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2 CHAPTER

C omputers 2 3 4 - system unit CPU central processing unit main memory input device CPU CPU output device secondary storage.

3 C omputers system unit CPU central processing unit main memory input device CPU CPU output device secondary storage case / peripheral PCB printed circuit board motherboard CPU ISA PCI AGP PCI-E PS/2 USB IEEE 34 IDE SATABIOS CMOS.2-2

4 3 2 0 2 3 4 PS/2 PS/2 2 PS/2 PS/2 3 4 USB RJ-4

4 PS/2 PS/2 2 PS/2 PS/2 3 4 USB RJ-4 PCI-E PCI SATA 0 IDE 2 / 3 CPU CPU 4 DDR2 SDRAM CPU CPU -3

5 C omputers CPU central processing unit microprocessor processor CPU Celeron Duron Sempron PC Pentium 4 Core 2 Athlon XP Athlon 4 Phenom PC Xeon Itanium Opteron G Itanium P4XE/P4PXE/P4EE Core 2 Athlon 4 Opteron Phenom 32 PC 4 PC Core 2 Phenom PC Compaq Alpha Sun SPARC Apple/ Motorola/ PowerPC G3 G4 G Apple PowerMac IBM Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II Pentium!!! Xeon Celeron Celeron D Pentium 4 Itanium Intel P4XE/P4PXE/P4EE Core 2 PC 4 AMD VIA Pentium M Celeron M Mobile Pentium 4-M K K K-II K-III Duron Athlon K Athlon XP Sempron Athlon 4 Opteron K Phenom K0 PC Mobile Athlon 4 Mobile Athlon XP-M C3 Antaur Esther -4

6 -2- control unit CPU hardwired control finite state machine microprogrammed control microprogram microcode EEPROM -

7 C omputers arithmetic/logic unit machine instruction LOAD STORE ANDORXOR SHIFTROTATE AND AND mask AND OR 0 0 OR AND OR 00 JUMP BRANCH -2-3 register CPU CPU CPU CPU bus -

8 CPU CPU user visible register control and status register general purpose register CPU data register address register condition code register CPU program counter instruction register memory address register memory buffer register CPU ALU ALU buffer register ALU interrupt vector register program status word protected keyinterrupt code / -

9 C omputers response time throughput CPU CPU time CPU I/O CPU CPU clock cycle CPU CPU CPU = CPU * clock clock cycle clock rate MHz GHz clock cycle time MHz GHz millisecond ms 0-3 picosecond ps 0-2 microsecond s 0 - femtosecond fs 0 - nanosecond ns 0 - attosecond as 0 - CPI CPI clock cycle per instruction instruction set XT 4.MHz Pentium 4 3GHz Celeron 00MHz PowerPC G 400MHz Celeron CISC PowerPC RISC -

10 CPU CPU clock generator CPU MHz GHz MIPS MFLOPS TPS MIPS million instructions per second PC MFLOPS million floating operations per second TPS transactions per second 00MHz 0,000, CPI. / 00 * 0 = / 0 = 2. * * 0 - / 0 - = 2. CPI 2. CPI CPU CPU = CPU * = * CPI / CPI MIPS MIPS = / CPU * 0 = / {[ * CPI / ] * 0 } = / CPI * 0 A B A 0ns CPI 2 B 20ns CPI. A B N. A CPU CPI * N = 2N 2. B CPU CPI * N =.N 3. A CPU CPU * = 2N * 0 = 20N 4. B CPU CPU * =.N * 20 = 30N. A 30N / 20N =. -

11 C omputers CPU CPU MHz MHz CPU Pentium GHz 00MHz 3.2GHz 00MHz = 4 CPU DIP dual inline package PGA pin grid array FC-PGA flip chip PGA SECC single edage contact cartridge LGA land grid array CPU cache memory CPU CPU 00MHz CPU GHz CPU CPU cache hit cache miss L level cache internal cache CPU 4 ~ 2KB L2 level 2 cache external cache L L 2KB ~ 4MB CPU L2 CPU L3 level 3 cache -0

