Introduction to the Yale Center for Earth Observation

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1 耶鲁大学 - 南京信息工程大学大气环境中心气候模式中次网格尺度陆 - 气相互作用 LAND-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS AT THE SUBGRID SCALE IN A CLIMATE MODEL 李旭辉 XUHUI LEE

2 地球系统模型 Components of an earth-system model Human activities Land use change (deforestation, urbanization) Agric intensification Fossil combustion Earth-system model Land Coupler Atmosphere Sea ice Ocean

3 模拟陆气相互作用过程 Land-atmosphere interactions in the land model 大气圈

4 NCAR 陆气相互作用模型 NCAR s Community Land Model Source: Oleson et al (2013) NCAR s Technical Note

5 模型网格的混合高度 Blending height in a model grid T a K L T a Blending height Forest T s Open land Deforestation signal DT s

6 模型网格的混合高度 Blending height in a model grid T a K L T a Blending height Forest T s Urban land Urban heat island DT s

7 NCAR 湖模块 NCAR s lake model Source: Subin et al. (2012) CLM Tech Note

8 Deep Questions in Shallow Water 浅水中的深问题

9 太湖中尺度通量网 Taihu Eddy Flux Network 1. semi-enclosed, eutrophic 2. floating plants and emergent macrophytes 3. hyper-eutrophic 4. relatively low photosynthetic activity 5. submerged macrophytes 6. transition between phytoplankton dominance and macrophyte dominance 7. submerged macrophytes and pen fish farming Source: Lee, 刘寿东 Liu, 肖薇 Xiao, et al. (2014) Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 95:

11 通量网观测资料 Eddy flux data, June 1-10, 2013 Source: Lee, 刘寿东 Liu, 肖薇 Xiao, et al. (2014) Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 95:

12 模型计算与实测太湖月蒸发量对比 Modeled and observed lake evaporation, Lake Taihu online offline observation Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation

13 模型计算与实测湖蒸发量对比 Modeled and observed lake evaporation, global dataset Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation

14 RCP8.5 情景下全球湖泊平均蒸发量 Global mean lake evaporation under RCP8.5 scenario Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation

15 全球湖泊平均蒸发量与温度的关系 Global mean lake evaporation versus temperature Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation

16 潜热通量与辐射能量的关系 Monthly mean latent heat flux versus available energy Source: Lee, 刘寿东 Liu, 肖薇 Xiao, et al. (2014) Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 95:

17 Evaporation fraction varying with air temperature Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation

18 NCAR 陆气相互作用模型 NCAR s Community Land Model Oleson et al (2013) NCAR s Technical Note

19 用次网格尺度模型计算城市热岛效应 Urban heat island intensity in climate models T a K L T a Blending height Forest T s Urban land Urban heat island DT s

20 城市地表能量平衡 Urban surface energy balance ( 1) K L T 4 s Q AH H LE Q S Heat storage Evaporation Convection Anthropogenic heat Albedo

21 城市热岛因子分解理论 Attribution of urban heat island AH s AH s n AH s n n Q f Q f f Q Q R f f Q Q R f R f T D D D D D 1 1 ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) ( * * 2 0 * 0 Radiation Convection Evaporation Storage Anthropogenic heat

22 城市热岛的因子分解 ( 北美洲 ) Attribution of UHI in North America daytime: b, e, d nighttime: c, g, f Source: 赵磊 Zhao, Lee, Smith, Oleson (2014) Nature 511:

23 治理城市热岛和气候变暖的双重效应 Mitigating UHI under RCP8.5 scenario Control EPA white roof Source: 赵磊 Zhao, et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation

24 城市热岛的因子分解 ( 中国 ) Attribution of UHI in China Source: 曹畅 Cao et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation

25 用次网格尺度模型计算伐林效应 Modeling the effect of deforestation on surface climate T a K L T a Blending height Forest T s Open land Deforestation signal DT s

26 伐林效应的因子分解 Attribution of deforestation effect 2 a 2 b a: Boreal / harvested b: Boreal / burnt -1-1 c: temperate humid d: temperate semi-arid e: tropical DT s or DT (K) e c d f f: tropical -1 Observed DT -1 Radiative forcing Observed DTs Energy distr/roughness Source: Lee, Goulden, Hollinger et al. (2011) Nature 497: Calculated DTs Energy distr/bowen ratio

27 全球二氧化碳通量网 FluxNet: A global network of CO 2 flux measurements Source:

28 气象站 Weather stations Poznan, Poland Dongshan ( 东山 ), Jiangsu, China Great Mountain Forest, Connecticut Braunschweig, Germany

29 年均地表温度的差异 ( 开阔地减林地 ) Deforestation effect on surface temperature (open land minus forest land) Annual mean difference DT (K) 1 y = (?.020) x + 2.6(?.9) n = 37, R 2 = 0.30, p < a Latitude ( o N) Source: Lee, Goulden, Hollinger et al. (2011) Nature 497:

30 年均地表温度的差异 ( 开阔地减林地 ) Deforestation effect on surface temperature (open land minus forest land) N/S America Asia Source: 张弥 Zhang, Lee, Yu, et al. (2014) Environ Res Letters 9:

31 CLM 模型计算的伐林效应 Deforestation effect according to NCAR s CLM Source: Schultz, et al. (2015) manuscript in preparation

32 CLM4.5 次网格示意图 CLM4.5 sub-grid configuration CTRL shared soil column PFT-COL indiv soil columns V1 V2 L G V3 V4 V5 U C1 C2 V1 V2 L G V3 V4 V5 U C1 C2 H2O T H2O T

33 Tropical grid [6.13ᵒN, ᵒE] CTRL K K L L H λe G K K L L H λe G [Wm -2 ] PFT-COL SW SW LW LW H λe G SW SW LW LW H λe G [Wm -2 ]

34 改进后 CLM 模型计算的伐林效应 Deforestation effect according to improved NCAR s CLM Source: Schultz, et al. (2015) manuscript in preparation

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