIM 规划指南 中摘取并提炼 BIM 用途应予以考虑并与项目目标一致, 基于为业主增值而选择, 且在 BIM 的 PxP 中清晰记录 本指南在一般意义上使用 建筑 一词, 以与 建筑信息模型 这个术语保持一致 除建筑物外, 信息模型也适用于建成的环境, 如现场元素和设施 基本 BIM 用途以下 BIM 用途适用于所有的项目 : 现有状况 : 是指项目 BIM 团队为场地 场地上的设施或设施内的特定区域开发一种基于现有状况的模型 ( 几何和信息 ) 的过程 此模型可通过多种方式开发, 这取决于希望得到什么及什么最有效率 模型一旦开发, 可向其检索信息并对其做出修订 设计创作 : 是指用软件开发已有设计的 BIM 的过程 设计制作工具是实施 BIM 的第一步, 其关键在于将模型中元素的几何呈现与元素属性整合起来 施工图纸应从模型中产生并与模型保持一致 设计审核 : 一种质量管理过程, 在其中模型用于让利益相关人验证设计是否符合 OPR 及标准视觉化诸如规划图 视线 照明 安保 人类工程学 声学 纹理和色彩等 能以很高的细节进行视觉模拟, 甚至对建筑物的一部分如外观进行模拟, 以快速分析设计替代方案并解决可施工性问题 如是否执行适当, 这些审核可解决设计问题 协调 : 可对模型元素进行组织和协调, 且可用碰撞检查软件识别 BIM 中模型元素间是否有冲突的过程 记录模型 : 在模型中对设施及其资产在一个时点上物理和功能状况及环境进行准确描述的过程 随着记录模型的持续更新和改进及能够储存更多信息, 此模型包含了对空间的真实描述并与各种信息相连, 如建筑物中所有组件的序列号 质保期及维修历史记录 记录模型最终还包含将建造之前的要求与竣工状况联系起来的信息 这让业主得以对比 OPR 对项目进行监控 提升 BIM 用途 成本概算 : 可用模型在设计过程的早期生成准确的工程估算和成本概算并提供增量和变更的成本效应, 且有潜在可能节省时间和金钱并避免预算超标的过程 这个过程还让设计者得以及时看到设计变更的成本效应 24 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

64 effects of additions and modifications, with the potential to save time and money and avoid budget overruns. This process also allows designers to see the cost effects of design modifications in a timely manner. 24 Phase and 4D Planning: A process in which a four-dimensional (4D) model (a model with the added dimension of time) is used to effectively plan the phased occupancy in a renovation, or to show the construction sequence and space requirements for laydown areas and temporary construction on a building site. 4D modeling is a powerful visualization and communication tool that can give a Project BIM Team a better understanding of project milestones and construction plans. (See also Construction Systems Design). Site Analysis Development: A process in which BIM and GIS tools are used to evaluate properties in a given area to determine the most optimal site location for a future project. The site data collected is used to first select the site and then position the building based on the OPR. Site Utilization For Construction: (See Phase and 4D Planning). Digital Fabrication: A process that uses machine technology to prefabricate objects directly from a model. The model is used as input into manufacturing and fabrication equipment for production of components, systems, and assemblies. 3D Location and Layout: A process that utilizes a model to lay out the building assemblies and produce lift drawings, which are the two-dimensional (2D)/threedimensional (3D) component drawings used by forepersons during site construction. Engineering Analysis: The integrated and/or interoperable tools that allow the use of the physical and material properties of project elements, assemblies, and systems within the model for engineering analysis, simulation, and documentation. Examples include structural engineering, energy analysis, daylighting, HVAC, plumbing, fire protection, life safety, and electrical systems design and documentation. Sustainability Analysis: The integrated and/or interoperable tools that allow the use of the physical and material properties of building elements, assemblies, and systems within the model for developing sustainable design elements. Examples include documenting sustainable features and attributes and documenting sustainable features for compliance with building rating systems. Codes and Standards Compliance: A process in which validation software is used to check the model parameters against applicable codes and standards. Code and standard validation is currently in its infant stage of development within the United States and is not in widespread use. However, as model checking tools continue to develop code and standard compliance software with more codes and standards, validation should become more prevalent within the design industry. Examples may include building code compliance, energy code compliance, accessibility compliance, etc National BIM Guide for Owners