12 bussystem bus CPU expansion bus CPU bus width CPU Motorola / CPU 32 4 CPU MHz MHz word size CPU 32 4 CPU 32 4 CPU Intel Pentium 4 32 CPU 32 PC 32 CPU 32 Windows x/me/xp/nt/ 2000/Server 2003 Linux 4 CPU 4 Windows Vista x4 Edition Windows Server 2003 x4 Edition Windows XP Professional x4 Edition 4-Bit Linux 0 bits bits 02 bits bits 03 32bits 32bits 04 32bits 32bits Intel Pentium 4bits 32bits Intel Pentium Pro/II/!!!/4 Xeon Celeron Celeron D 4bits 32bits AMD Duron Athlon Athlon XP Sempron 4bits 32bits Intel Itanium P4XE/P4PXE/P4EE Core 2 4bits 4bits AMD Athlon 4 Opteron K Phenom K0 4bits 4bits -

13 C omputers machine language machine instructionop-code operand. a 2Bytes R0 R R RA RF 2Bytes 4Bytes FF. 2Bytes 4 2. b

14 RXY 2 RXY 3 RST 4 RST RST RST RXY LOAD XY R 2A0 A0 R2 STORE R XY 23A0 R3 A0 ADD S T R 34 R R R4 OR S T OR R 44 R R OR R4 AND S T AND R 4 R R AND R4 XOR S T XOR R 4 R R XOR R4 JUMP R R0 XY 2A0 R2 R0 A0 000 HALT 000 BA BA R 2BB BB R2 332 R R2 R3 23B0 R3 B0 0B0 B0 R0 3FF R3 R0 FF -3

15 C omputers CPU machine cycle.. instruction fetch CPU 2. instruction decode CPU 2 I-Time instruction time 3. instruction excution CPU 2 4. result restored CPU 3 4 E-Time excution time I-Time E-Time

16 -2- C0 C ~ CB. C0 C0 4Bytes CPU. C0 BA 2 C2 2. BA BA R 3. BA R 4. C2 2 BB 2 C4. 2BB BB R2. BB R B0 0B0 R R2 R3 R3 B0 B0 R0 CA. CA 3FF 2 JUMP R3 R0 FF FF CC C0 C4 33 C 0 C BA C 2 C B0 C2 2 C 23 CA 3 C3 BB C B0 CB FF -

17 C omputers CPU RISC reduced instruction set computing CISC complex instruction set computing Sun SPARC PowerPC MIPS RXXX HP PA-RISC IBM RS/000 Intel x Motorola 0x0 RISC RISC pipelining superscalar CISC CISC RISC CISC RISC CISC RISC RISC 2 3 RISC 4 CISC -

18 -3-2 throughput pipelining CPU CPU -

19 C omputers RISC CISC RISC CISC CPU 0ns ns ns ns x = 3000ns ns 0ns x 4 = 40ns. N N - x 0ns + 40ns ns

20 superscalar processor. data dependencyprocedural dependency -

C omputers 2 3 4 0-3-4 throughput parallel processing CPU I/O local memory.

21 C omputers throughput parallel processing CPU I/O local memory.2 MIMD multiple-instruction stream, multiple-data stream SISD singleinstruction stream, single-data stream SIMD single-instruction stream, multiple-data stream instruction stream data stream

-4-4- memory RAM random access memory ROM read only memory RAM volatilerom nonvolatile RAM DRAM dynamic RAM DRAM capacitor 0 SRAM static RAMSRAM flipflop DRAM

22 -4-4- memory RAM random access memory ROM read only memory RAM volatilerom nonvolatile RAM DRAM dynamic RAM DRAM capacitor 0 SRAM static RAMSRAM flipflop DRAM SRAM SRAM DRAM DRAM ROM BIOS PROM programmable ROM PROM PROM EPROM erasable PROM EPROM EEPROM electronically EPROM EEPROM BIOS Flash Memory Toshiba RAM BIOS -2

