GeomaticsandInformationScienceofWuhanUniversity Vol.38No.4 Apr.2013 : (2013) :A GRACE GPS 1 1,2 3 1 (1, 129,430079) (2,

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38 4 2013 4 GeomaticsandInformationScienceofWuhanUniversity Vol.38No.4 Apr.

1 GeomaticsandInformationScienceofWuhanUniversity Vol.38No.4 Apr.2013 : (2013) :A GRACE GPS (1 (2 (3 : 利用 ~ 共 20mon 的 GRACE 时变重力场反演了山西省境内陆地水储量变化造成的地表垂直位移并与同期的 GPS 高程残差进行了比较结果显示对大部分 CORS 站而言 GRACE 反演的水文地壳垂向形变与 GPS 高程残差时间序变化量均在 -6~6mm 之间 ; 由二者提取的年周期信号平均振幅均为 2.5mm 左右但是相位存在较大差异由于 GPS 数据处理过程未考虑周日半周日大气潮汐高阶电离层及非潮汐海潮的影响这三项误差会传播到测站坐标的时间序列对 GPS 周年信号产生影响所以可以认为 GRACE 与 GPS 结果的差异更多的是来自 GPS 数据处理的误差 :GRACE; 地表垂向位移 ;GPS 形变监测 :P [1] GRACE GRACE GPS IGS mm GPS 1 CORS ~ mon GRACE CORS GPS 95% ~ 100% 54 CORS 1 Fig.1 LocationofCORSSitesinShanxiProvince 1 GRACE GRACE GPS (CSR)GSMRL ~ mon : : ( ); ( ); (2011M500886)

2 38 4 : GRACE GPS 427 C 20 ; [2] SLR C 20 GRACE GSM ; 15 30s; IGS 20mon GPS GPS GRACE GRACE [3] : l dr(θλ)= R l=1 h l 珚 P lm (cosθ) m=1 1+k l (1) (C lmcos(mλ)+s lmsin(mλ)) dr(θλ) ;h l k l l ~2010 ) 60 ; 珚 P lm (cosθ) (2) ;C lm S lm 10 GRACE mm 2 GRACE (1) Jekeli ~ W (α) [4] 1.5 mm : l dr(θλ)= R l=1 h l W - lp lm(cosθ) m=1 1+k l (2) (C lmcos(mλ)+s lmsin(mλ)) W l L W l GRACE GL- DAS ; GLDAS [3] GRACE GRACE GPS 500km GRACE GLDAS GRACE GPS GRACE GLDAS [5] GRACE GLDAS 2 GPS 54 CORS ( 1 ) ~ mon GPS GAMIT 3 GPS GRACE 1 54 CORS GLDAS 38a(1979 GLDAS GRACE : GRACE 330km 3 8 CORS GRACE GPS U GRACE GPS -6 ~6 mm 2010 GRACE : LC GPS8 CORS GRACE ; niel CORS GRACE ; GRACE

428 2013 4 GPS (2009 7 2010 ) GRACE GPS GPS GRACE RMS 2 CORS RMS 2 GPS GRACE RMS 2 RMS 2 GPS GRACE jiac hond RMS RMS GRACE 54 CORS Fig.

3 ComparisonBetweenU ComponentofGPSCoordinateAnomaliesandVerticalElasticDeformation Derivedfrom GRACEforwutahureanzeyucikelalishheshandwenx 4 GRACE GPS

3 GPS ( ) GRACE GPS GPS GRACE RMS 2 CORS RMS 2 GPS GRACE RMS 2 RMS 2 GPS GRACE jiac hond RMS RMS GRACE 54 CORS Fig.2 RMSReductionPercentageinGPS Height 2 RMS ResidualswhenTotalGRACESignalisRemoved GPS GRACE RMS 3 wutahureanzeyucikelalishheshwenx GPS U GRACE Fig.3 ComparisonBetweenU ComponentofGPSCoordinateAnomaliesandVerticalElasticDeformation Derivedfrom GRACEforwutahureanzeyucikelalishheshandwenx 4 GRACE GPS : GRACE 2 4(a) GRACE ; GRACE [6] GRACE mm 4(b) GPS GRACE GPS 2~4mm GRACE GRACE GPS CORS GPS GRACE 1 GRACE GPS 1 4 GRACE GPS Fig.4 AnnualAmplitudeofGRACEandGPSSignals