65 阶段和 4D 规划 : 使用四维 (4D) 模型 ( 额外加入时间维度的模型 ) 能有效规划改建工程中的分阶段使用或者显示施工顺序以及堆放区的空间要求 和建筑场地上的临时施工 4D 建模是个强大的视觉化和沟通工具, 能够令项目 BIM 团队更好理解项目的里程碑和施工计划 ( 也可参见施工系统设计 ) 场地分析 开发 : 使用 BIM 和 GIS 工具评估指定区域的属性来确定未来项目的最优场地位置 的过程 收集的场地数据先用于挑选场地, 然后基于 OPR 确定建筑物的位置 场地使用 用于施工 :( 参见阶段和 4D 规划 ) 数码制作 : 使用机器技术直接从模型中预先制作物品的过程 模型用作制造和制作设备生产 组件 系统和装配件的输入 3D 位置和规划图 : 利用模型对建筑组件进行放样并产生立面图的过程, 此放样图是两维 (2D) / 三维 (3D) 的组件图纸, 由班组长在现场施工时使用 工程分析 : 一体化和 / 或可兼容的工具, 令人得以使用模型中项目元素 组件和系统的物理 和材料性质, 用于工程分析 模拟和记录 例子包括结构工程 能源分析 自然采光 暖通 空调 给排水 消防 人身安全及电气系统的设计和记录 可持续性分析 : 一体化和 / 或可兼容的工具, 令人得以使用模型中建筑元素 组件和系统的物理和 材料性质, 用于开发可持续的设计元素 例子包括记录可持续的特色和属性, 以及记录可持续的特 色以符合建筑评级体系 规范及标准的合规性 : 使用确认软件对照适用的规范和标准检查模型参数的过程 规范和标准验证在美国目前尚处于不成熟的发展阶段, 没有得到普遍使用 不过, 随着模型检查工具持续开发带有更多规范和标准的合规检查软件, 验证在设计行业应会变得更为普遍 例子可包括建筑规范合规性 能源法规合规性及无障碍环境合规性等 施工系统设计 : 设计和分析同期系统 ( 如模板工程 窗安装 系帘等 ) 的过程 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

66 Construction Systems Design: A process to design and analyze the contemporary systems (e.g. formwork, glazing, tie-backs, etc.) Owner-Related BIM Uses Asset Management: A process in which project data is linked to a Record Model to aid in the maintenance and operation of a facility and its assets. These assets, consisting of the physical building, systems, surrounding environment, and equipment, must be maintained, upgraded, and operated at an efficiency that will satisfy both the Owner and users in the most costeffective manner. Disaster Planning and Management: A process in which emergency responders have access to critical building information in the form of a model and information system. The BIM provides critical building information to the responders to improve the efficiency of the response and minimize the safety risks. The dynamic (real time) building information could be provided by building automation systems (BAS), life safety (fire alarm and fire protection), and security systems, while the static building information, such as geometry, floor plans, points of egress and access, and equipment schematics, reside in a model. These systems are integrated and made interoperable so that emergency responders can link to an overall system. The BIM coupled with the BAS, life safety, and security systems clearly displays where the emergency is located within the building, possible routes to the area, and any potentially hazardous locations within the building. Space Management: A process in which BIM is used to effectively distribute, manage, and track appropriate spaces and related resources within a facility. A model allows the facility management team to analyze the existing use of the space and effectively apply transition planning management towards any applicable changes. Maintenance scheduling is a process in which the functionality of the building structure (walls, floors, roof, etc.). and equipment serving the building (mechanical, electrical, plumbing, etc.) are maintained over the operational life of a facility. 4.3 Model Deliverables The project execution plan should clearly define the deliverables that are to be transmitted to the owner at the completion of construction. These deliverables may include a design intent model in both native and open standard format; a construction model; and operations and maintenance data (see Figure 3). The model content for each of these deliverables should be clearly defined within the contract documents for each responsible party, as well as in the BIM PxP. The following sections provide a description of each deliverable National BIM Guide for Owners

