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佟欣卓
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6 () () Pilot test ()

7 Scale (1). (nominal scale) (1,2,3) (scale value) (arithmetic mean) (median) (mode) (chi-square test) (2). (ordinal scale) 5 1 A>B>C>D>E A B C D (non-parametric test) (sign test) (run (3) (interval scale) t-test F-test

8 (4). (ratio scale) (geometric mean) X2 () Content Validity Criterion-Related Validity Constract Validity 1.

9 2. Predictive Concurrent validity 3. (). (Descriptive Statistics) ( ) (Z t )

10 (Correlation Coefficient) (Chi-Square Test ) ( ) (Factor Analysis) (Data Reduction) (Interpretation) (Regression) (Time Series) (Survival Analysis) (Categorical Data Analysis)

11 (Testing Statistical Hypothesis) (Null Hypothesis; ) (Alternative Hypothesis; ) e.g. (a) p > (b) A B µ A B µ = µ > (c) p = Note (Reject )

12 (1) (2) θ (3) α (4) µ µ µ (1) = µ σ σ µ < µ µ > µ µ µ = > α (2) < Z t e.g. (a) 1000 α = = v.s. > = { > }

13 P > = = P = = 1 1 x 1000 x > > x = P Z = (b) (a) P=0.55 β β = P( = ) P = 1 2 = P = = P P- P-Value P H : θ = θ 0 vs. θ θ 0 < θ = θ θ = θ θ θ = θ < α α e.g.(c) µ = vs. µ = µ =

14 α = (d) = = = = = Critical Region Rejection Region Acceptance Region Critical Value I II Type I and Type II Errors I α II β α β α β α =P( )

15 β =P( ) α β α β (Chi-Square Test ) (1) Goodness of Fit Test ( ) (2) Tests of Independence ( ) (3) Tests of Homogeneity( ) e.g. (a) : (b) (c) 20~39 40~

16 e.g. (d) ( i ) Z : P ( Z = ) ( ) χ χ = = + = = i χ (1)=2.706,χ (1)=3.841 (e) χ ( ) = = = < χ = = α=0.05 (f)

17 χ = ( ) = < χ = Poisson(3) []χ 5 e.g. (b) χ = = = i j = K = K, = = K = K i j = (9.5) 0.38 (152) (11.875) 0.475

18 (16.625) (18.375) (10.5) 0.42 (168) (13.125) (3)7.815 (g) (3)11.34 (Contingency Table) e. g.(c) ( α = 0.01)

19 χ 2 = = > χ ( 2 ) = (Correlation Coefficient) ρ = E( X i µ x)( Y σ σ x y i µ y) σ xy = σ σ x y = = = = = (Nonparametric Statistical Methods) (Distribution-free Methods) (1) I. (One-sample Sign test) ( ) e.g.(a) 30,24,27,25,20,23,24,18,22 20 =

20 = [ ] = = = [] (np>5 n(1-p)>5) = II.Wilcoxon (Wilcoxon Signed-rank test) Sign test e.g.(a) = = = = n=8 =0.05 T<4 [] + + = = + = III. (Run test) (Randomness) e.g.(b)

21 = = 16 = + = []1 < + = + + = + 2 = + + = + + (2) I. Wilcoxon Signed-rank test [] e. g.(c) 12 A B = = T<11 A B

22 II.Mann-Whitney U Wlicoxon sined-rank test e.g.(d) * 3* * 8 9.5* 9.5* * * + = = + = + = = + = = = = = [] Mann-Whitrey U test + + = =

23 data cleaning coding key-in 1.

24 SPSS SAS \ step 1:

25 G2 ¼Æ Ê À ñ ³ Ä Ê À ²Ö n Ê À ñ ñ ³ Äªº

26 Á` M òº -È t²î É wªº òº Á` M step2:corss analysis ex: H0:g1 g2 H1:g1 g2

G1 * G19 æ eªí G19 Á` M 1 2 3 4 5 9 G1 1 -Ó¼Æ 25 28 26 20 5 104 G1 ºªº % 24.0% 26.9% 25.0% 19.2% 4.8% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 32.5% 11.8% 5.2% 4.1% 5.2% 7.5% Á` Mªº % 1.8% 2.0% 1.9% 1.4%.4% 7.

28 G1 * G19 æ eªí G19 Á` M G1 1 -Ó¼Æ G1 ºªº % 24.0% 26.9% 25.0% 19.2% 4.8% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 32.5% 11.8% 5.2% 4.1% 5.2% 7.5% Á` Mªº % 1.8% 2.0% 1.9% 1.4%.4% 7.5% 2 -Ó¼Æ G1 ºªº % 6.3% 25.4% 33.6% 31.9% 2.6%.2% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 35.1% 45.4% 28.7% 28.2% 11.5% 100.0% 30.6% Á` Mªº % 1.9% 7.7% 10.3% 9.8%.8%.1% 30.6% 3 -Ó¼Æ G1 ºªº % 2.9% 12.6% 50.5% 31.0% 3.1% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 15.6% 22.3% 42.5% 26.9% 13.5% 30.1% Á` Mªº %.9% 3.8% 15.2% 9.3%.9% 30.1% 4 -Ó¼Æ G1 ºªº % 1.5% 11.1% 26.3% 48.2% 12.9% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 7.8% 18.1% 20.4% 38.7% 52.1% 27.8% Á` Mªº %.4% 3.1% 7.3% 13.4% 3.6% 27.8% 5 -Ó¼Æ

29 G1 ºªº % 12.7% 9.1% 29.1% 18.2% 30.9% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 9.1% 2.1% 3.2% 2.1% 17.7% 3.9% Á` Mªº %.5%.4% 1.1%.7% 1.2% 3.9% 9 -Ó¼Æ 1 1 G1 ºªº % 100.0% 100.0% G19 ºªº %.4%.1% Á` Mªº %.1%.1% Á` M -Ó¼Æ G1 ºªº % 5.5% 17.1% 35.8% 34.6% 6.9%.1% 100.0% G19 ºªº % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Á` Mªº % 5.5% 17.1% 35.8% 34.6% 6.9%.1% 100.0% d èàë w a 13 æ (36.1%) 5 C ¼Æ-È Û Ñ«º ªñÅãµÛ Ê (Âù À) Pearson d è ü ñ ½u Ê¹ï½u ÊªºÃö³s ³ ÄÆ[¹î-È ªº-Ó¼Æ 1394 ªº¹w Á-Ó¼Æ Ö ó : p =0.000<0.05, reject HO, G1 G2. Step3:

32 xxxxxx xxx ) ) 62) )2) 6. ( 1 ) 0) 7 1) ) 1) )2) 3) )1)2) 3) )2)3) ) 1-2 2) 3-4 3) 5-6 4) 1-2 5) 3-5 6) c.c. ( 120c.c.) (350c.c.) ( 150c.c.) (300c.c.) ( 250c.c.)