4 38 4 : GRACE GPS 429 GRACE GPS 10 mm GPS fes GPS 351.4d [7] 175.7d ; GPS GRACE Tab.1 1 GRACE GPS AnnualAmplitudeandPhaseDerivedfrom GRACEandGPS GRACE GPS /mm /rad /mm /rad GRACE GPS /mm /rad /mm /rad anze 2.60± ± ± ±0.32 piag 2.56± ± ± ±0.34 dani 2.62± ± ± ±0.35 pinl 2.63± ± ± ±0.36 dtxz 2.52± ± ± ±0.29 qins 2.60± ± ± ±0.39 gaop 2.58± ± ± ±0.36 qiny 2.59± ± ± ±0.36 heji 2.63± ± ± ±0.60 senc 2.56± ± ± ±0.48 hesh 2.55± ± ± ±0.56 tunl 2.58± ± ± ±0.35 jiex 2.59± ± ± ±0.57 wenx 2.62± ± ± ±0.37 jinc 2.59± ± ± ±0.29 xing 2.58± ± ± ±0.46 jixi 2.62± ± ± ±0.40 xinz 2.56± ± ± ±0.38 lchu 2.58± ± ± ±0.26 yohe 2.62± ± ± ±0.48 lich 2.57± ± ± ±0.47 yonj 2.64± ± ± ±0.43 ling 2.59± ± ± ±0.43 yuci 2.57± ± ± ±0.34 liul 2.60± ± ± ±0.41 yuqu 2.62± ± ± ±0.32 louf 2.58± ± ± ±0.34 yush 2.57± ± ± ± GPS GPS GRACE GPS ; GRACE 54 CORS GRACE GPS -6~6 mm GPS [1] FarrelW E.DeformationoftheEarthbySurface GRACE Loads[J].RevGeophys197210: [2] CORS Cheng MTapleyB D.VariationsintheEarth s RMS 15% ~40% OblatenessDuringthePast28Years[J].JGeophys GPS GRACE Res : GPS [3] WahrJMolenaarMBryanF.Time-Variabilityof theearth sgravityfield:hydrologicalandoceanic GRACE GPS EfectsandTheirPossibleDetectionUsingGRACE 2.5mm [J].J Geophys Res (B12): [4] JekeliC.AlternativeMethodstoSmooththeEarth GPS sgravityfield[r].dep.ofgeod.sci.andsurv. GRACE OhioStateUniv.Columbus1981 [5] SwensonSChambersDWahrJ.EstimatingGeo- GPS center Variationsfrom a Combination of GRACE GRACE andocean ModelOutput[J].JournalofGeophysi- [8-9] calresearch : GPS [6] ChenJLWilsonC RFamiglietiJSetal.At- tenuation Efects on Seasonal Basin-Scale Water ; GPS StorageChangeFrom GRACE Time-VariableGrav-

5 ity[j].jgeodesy200781(4): derionosphericefectsonthegpsreferenceframe andvelocities[j].journalofgeophysicalresearch : (11): [9]. GPS [J] (1): [8]. GPS : GRACE [J] lrlwuhan@yahoo.cn 6-8 ComparingVerticalSurfaceDisplacementsUsingGRACEandGPS overshanxiprovince LIU Renli 1 LI Jiancheng 12 JIANG Weiping 3 LI Zhao 1 (1 SchoolofGeodesyandGeomaticsWuhanUniversity129LuoyuRoadWuhan430079China) (2 KeyLaboratoryofGeospaceEnvironment& GeodesyofMinistryofEducationWuhanUniversity 129LuoyuRoadWuhan430079China) (3 ResearchCenterofGNSSWuhanUniversity129LuoyuRoadWuhan430079China) [7] PetrieEJKing M AMoorePetal.Higher-Or- Abstract:Hydrologicalprocessescausevariationingravitationalpotentialandsurfacede- formationsbothofwhicharedetectableusingspacegeodetictechniques.wecomputedsur- faceverticaldisplacementsduetoinlandwaterstoragechangesusinggracetime-variable gravityfieldforgorssitesinshanxiprovinceduringfrom May2009toDec.2010and comparedtheresultswithgpsheightresidualsduringthesameperiod.theresultsdemon- stratethatvariationsofhydrologicalsurfacedeformation derivedfrom GRACE and GPS heightresidualtimeseriesformostcorssitesarebothabout!6.0mm.theaverageam- plitudesofannualsignalextractedfrom GRACEandGPSarebothabout2.5mmhowever thephasediscrepencyislarge.sincenocorrectionswereappliedfordiurnalandsemi-diurnal atmosphericloadinghighorderionosphereandnon-tidaloceanloadingwhichwouldprop- agateintositecoordinatestimeseriesandafectgpsannualsignals.thereforwebelieve thatthedisagreementbetweengraceandgpsismoreduetoerrorsinthegpsdatapro- cessing. Keywords:GRACE;surfaceverticaldisplacement;GPSdeformationmonitorin Aboutthefirstauthor:LIURenliPh.DmajorsinapplicationofGRACEsatelite. lrlwuhan@yahoo.cn

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绝密★启用前绝密启用前 2010 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 ( 上海卷 ) 地理试卷一选择题 ( 共 50 分, 每小题 2 分每小题只有一个正确答案 ) ( 一 ) 城市, 让生活更美好, 城市空间结构与城市职能自然环境密切相关 1. 不同的城市职能具有不同