67 4.2.4 业主相关 BIM 用途 资产管理 : 项目数据与记录模型相联系以协助设施及其资产的维护和运营的过程 这些资产由实物的建筑物 系统 周围的环境及设备组成, 对它们的维护 升级和运营必须以令业主和用户均感满意的最为节省成本的方式进行 灾难规划和管理 : 应急反应者能以模型和信息系统的形式接触关键的建筑信息的过程 BIM 向反应者提供关键的建筑信息以提高反应的效率并最大程度减少安全风险 动态 ( 实时 ) 的建筑信息可由建筑自动化系统 (BAS) 人身安全( 火灾报警和消防 ) 及安保系统提供, 而静态的建筑信息, 如几何图 楼层平面图 出入口和设备原理图, 则居于模型中 这些系统整合在一起且使其彼此兼容, 这样应急反应者可将它们连为一个整个的系统 BIM 与 BAS 人身安全和安保系统一起 清楚展示紧急情况发生在建筑物中的哪里, 前往该区域的可行路径以及建筑物中任何具有潜在危险的地方 空间管理 : 使用 BIM 有效分配 管理及跟踪设施内的适当空间及相关资源的过程 模型令设施管理团队得以分析空间的现有用途, 并针对任何适用的变更有效运用转换规划管理 维护计划是在设施的运营全生命期内维护建筑结构 ( 墙地板 房顶等 ) 及服务于建筑物的设备 ( 机械 电气 管道等 ) 功能的过程 4.3 模型可交付成果项目实施方案应清楚规定施工完成时将转交业主的可交付成果 这些可交付成果可包括原有及开源标准两种格式的设计意图模型 施工模型及运营和维护数据 ( 参见图三 ) 这些可交付成果各自的模型内容应在每个责任方的合同文件及 BIM 的 PxP 中加以明确规定 以下部分提供了对每项可交付成果的描述 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

68 Design Intent Model: The Model(s) from the design team that captures the intended design. This model is used for project BIM Use execution, digital design mock-ups, decision support, and coordination. The approved model is a contract document for submission to the Owner and for construction handover. Construction Model: The Model(s) based on criteria that relates the facility s fabrication and construction. These models are developed from the Design Intent Model during construction coordination. The files are typically combined using a cross-platform 3D model viewing software to accommodate subcontractor file formats and a higher LOD. This new information is reviewed by the design team for approval. As-Built Model: The Model(s) capturing conditions at the completion of construction. It should be initially based upon the Design Intent Model and increasingly incorporates project information as construction progresses. Record Model: The Model(s) prepared for operations and maintenance. Typically the Design Intent Model is used as a baseline and then is updated to incorporate all the changes during construction. This is intended to be a lightweight model with enough detail to enable facilities management operations without overly detailed elements. This model may also include laser scan data. The Record Model will contain accurate attribute data on major equipment and systems for facilities management documented in the BIM PxP. The Record Model typically is updated by the designer from information provided by the contractor (e.g., digital mark-ups, photography, and laser scans). It may be used during commissioning or updated to reflect commissioning data. Operations and Maintenance Data: This deliverable includes asset inventory with asset name, classification, and location. Owners should consider operations and maintenance data deliverables to include attributes such as make, model, and serial number of key components. Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie), is an example of facilities data exchange (as referenced in NBIMS-US V3, Section 4.2.) The Project BIM Team should provide deliverables in compliance with the phases described in the BIM PxP. At each phase, the Project BIM Team should provide a written report confirming that consistency checks, as identified in the Quality Management section of the BIM PxP, have been completed. This report should be discussed as part of the review process and should address any identified interferences and constructability issues. The Project BIM Team should provide the Owner with the following, as identified in the BIM PxP: Updated BIM PxP 2-D drawing deliverables printed directly from the model in PDF format. Documents are to be stamped and signed in traditional practice to comply with the Owner Design and Construction Standard and local permitting requests. Construction Model(s) per discipline National BIM Guide for Owners