23 C omputers a register CPU cache memory CPU CPU L L2 L3 main memory CPU CPU CPU -4-3 cell address 0.4 b 4KB ~

DRAM FPM RAM fast page mode RAM EDO RAM extended data output RAM Burst EDO RAM SDRAM synchronize DRAM VCM virtual channel memory DRDRAM direct rambus DRAM DDR SDRAM double data rate

24 DRAM FPM RAM fast page mode RAM EDO RAM extended data output RAM Burst EDO RAM SDRAM synchronize DRAM VCM virtual channel memory DRDRAM direct rambus DRAM DDR SDRAM double data rate SDRAM DDR SDRAM 00/33//200MHz DDR SDRAM DDR2 SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM 400/33/00MHz 0/333MHz CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor PC CMOS CMOS BIOS Basic Input/Output System / I/O BIOS BIOS -23

25 C omputers bus data line address line control line system bus CPU expansion bus CPU expansion slot expansion card PCI-E port PC IDE SATA -24

26 PS/2 PS/2 PS/2 PS/2 serial port COM/COM2 RS-232 PS/2 USB USB parallel port LPT USB IEEE 34 FireWire 3 DVD VCR DV IEEE 34 IEEE STD 34- IEEE 34 IEEE IEEE 34A S00.304Mbps S200.0Mbps S Mbps IEEE 34B 00Mbps.Gbps 3.2Gbps 2 3 PS/2 4 PS/2 USB 0 SCSI

27 C omputers 2 USB universal serial bus 2 USB USB.0/. 2Mbps USB Mbps USB Gbps MIC Line In MPEG Audio Out MIDI CPU D-sub PCI peripheral component interconnect AGP accelerated graphics port PCI-E Compaq IBM Intel AMD HP Microsoft ISA industry standard architecture PCI 3D resolutionpixel color depth bit bit,, VRAM video RAM FP RAM EDO RAM SDRAM DDR SDRAM VRAM MGA -2

28 CGA EGA VGA XGA SVGA SXGA WXGA CPU PCI MIC Line In Audio Out CD MIDI MIDI PSTN PSTN PCI bps bit per second PCI RJ-4 BNC RJ-4-2

29 C omputers CPU I/O I/O -- I/O isolated I/O.20 Write Output I/O memory-mapped I/O

30 - CPU / I/O interface CPU.22 / I/O 2 CPU 3 4 / I/O I/O DMA -2

31 C omputers I/O program-controlled I/O I/O polling I/O CPU / CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU /.23 a --2 I/O interrupt-driven I/O CPU interrupt request CPU CPU.23 b 0 ~ IRQ 0 IRQ CPU

32 --3 DMA direct memory access DMA CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU DMA CPU DMA DMA CPU.24 CPU DMA von Neumann bottleneck ISA DMA DMA 0 ~ 3 ISA EISA MCA VL PCI DMA DMA 0 ~ -3

33 C omputers input software Microsoft Word Adobe Photoshop CD-ROM DVD-ROM data information command Microsoft Word response Microsoft Word Microsoft Word CPU input device CPU ATM PDA OCR OMR MICR / WebCam -32

34 - output text image audio MIDI CD VoIP video Web output device CRT PDA LCD plotter PDP ATM e-book monitor CPU soft copyhard copy printer impact nonimpact -33

35 C omputers storage device ZIP LS20/240 Jaz MO CD-ROM/CD-R/CD-RW DVD-ROM/DVD-R/DVD+R/ DVD-RW/DVD+RW/DVD-RAM Blu-ray Disc HD-DVD SAN NAS PC Card CPU on-line storage CPU / I/O interface off-line storage volatile nonvolatile sequential accessrandom access file directory folder file system C:\inetpub\wwwroot\images\flower.jpg Microsoft DOS FAT file allocation table Microsoft Windows 2000 FAT32 NTFS new technology file system Mac OS HFS hierarchical file system -34