69 设计意图模型 : 来自设计团队的模型, 展现了设计意图 此模型用于项目 BIM 用途的执行 数码设 计小样 决策支持和协调 经批准的模型为合同文件, 需提交业主并移交给施工方 施工模型 : 基于规范的此模型将设施的制作与施工联系起来 这些模型在施工协调期间从设计意图 模型中开发而来 这些文件通常结合一个跨平台的 3D 模型视图软件, 以适应分包商的文件格式及更 高层级的 LOD 这些新的信息由设计团队审核批准 竣工模型 : 这些模型反映了施工完成时的状况 它在开始时基于设计意图模型, 然后随着施工的进 展越来越多地结合了项目信息 记录模型 : 是为运营和维护所准备的模型 通常使用设计意图模型作为基准, 并在施工期间进行更新以将所有的变更信息纳入进来 这意在成为 轻量级 的模型, 有足够的细节可在没有过于详细的元素情况下促成设施管理运营 此模型也可包括激光扫描的数据 记录模型中将包含主要设备和系统方面准确的属性数据, 以供记录在 BIM 的 PxP 中的设施管理 记录模型通常由设计师以承包商提供的信息 ( 如数码标识 照片和激光扫描件 ) 进行更新 它可在试运行期间使用, 或进行更新以反映试运行的数据 运营和维护数据 : 此项可交付成果包括注有资产名称 类别和地点的资产清单 业主应考虑在运营和维护数据可交付成果中加入核心组件的属性, 如样式 型号和序列号 施工运营建筑信息交换 (COBie) 为设施数据交换的一例 ( 在 NBIMS-US V3 第 4.2 部分引用 ) 项目 BIM 团队应提供与 BIM 的 PxP 中所述的阶段相一致的可交付成果 在每个阶段, 项目 BIM 团队应提供书面报告确认一致性检查, 如 BIM 的 PxP 的 质量管理 部分所识别, 业已完成 这份报告应作为审核过程的组成部分加以讨论, 且应处理任何发现的冲突和可施工性问题 如 BIM 的 PxP 中所识别, 项目 BIM 团队应向业主提供以下可交付成果 : 更新后的 BIM 的 PxP 直接从模型中以 PDF 格式打印的二维图纸 文件要以传统方式签字盖章, 以符合 业主设计和施工标准 及当地的许可证申请要求 按专业提供的施工模型 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

70 A 3-D interactive review format of the model in the latest version of software, as required in the BIM PxP. The file format for reviews can change between submittals. Construction Submittals. All construction submittals, requests for interpretation (RFIs), and change order requests (CORs) should make use of the model for clear interpretations. Record model(s) A report generated from the model of all assets and attributes A report verifying the model/modeling compliance with Owner Project Data exchange requirements A report verifying the accuracy of the delivered model elements and asset attributes An interference (clash detection) check report A list of all submitted files. The list should include a description, directory, and file name for each file submitted. Identify files that have been produced from the submitted model and Project Data. The BIM PxP should define additional model deliverables for the project. Deliverable deadlines should be aligned with project milestones, for example: Schematic Design Detailed Design Construction Documents Bid/Procure Contract Notice to Proceed Construction Substantial Completion Commissioning Final Inspection Occupancy/Operations and Maintenance 10-Month Warranty Review National BIM Guide for Owners

71 如 BIM 的 PxP 中所要求, 采用最新版软件的模型的 3D 互动审核格式 供审核的文件格式可不必每次提交时均相同 施工提交品 所有的施工提交品 解释请求 (RFI) 及变更单请求 (COR) 均应使用此模型以便做出清楚的解释 记录模型 此模型产生一份有关所有资产及属性的报告 一份验证模型 / 建模符合业主项目数据交换要求的报告 一份验证交付的模型元素和资产属性的准确性的报告 一份冲突 ( 冲突识别 ) 检查报告 所有已提交文件的清单 此清单应包括每份已提交文件的描述 目录和文件名称 指出从已提交模型和项目数据中制作的文件 BIM 的 PxP 应针对项目规定额外的模型可交付成果 可交付成果的交付截止时间应与项目的里程碑保持一致, 如以下项目里程碑 : 方案设计 深化设计 施工文件 招标 / 采购 合同 动工通知 施工 实体竣工 试运行 最终检查 入驻 / 运营和维护 10 个月的质保审核 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

72 5. GLOSSARY (Please note that references to model and any related requirements refer to individual models, such as a particular discipline/trade model, as well as to composite or federated models.) As-Built Model: The model(s) capturing conditions at the completion of construction. It should be initially based upon the Design Intent Model and increasingly incorporates information as construction progresses. Attributes: descriptors that represent the characteristics of elements (e.g., name, length, weight, price, manufacturer, model, warranty information, etc.) BIM Element Matrix: A structure that defines the elements to be modeled for each phase of the design and construction process. BIM Project Execution Plan (PxP): A plan that defines how BIM will be implemented throughout the project life cycle. BIM Use: A method of applying Building Information Modeling during a facility's life-cycle to achieve one or more specific objectives, as defined by Kreider, R., and Messner, J. I. The Uses of BIM (2013). Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Building Information Model (BIM)/Model, as defined in the National BIM Standard United States Version 3: The digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility, forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life cycle from inception onwards. Construction Model: The model(s) based on criteria that relates the facility s construction. Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie), as defined in the National BIM Standard United States Version 3: The format for the exchange of information about building assets such as equipment, products, materials, and spaces. Data Security Protocol (DSP): A definition of the security requirements for data to be implemented for the project and incorporated into the BIM PxP. Design Intent Model: The model(s) from the design team that captures the intended design National BIM Guide for Owners

73 5. 词汇表 ( 请注意 : 提及 模型 及任何相关要求时是指单个的模型, 如特定专业 / 工种的模型, 也指复合模 型或联合模型 ) 竣工模型 : 这些模型的内容是反映施工完成时的状况 它在开始时应基于设计意图模型, 随着施工 的进展纳入越来越多各方面的综合信息 属性 : 表现元素特征的描述 ( 如名称 长度 重量 价格 制造商 型号 质保信息等 ) BIM 元素矩阵 : 是定义设计和施工过程中的每个阶段建模所需元素的一种结构 BIM 项目实施方案 (PxP): 是定义 BIM 将如何在项目的全生命周期中实施的方案 BIM 用途 : 在设施的全生命周期中运用 建筑信息模型 以实现一个或多个特定目标的方法, 此定 义见 Kreider, R. 和 Messner, J. I.: 使用 BIM (2013 年 ) 宾州州立大学, 宾州大学园 bim.psu.edu 建筑信息模型 (BIM)/ 模型, 定义见 BIM 国家标准 美国 第 3 版 : 数字化呈现设施的物理 和功能特征 因此它发挥设施信息知识资源共享的作用, 从成立起就为设施全生命周期期间的决策 提供可靠的基础 施工模型 : 基于与设施施工相关的技术规范的模型 施工运营建筑信息交换 (COBie), 定义见 BIM 国家标准 美国 第 3 版 : 设备 产品 材料 和空间等建筑资产方面信息交换的格式 数据安全议定书 (DSP): 规定了项目即将实施且即将纳入 BIM 的 PxP 中的相应数据的安全要求 设计意图模型 : 来自设计团队的模型, 内容为设计意图 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

74 Industry Foundation Class (IFC): The Industry Foundation Class (IFC) is a data standard (specification) maintained by buildingsmart International and accepted as ISO Standard It is intended to allow the exchange of building and construction industry data between software applications. It is a platform neutral, open file format specification that is not controlled by a single vendor or group of vendors. Level of Development (LOD) (as defined the BimForum website, November 2015): The degree to which the element s geometry and attached information have been thought through the degree to which Project BIM Team members may rely on the information when using the model. Model: See Building Information Model. Model Element: A portion of the model(s) representing a major component, assembly, or construction entity (part) which, in itself or in combination with other parts, fulfills a predominating function of a construction entity. Model Element Author (MEA): The party responsible for creating or updating any given model element. Model View Definition (MVD): An IFC View Definition, or Model View Definition, MVD, defines a subset of the IFC schema that is needed to satisfy one or many exchange requirements of the building industry. The method used and propagated by buildingsmart to define such Exchange Requirements is the Information Delivery Manual, IDM (also ISO/ DIS 29481). An IFC Model View Definition defines a legal subset of the IFC Schema (being complete) and provides implementation guidance (or implementation agreements) for the IFC concepts (classes, attributes, relationships, property sets, quantity definitions, etc.) used within this subset. OmniClass : A classification system for the construction industry. Owner: Person or entity that represents and controls financial interests of a property, building, or development. Owner's Performance Requirements (OPR): The Owner's written documentation of the functional requirements of the building and expectations of how it will be used and operated. They include project and design goals, budgets, limitations, and schedules National BIM Guide for Owners