36 -0- hard diskplatter access arm moter read/write head track sector 2.2 GB -3

37 C omputers cluster cylinder sector method cylinder method surface numbersector number GB partition 0GB GB C: D: E: 3 4 size IBM 30 RAMAC 24 4 Seagate.2 ST0 Rodime 3 3. Prarietek 2. capacity GB 0 TB 0 2 PB 0 EB 0-3

spindle speed RPM revolutions per minute 3,00RPM ATA/SATA,200RPM SCSI/SAS,000RPM HDC hard disk controler ATA IDE SATA Serial-ATA SCSI SAS Serial Attached

38 spindle speed RPM revolutions per minute 3,00RPM ATA/SATA,200RPM SCSI/SAS,000RPM HDC hard disk controler ATA IDE SATA Serial-ATA SCSI SAS Serial Attached SCSI USB IEEE 34 esata disk cache average seek time ms seek time rotation delay data transfer rate ATA-33 SATA.0/2.0/3.0 SAS.0/2.0 33Mbps./3/ Gbps 3/Gbps -3

C omputers 2 3 4 RAID redundant array of independent disks RAID 0 striping.

39 C omputers RAID redundant array of independent disks RAID 0 striping.2 a RAID RAID mirroring.2 b RAID 3 RAID 0 RAID 0+ RAID 0 RAID RAID

-0-2 tape V /4.3mm /2 2.mm. CPI characters per inch BPI bytes per inch 00BPI 00BPI 20BPI QIC Quarter-Inch Cartridge 40MB ~ 2GB 0. ~.3 QIC WorkGroup DDS Digital Data 2GB ~ 40GB 0.

40 -0-2 tape V /4.3mm /2 2.mm. CPI characters per inch BPI bytes per inch 00BPI 00BPI 20BPI QIC Quarter-Inch Cartridge 40MB ~ 2GB 0. ~.3 QIC WorkGroup DDS Digital Data 2GB ~ 40GB 0. ~ 3 4 SONY HP DLT Digital Linear Tape 0GB ~ 40GB.2 ~ 2. DEC SDLT Super DLT 0GB ~.2TB ~ DEC AIT Advanced Intelligent Tape 3GB ~ 00GB 4 ~ SONY Mammoth 20GB ~ 0GB 3 ~ 2 Exabyte VXA 33GB 3 Ecrix -3

41 C omputers magnetic storage optical disk optical storage dentpit ON OFF 0 CD-DA compact disk-digital audio CD-ROM compact disc- ROM 2 4 0MB CD-ROM 4 PC KB 0 0KB 0,00KB.MB VCD Video CD MPEG- CD-ROM 4 0MB -40

42 MO magneto optical MO MO MO MO 230MB 40MB.3GB 2.3GB 3..2 CD-R CD-Recordable CD-R CD-RW CD-ReWritable CD-RW DVD digital video disc Philips SONY 2 2 DVD DVD DVD DVD DVD-ROM DVD-ROM CD-ROM DVD-ROM 4.GB DVD 0MB CD-ROM VCD CD-R/ CD-RW MOVIE-DVD MOVIE-DVD VCD LD VHS DVD LD VHS AUDIO-DVD AUDIO-DVD AC-3-4

43 C omputers DVD-R/RW DVD-R DVD-RW SONY Panasonic Pioneer 2 4.GB.4GB DVD+R/RW DVD+R DVD+RW SONY Philips Ricoh 2 4.GB.4GB DVD-RAM DVD-RAM Panasonic Toshiba Hitachi 2.4GB 2.GB MOVIE-DVD DVD DVD-R/RW DVD+R/RW DVD-RAM DVD R/RW DVD-Dual DVD-R/RW DVD-RAM DVD-Multi DVD R/RW DVD-RAM DVD-Super Multi DVD 40nm 0nm 0nm 0 2 Blu-ray Disc SONY Pioneer Philips 2003 BD-RE 2GB 2GB 23.3GB 4GB 0GB 4.GB BD-R BD-ROM 200 Blu-ray Disc MPEG DVD 3 4 HD DVD Toshiba NEC 2004 GB 30GB MPEG HD DVD HD DVD- VIDEO HD DVD-RW HD DVD-R HD DVD-ROM 200 Blu-ray Disc HD DVD 200 HD DVD XBox HD DVD HD DVD -42