75 行业基准分类 (IFC): 行业基准分类 (IFC) 是智能化建造国际机构主张的且被接受为第 号 ISO 标准的数据标准 ( 规范 ) 其旨在实现建筑施工行业数据在各软件应用之间进行交换 它是一 套平台中立的 开源的文件格式规范, 不受单一的销售商或一群销售商所控制 开发程度 (LOD)( 定义见 BIM 论坛网站,2015 年 11 月 ): 在此程度上据以认识元素的几何形状 及所附信息 项目 BIM 团队成员在使用模型时对信息可以依赖的程度 模型 : 参见 建筑信息模型 模型元素 : 呈现某个主要组件 部件或施工体 ( 部分 )( 其本身或与其它部分共同执行施工体的某 项主导功能 ) 的部分模型 模型元素创造者 (MEA): 负责创建或更新任何给定的模型元素的一方 模型视图定义 (MVD):IFC 视图定义或模型视图定义 (MVD) 规定了满足建筑行业的一项或多项交换要求所需的 IFC 架构的一个子集 智能化建造机构所采用并推广的定义此等交换要求的方法是 信息交付手册 (IDM)( 亦为 ISO/DIS 29481) IFC 模型视图定义规定了 IFC 架构 ( 完整架构 ) 的一个法定子集并为此子集中使用的 IFC 概念 ( 类别 属性 关系 性质集合 数量定义等 ) 提供了实施指南 ( 或实施协议 ) OmniClass : 施工行业的一种分类体系 业主 : 代表并控制地产 建筑物或开发项目的经济利益的个人或实体 业主的性能要求 : 业主的书面文件, 内容为对建筑物的功能要求及对建筑物如何使用和运营的预期 其中包括项目和设计的目标 预算 限制条件和进度 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

76 Organizational Standards: Standards unique to every Owner and include the Owner's written policies, procedures, and processes. The Owner is encouraged, when creating any Organizational Standards that will be used as part of the contract language, PxPs, and OPRs, to document them in writing, especially when it comes to expected outcomes and deliverables. Primary Standards: Standards written typically by local, national, and international organizations and industry groups by consent or consensus that establish minimum levels of performance and quality and are used for comparative evaluation and verification of compliance. Primary Standards are often adopted by an agency, organization, industry, or government body. Project Data: Project data is the written and graphical information used to plan, design, construct and operate the building. It should include Model files (BIM, CAD); drawing files (CAD, electronic sheets such as PDFs, and/or plot files);electronic manuals; tabular/ textual information derived from BIM (e.g., spreadsheets); and reference files necessary to supplement other project data. Project Life Cycle: The full development of a building project from conception to demolition, including four phases (Planning, Design, Construction, and Operations). Project Quality Management: a subset of project management that includes the actions required to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken. It consists of quality planning, quality assurance, and quality control. Project BIM Team: typical members include the Owner, architect, engineers, contractors, subcontractors, and other stakeholders. The Project BIM Team members can vary by phase; stakeholders or participants will be introduced to and leave the Project BIM Team as the project progresses through its life cycle. Record Model: The model(s) prepared for Operations and Maintenance. Typically the Design Intent Model is used as a baseline and then is updated to incorporate all the changes during construction. This is intended to be a lightweight model with enough detail to enable facilities management operations without overly detailed elements. Reference Standards: Standards included by reference in Organizational Standards, Primary Standards, and Contract Documents and carry the full force and effect of their requirements as if their entire text had been replicated in full where referenced. Care should be taken when including Reference Standards in an Organizational Standard, Primary Standard, or Contract Document to be specific whether compliance with the entire Reference Standard is required or whether only compliance with certain portions of the Reference Standard is required. Reference Standards not only reduce a primary document's size, but also improve a primary document s usefulness and effectiveness by relying on other standards-development organizations with better-suited expertise on particular subjects National BIM Guide for Owners

77 组织标准 : 每位业主的独特标准, 包括业主的书面政策 流程和过程 业主在创建用于合同语言 PxP 和 OPR 中的任何组织标准时, 最好形成书面文字, 尤其涉及预期的结果和可交付成果时更应 如此 基础标准 : 通常由地方性 全国性和国际性组织和行业团体经表示同意或达成共识制定的标准, 确 定最低程度的性能和质量, 用于进行比较评价和验证合规性 基础标准通常由机构 组织 行业或 政府部门所采纳 项目数据 : 项目数据是用于建筑物规划 设计 施工和运营的书面的图形信息 它们应包括模型文 件 (BIM CAD) 图纸文件 (CAD PDF 之类的电子表格和 / 或打印文件 ) 电子手册 源自 BIM 的图表 / 文字信息 ( 如电子表格 ) 以及对其它项目数据构成必要补充的参考文献 项目全生命周期 : 建筑项目从酝酿到拆除的整个发展过程, 包括四个阶段 ( 规划 设计 施工和 运营 ) 项目质量管理 : 项目管理的一个子集, 其中包括为确保项目满足预定需要所要求采取的行动 它由 质量规划 质量保证和质量控制所组成 项目 BIM 团队 : 成员通常包括业主 建筑师 工程师 承包商 分包商及其它利益相关人 项目 BIM 团队的成员在各个阶段可能不同 ; 在项目全生命周期里, 不同的利益相关人或参与者将会进入 和离开项目 BIM 团队 记录模型 : 为运营和维护所准备的模型 通常使用设计意图模型作为基准, 在施工期间进行更新以 将所有的变更纳入进来 这就成为 轻量级 的模型, 它有足够的细节可使设施管理运营, 但没有 过于详细的元素 引用标准 : 组织标准 基础标准及合同文件中通过引用纳入的标准, 其要求具备完全的效力, 仿如它们的全部文字在引用处完全复制 如在组织标准 基础标准或合同文件中纳入引用标准, 应注意明确是要求符合整个的引用标准还是要求符合引用标准的某个部分 引用标准不仅减少了基础文件的规模, 同时由于依赖对特定主题具有更合适的专业知识的其它标准开发组织, 这样做也提高了基础文件的可用性和效果 商业建筑业主 BIM 实践指南

78 6. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 参考文献 The American Institute of Architects, AIA Document G , Project Building Information Protocol Form (2013). buildingsmart International, IFC4 Design Transfer View. buildingsmarttech.org/specifications/ifc-view-definition/ifc4-design-transfer-view buildingsmart International, IFC4 Reference. specifications/ifc-view-definition/ifc4-reference-view Construction PDF Coalition, Guideline for Construction PDF Documents (August 2014). Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. BIM Project Execution Planning Guide Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University (2011). edu Green Building XML (gbxml) Schema Inc., gbxml Version 6.01 (2015) International Property Measurement Coalition, International Property Measurement Standards (2014), International Standard Organization, ISO 16739:2013, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for data sharing in the construction and facility management industries (2013). International Standard Organization, ISO :Document management Electronic document file format for long-term preservation Part 3: Use of ISO with support for embedded files (PDF/A-3) (2012). ogle&adgroup=iso&gclid=co7zwc6x380cfysmhgodtpijrw International Standard Organization, ISO : Document management Portable document format Part 1: PDF 1.7 (2008). ogle&adgroup=iso&gclid=ckagurky380cfcnahgod0sccng National BIM Guide for Owners

79 Kreider, R., and Messner, J. I. The Uses of BIM (2013). Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Levendowski, Brian, What Is Civil Information Modeling? Civil Information Modeling blog. (2013). McGraw Hill Construction (Dodge Data & Analytics ) Business Value of BIM in North America SmartMarket Report (2012). php/2012-businessvalue-of-bim-in-north-america-smartmarket-rep ort.htm McGraw Hill Construction (Dodge Data & Analytics), The Business Value of BIM for Owners-SmartMarket Report (2014). BIMforOwnersSMR.html?sourcekey=presrel National Institute of Building Sciences buildingsmart alliance, National BIM Standard United States Version 3 (2015). National Institute of Building Sciences buildingsmart alliance, United States National CAD Standard Version 6 (2014). ncs6/ Project Management Institute, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) Fifth Edition (2013). Tice, John, Bullock Tice Associates (June 2016). Tice, John, Bullock Tice Associates BIM DONE RIGHT, a BIM-enabled, clientfocused delivery approach and strategy (2015). United States Army Corps of Engineers, CAD/BIM Technology Center (2016). Article/476676/cadbim-technology-center/ National BIM Guide for Owners