44 -0-4 enterprise storage system server RAID SAN storage area network NAS network attached storage NAS SAN NAS tape library optical disk library -43

C omputers 2-0- solid state storage device 3 4 0 2 3 PC Card PCMCIA Card PC Card Type I Type II Type III SCSI Smart Card/IC Card CPU IC IC flash memory MP3 USB PDA.

45 C omputers 2-0- solid state storage device PC Card PCMCIA Card PC Card Type I Type II Type III SCSI Smart Card/IC Card CPU IC IC flash memory MP3 USB PDA.0 Half- Card Size PC Stamp Size PC Mini Size 4 SM CF CFII MS SD xd Mini-SD mm 4x3x0. 43x3x3.3 43x3x 0x2.x.4 32x24x2. 2x20x. 20x2.x.4 2MB 4GB 4GB 2GB GB 2MB 2MB -44

46 system unit CPU CPU central processing unit CPU machine language CPU machine cycle I-Time E-Time CPU RISC CISC RISC CISC superscalar processor parallel processing CPU ROM RAM RAM ROM RAM DRAM SRAM ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM bus data line address line control line I/O isolated I/O I/O memory-mapped I/O / CPU / I/O I/O DMA input output storage device SAN NAS PC Card -4

47 C omputers CPU A. B. C. D. 2. A. B. C. D AND 0 A. B. 00 C. 0 D OR 0 A. B. 00 C. 00 D XOR 0 A. B. 00 C. 00 D AND A B C. D A. LOAD B. SHIFT C. JUMP D. XOR. A. STORE B. AND C. BRANCH D. ROTATE. A. B. C. D. 0. A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. BIOS D. USB 2. A. GHz B. MIPS C. MFLOPS D. TPS -4

48 A. MB B. PB C. TB D. GB 4. A. B. C. D.. A. DRAM B. SDRAM C. EEPROM D. SRAM. BIOS A. DRAM B. SDRAM C. EEPROM D. SRAM. RISC A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D.. 2 A. IEEE 34 B. PS/2 C. USB D. SCSI 20. A. B. SCSI C. IEEE 34 D. 2. CPU / 2ns 0ns ns 00 A. 300ns B. 0ns C. 2ns D. 30ns A. 300ns B. 0ns C. 2ns D. 30ns A. 300ns B. 0ns C. 2ns D. 30ns A. 300ns B. 0ns C. 2ns D. 30ns -4

49 C omputers A. 300ns B. 0ns C. 2ns D. 30ns 2. A. B. C. D. 2. A. MIPS B. GHz C. bps D. PPM 2. A. B. C. D. 2. A. CRT B. DV C. PDP D. DLP 30. I/O A. B. C. D. 3. CPU A. I/O B. I/O C. DMA D. ATA 32. A. B. C. D. 33. A. B. C. D. 34. A. B. C. D. 3. A. DVD B. NAS C. DAT D. CMOS 4. A. B. C. D. 42. A. QIC B. CD-RW C. VCD D. DVD-RAM 43. A. B. C. D. -4

50 44. A. SAN B. RAID C. D. 4. solid state storage device A. PC Card B. C. DVD D. Smart Card 4. A. B. C. D.. 2. machine cycle 3. MHz GHz RISC CISC MHz A B C A 0 B 0 C 0 A 0 B 00 C MIPS

Ch03_嵌入式作業系統建置_01

Ch03_嵌入式作業系統建置_01 Chapter 3 CPU Motorola DragonBall ( Palm PDA) MIPS ( CPU) Hitachi SH (Sega DreamCast CPU) ARM StrongARM CPU CPU RISC (reduced instruction set computer ) CISC (complex instruction set computer ) DSP(digital