80 United States Army Corps of Engineers, USACE Minimum Modeling Matrix (M3), (2013). (Available as part of the National BIM Standard United States Version 3, Section 5.8: Practical BIM Contract Requirements, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers BIM Contract Requirements for Design Build Projects) nationalbimstandard.org United States Department of Defense Military Health System, MHS Minimum BIM Requirements (MBR) Standards (2014). United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA BIM Guide (2010). va.gov/til/bim/ BIMguide/ United States General Services Administration, Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 27, Patents, Data, and Copyrights (June 2016). gov/?q=/browse/far/27 United States General Services Administration, GSA BIM Guide 02 Spatial Program Validation, Version 2.0 (May 2015). Version_20.action United States General Services Administration, 3D-4D Building Information Modeling BIM Guide series ( ) National BIM Guide for Owners

81 7. CITATIONS 引文 1 Tice, John, Bullock Tice Associates BIM DONE RIGHT, a BIM-enabled, client-focused delivery approach and strategy (2015). 2 National Institute of Building Sciences buildingsmart alliance, National BIM Standard United States Version 3 (2015). 3 United States Army Corps of Engineers, USACE Minimum Modeling Matrix (M3) (2013). (Available as part of the National BIM Standard United States Version 3, Section 5.8: Practical BIM Contract Requirements, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers BIM Contract Requirements for Design Build Projects) 4 The American Institute of Architects, AIA Document G202 Building Information Protocol Form (2013). pdf 5 United States General Services Administration, Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 27, Patents, Data, and Copyrights (June 2016). far/27 6 Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. BIM Project Execution Planning Guide Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University (2011). 7 buildingsmart International, IFC4 Reference (2015). specifications/ifc-viewdefinition/ifc4-reference-view 8 buildingsmart International, IFC4 Design Transfer View (2015). buildingsmarttech.org/specifications/ifc-view-definition/ifc4-design-transfer-view 9 International Standard Organization, ISO 16739:2013, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for data sharing in the construction and facility management industries, (2013) United States General Services Administration, GSA BIM Guide 02 Spatial Program Validation, Version 2.0 (May 2015). GSA_BIM_Guide_02_Version_20.action 11 Green Building XML (gbxml) Schema Inc., gbxml Version 6.01 (2015). gbxml.org/ 12 International Property Measurement Standards ( Reference should made to building measurement standards, such as IPMS, for consistency in the measurement of floor areas. 13 International Standard Organization, ISO : Document management Electronic document file format for long-term preservation Part 3: Use of ISO with support for embedded files (PDF/A-3) (2012). dgroup=iso&gclid=co7zwc6x380cfysmhgodtpijrw National BIM Guide for Owners

82 14 International Standard Organization, ISO : Document management Portable document format Part 1: PDF 1.7 (2008). aspx?sku=iso% :2008&source=google&adgroup=iso&gclid=ckagurky380cfc Nahgod0ScCNg 15 Construction PDF Coalition, Guideline for Construction PDF Documents (August United States Army Corps of Engineers, USACE Minimum Modeling Matrix (M3) (2013). (Available as part of the National BIM Standard United States Version 3, Section 5.8: Practical BIM Contract Requirements, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers BIM Contract Requirements for Design Build Projects) 17 National Institute of Building Sciences buildingsmart alliance, National BIM Standard United States Version 3 (2015) United States Army Corps of Engineers, USACE Minimum Modeling Matrix (M3), (2013). (Available as part of the National BIM Standard United States Version 3, Section 5.8: Practical BIM Contract Requirements, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers BIM Contract Requirements for Design Build Projects) 19 The American Institute of Architects, AIA Document G , Project Building Information Protocol Form (2013). aiab pdf 20 National Institute of Building Sciences buildingsmart alliance, National BIM Standard United States Version 3 (2015) Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. BIM Project Execution Planning Guide Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University (2011) Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. BIM Project Execution Planning Guide Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University (2011) Kreider, R., and Messner, J. I. The Uses of BIM (2013). Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA International Cost Measurement Standards (ICMS) ( ICMS may help to maximize the benefits of any cost analysis by providing clarity in the categorization of costs National BIM Guide for Owners

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